Oklahoma 2023 Regular Session

Oklahoma House Bill HB1774 Latest Draft

Bill / Enrolled Version Filed 05/23/2023

                            An Act 
ENROLLED HOUSE 
BILL NO. 1774 	By: Williams and Wolfley of the 
House 
 
  and 
 
  Bullard of the Senate 
 
 
 
 
An Act relating to the Oklahoma Central Purchasing 
Act; amending 74 O.S. 2021, Section 85. 7, as amended 
by Section 1, Chapter 188, O.S.L. 2022 (74 O.S. Supp. 
2022, Section 85.7), which relates to acquisition 
initiation; adding exemption for certain contracts 
from competitive bidding requirements; amending 74 
O.S. 2021, Section 85.12 , which relates to excluded 
acquisitions of the Oklahoma Central P urchasing Act; 
prohibiting certain actions; allowing for certain 
purchases to be exempted; authorizing audit by the 
State Purchasing Director for c ertain purchases; 
updating statutory references; updating statutory 
language; repealing 74 O.S. 2021, Section s 2213, 
2221, 2239, and 2244, which relate to the Oklahoma 
Tourism, Parks and Recreation Enhancement Act; and 
providing an effective date. 
 
 
SUBJECT: Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act 
 
BE IT ENACTED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA: 
 
SECTION 1.    AMENDATORY     74 O.S . 2021, Section 85.7, as 
amended by Section 1, Chapter 188, O.S.L. 2022 (74 O. S. Supp. 2022, 
Section 85.7), is amended to read as follows: 
 
Section 85.7. A.  1.  Except as otherwise provided by the 
Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act, or associated rules: 
 
a. every state agency shall initiate all acquisitions by 
the submission of a requi sition to the Purchasing 
Division, and 
  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 2 
b. no state agency shall make an acquisition for an 
amount exceeding Fifty Thousand Dollars ($50,000.00) 
or the limit determined by the Sta te Purchasing 
Director pursuant to rules authorized by Section 85.5 
of this title, not to exceed Two Hundred Fifty 
Thousand Dollars ($250,000.00), without submission of 
a requisition to the Purchasing Division for issuance 
of a solicitation for the acquisi tion on behalf of the 
agency.  Any exemption from competitive bid 
requirements of the Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act 
further exempts the acquisition from requisition 
requirements of the act. 
 
2.  The State Purchasing Director may request additional 
information necessary to adequately review a requisition to ensure 
compliance with this act the Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act and 
associated rules.  If the State Purchasing Director determines that 
an acquisition is not necessary, excessive or not justified, the 
State Purchasing Director shall deny the requisition. 
 
3.  The provisions of this act the Oklahoma Central Purchasing 
Act shall not preclude a state ag ency from: 
 
a. accepting gifts or donations in any manner authorized 
by law, or 
 
b. making an acquisition for itself without submitting a 
requisition under this section when authoriz ed in 
writing by the State Pu rchasing Director. 
 
4.  Any acquisition a state agency makes shall be made pursuant 
to this act the Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act and associated 
rules.  No agency shall use split purchasing for the purpose of 
evading the requirement of competitive bidding or oth er requirement 
of this act the Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act or associated rules.  
Violation of this provision shall be cause for discipline of a state 
employee up to and including termination. 
 
5.  The State Purchasing Director may waive or increase the 
limit authorized for a state agency acquisition made pursuant to its 
own competitive proc edures.  To perfect an otherwise valid 
acquisition inadvertently exceeding the limit due to administrative 
error by a state agency or unforeseeable circumstances, the st ate 
agency shall request a limited waiver or increase upon the discovery 
of the error or circumstance to the State Purchasing Director.  The  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 3 
State Purchasing Director shall report requests for waivers o r 
increases, stating the amount and whether the reques t was granted or 
denied, upon request by the Governor, Presiden t Pro Tempore of the 
Senate or Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
 
6.  Competitive bidding requirements of this section shall not 
be required for the following: 
 
a. contracts for master cus todian banks or trust 
companies, investment managers, investmen t 
consultants, and actua ries for the state retirement 
systems, and Oklahoma Employees Insurance and Benefits 
Board, pension fund management consultants of the 
Oklahoma State Pension Commission and the 
Commissioners of the Land Office, examiners, experts, 
or consultants for the Insurance Department whose job 
duties are tied to Market Conduct Exams, Financial 
Exams, and Insurance Business Transfers, financial 
institutions to act as depositories an d managers of 
the Oklahoma College Savings Plan accounts and other 
professional service s as defined in Section 803 of 
Title 18 of the Oklahoma Statutes.  When requested by 
the Oklahoma Employees Insuran ce and Benefits Board or 
the governing board of a stat e retirement system 
authorized to hire investment managers, the Purchasing 
Division shall assist in the process of selecting 
investment managers, 
 
b. a state agency making such an acquisition shall notif y 
the State Purchasing Director within fifteen (15) da ys 
following completion of the acquisition.  A list of 
the exempt contracts shall be pr ovided, upon request, 
to a member of the Appropriations and Budget Committee 
of the House of Representatives or App ropriations 
Committee of the Senate, 
 
c. purchases of postage by state agencies made pursuant 
to Sections 90.1 through 90.4 of this title, 
 
d. a sole source acquisition made in compliance with 
Section 85.44D.1 of this title, 
 
e. an acquisition for des ign, development, communication 
or implementation of the state employees flexible 
benefits plan; provided, procedures used for the  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 4 
acquisition are consistent with competitive bid 
requirements of this act the Oklahoma Central 
Purchasing Act and associated rules, 
 
f. any acquisition of a service which the Office of 
Management and Enterprise Services has a pproved as 
qualifying for a fixe d and uniform rate, subject to 
the following: 
 
(1) the Purchasing Division shall establish criteria 
and guidelines for those services which may 
qualify for a fixed and uniform rate, 
 
(2) fixed and uniform rate contracts author ized by 
this subsection shall be limited to contracts for 
those services furnis hed to persons directly 
benefiting from such services and shall not be 
used by a state agency to employ c onsultants or 
to make other acquisitions, 
 
(3) any state agency desiring to have a service 
qualified for a fixed and uniform rate shall make 
a request for service qualification to the State 
Purchasing Director and submit documentation to 
support the request.  The State Purchasing 
Director shall approve or deny the request.  If 
approved, the state agency shall establish a 
fixed and uniform rate for the ser vice.  No 
contracts shall be entered into by the state 
agency until the rate has been approved by the 
state agency in a public hearing.  The proposed 
rate shall be clearly and s eparately identified 
in the agenda of the state agency for the hearing 
and shall be openly and separately discussed 
during such hearing. The state agency shall 
notify the State Purcha sing Director of its 
pending consideration of the proposed rate at 
least thirty (30) days before the sta te agency is 
to meet on the proposed rate and d eliver a copy 
of the agenda items concerning the proposed rate 
with supporting documentation.  The State 
Purchasing Director shall communicate any 
observation, reservation, crit icism or 
recommendation to the a gency, either in person at 
the time of the hear ing or in writing delivered  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 5 
to the state agency before or at the time of the 
hearing.  The State Purchasi ng Director shall 
specifically note in the written communications 
whether the Director has determined th e rate to 
be excessive.  Any written communicat ion 
presented in the absenc e of the State Purchasing 
Director shall be presented orally during the 
public hearing.  Whether made in person or in 
writing, any comment made by the State Purchasing 
Director shall be made a part of the minutes of 
the hearing in full, 
 
(4) within two (2) weeks after the convening of the 
Legislature, the administrative officer of th e 
state agency shall furnish to the Speaker of the 
House of Representati ves, the President Pro 
Tempore of the Senate and to any member of the 
House or Senate, if requested by the member, a 
complete list of all of the types of services 
paid for by uniform f ixed rates, the amount of 
the rate last approved by the agency for the 
service and the number of contrac ts then in 
existence for each type of service. Any rate 
which has been determined to be excessive by the 
State Purchasing Director shall be specificall y 
identified in the list by the state agency, and 
 
(5) at any time, the State Purchasing Director may 
review, suspend or terminate a contract entered 
into pursuant to the provisio ns of this paragraph 
if the Director determines the contract is not 
necessary, is excessive or is not justified, 
 
g. an acquisition for a client of the State Department of 
Rehabilitation Services; provided, the agency develops 
and maintains standards for su ch an acquisition.  The 
agency may elect to utilize the Purchasing Division 
for an acquisition.  The standards shall foster 
economy, provide a short r esponse time, include 
appropriate safeguards, require written records, 
ensure appropriate competition for economical and 
efficient purchasing and shall be approved by the 
State Purchasing Director, 
  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 6 
h. structured settlement agreements entered into by the 
Attorney General’s office in order to settle any 
lawsuit involving the state, the Legislature, any 
state agency or any employee or official of the state 
if: 
 
(1) prior to entering into an y contract for the 
services of an entity to administer a structured 
settlement agreement, the Attorney G eneral 
receives proposals from at least three e ntities 
engaged in providing such services, and 
 
(2) the selection of a particular entity is made on 
the basis of the response to the request which is 
the most economical and pro vides the most 
competent service which furthers the best 
interests of the state , 
 
i. an acquisition by a st ate agency pursuant to a 
contract the State Purchasing Director enters into on 
behalf of a state agency or awards and designates for 
use by state agencies, 
 
j. an acquisition by the C ommittee for Sustaining 
Oklahoma’s Energy Resources pursuant to a contract 
with a local supplier for the purpose of holding a 
special event or an exhibi tion throughout the state, 
and 
 
k. contracts for the study, analysis, and planning, as 
reasonably necessary, to aid in determining the 
feasibility of leasing, selling, or pri vately managing 
or developing the property or facilities under control 
of the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Commission.  
The Commission shall be exempt from the competitive 
bidding requirements of the Oklahoma Central 
Purchasing Act for the purpose of solicit ing, 
negotiating, and effectuating such a contract or 
contracts; provided, that the State Purchasing 
Director shall review and audit all uses of the 
exemptions provided in this subparagraph biannually. 
 
7.  Notwithstanding any other provisio n of law, an acquisition 
may be exempted from requirements of this section by the State 
Purchasing Director when in the State Purchasing Director’s  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 7 
discretion unusual, time-sensitive or unique circumst ances exist 
which make such exemption in the best and i mmediate interest of the 
state.  As used in this subsection, “State Purchasing Director ” 
shall not mean a designee.  Any such acquisitions shall be described 
in detail and publicly posted as a data fee d.  The description shall 
include the name of the suppl ier, cost of the acquisition, reason 
for exemption and, as applicable, detailed comparison of the 
acquisition with comparable items, any identified cost savings 
resulting from the acquisition and a des cription of benefits to the 
state.  The State Purchasin g Director shall take no action under the 
provisions of this subsection prior to such public p osting. 
 
B.  Competitively bid ac quisitions shall be awarded to the 
lowest and best, or best value, bidder o r bidders. 
 
C.  Bids for an amount requiring submission of requisitions to 
the Purchasing Division shall be evaluated by the Purchasing 
Division and the state agency receiving the ac quisition.  At a 
minimum, cost and technical expertise shall be considered in 
determining the lowest and best, or best value, bid.  Further, the 
state agency shall present its evaluation and recommendation to the 
State Purchasing Director.  A documented ev aluation report 
containing the evaluations of the Purchasing Division or th e state 
agency shall be completed prior to the contract award and such 
report shall be a matter of public record. 
 
D.  Except as otherwise specificall y provided by law, the 
acquisition of food items or food products by a state agency from a 
public trust created pursuant to Sections 176 through 180.56 of 
Title 60 of the Oklahoma Statutes shall comply with competitive 
bidding requirements of this section. 
 
E.  Cooperative contracts shall not be utilized unless the 
purchasing cooperative and its affiliated suppl iers have complied 
with competitive bid requirements of this act the Oklahoma Central 
Purchasing Act and associated rules. 
 
F.  Notwithstanding any provision of this act the Oklahoma 
Central Purchasing Act, in all cases where federal granted funds are 
involved, the federal laws, rules and regulations thereto shall 
govern to the extent necessary to inure to the benefit of such funds 
to this state. 
 
G.  A court order requiring an acquisition by a state agency, 
whether or not such state agency is subject to this act the Oklahoma  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 8 
Central Purchasing Act, shall not invalidate competitive bidding 
procedures required by this section if such court order does not 
specify a specific supplier.  Any such acquisition sha ll comply with 
competitive bid procedures. 
 
SECTION 2.     AMENDATORY     74 O.S. 2021, Section 85.12, is 
amended to read as follows: 
 
Section 85.12. A.  The provisions of this section s hall not be 
construed to affect any law relating to fiscal or ac counting 
procedure except as they may be direc tly in conflict herewith ; and 
all claims, warrants, and bonds shall be examined, inspected, and 
approved as now provided by law. 
 
B.  Except as otherwise provided by this section, the 
acquisitions specified in t his subsection shall be made in 
compliance with Section 85.39 of this title and purchasing card 
program requirements but are not subject to other provisions of t he 
Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act: 
 
1.  Food and other products produce d by state institutions and 
agencies; 
 
2.  The printing or duplicati on of publications or forms of 
whatsoever kind or chara cter by state agencies if the work is 
performed upon their own equipment by their own employee s.  Pursuant 
to this paragraph, the stat e agency may only use eq uipment owned or 
leased by the agency and m ay only utilize that equipm ent for 
printing services re quired by the agency in performing duties 
imposed upon the agen cy or functions authorized to b e performed by 
the agency.  Any use of t he equipment by the agen cy pursuant to an 
agreement or contract wit h any other entity resultin g in delivery of 
intermediate or finished products to the entity purchasing or using 
the products shall be subject to the provisions of this act the 
Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act and associated rules; 
 
3.  Department of Transportation and Transportation C ommission 
contractual services or right-of-way acquisitions, contracts awarded 
pursuant to bids let by the Transportation Commission for the 
maintenance or construction of streets, roads, highways , bridges, 
underpasses or any other transportation facilitie s under the control 
of the Department of Transportation, equipment or material 
acquisitions accruing to the Department of Transportation required 
in Federal-Aid federal aid contracts and acquisiti ons for public-
service-type announcements initiated by the Department of  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 9 
Transportation, but not acq uisitions for advertising, public 
relations or employment services; 
 
4.  Utility services regul ated by a state or federal regulatory 
commission, municipal or dinance or an Indian Tribal Council; 
 
5.  Acquisitions by the University Hospitals Authority.  The 
Authority shall develop standards for the acquisition of products 
and services and may elect to utilize the Purchasing Division.  The 
standards shall foster e conomy and short response time and shall 
include appropriate safeguards and record-keeping requirements to 
ensure appropriate competition and economical and efficient 
purchasing; 
 
6.  Custom harvesting by the Department of Corrections for the 
Department or its institutions; 
 
7.  Subject to prior approval of the State Purchasing Director, 
acquisitions from private prison suppliers which are subject to the 
contracting procedures of Section 561 of Tit le 57 of the Oklahoma 
Statutes; 
 
8.  Acquisitions by the Oklaho ma Municipal Power Authority; 
 
9.  Acquisitions by the Grand River Dam Au thority; 
 
10.  Acquisitions by rural water, sewer, gas or solid waste 
management districts created pursuant to the Rural Wa ter, Sewer, Gas 
and Solid Waste Management Districts Act; 
 
11.  Acquisitions by the Oklahoma Ordnance Works Authority, the 
Northeast Oklahoma Public Facilities Aut hority or the Midwestern 
Oklahoma Development Authority; 
 
12.  Expenditure of monies appropriat ed to the State Board of 
Education for Local and State Support ed Financial Support local and 
state-supported financial support of Public Schools public schools, 
except monies allocated therefrom for the Administrative and Support 
Functions of the State Dep artment of Education; 
 
13.  Expenditure of monies appropriated to the State Department 
of Rehabilitation Services for educational progr ams or educational 
materials for the Oklahoma School for the Blind and the Oklahoma 
School for the Deaf; 
  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 10 
14.  Contracts entered into by the Oklahoma Department of Career 
and Technology Education for the development, revision or updating 
of vocational curriculum materials, and cont racts entered into by 
the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Edu cation for 
training and supportive services that address the needs of new or 
expanding industries; 
 
15.  Contracts entered into by the Oklahoma Center for the 
Advancement of Science a nd Technology for professional services; 
 
16.  Contracts entered into by th e Oklahoma Department o f 
Commerce pursuant to the provisions of Section 5066.4 of thi s title; 
 
17.  Acquisitions made by the Oklahoma Historical Society from 
monies used to administer the White Hair Memorial; 
 
18.  Purchases of pharmaceuticals available thro ugh a multistate 
or multigovernmental contract if such pharmaceuticals are or have 
been on state contract within the last fiscal year, and the terms of 
such contract are more favorab le to the state or agency than the 
terms of a state contract for the same products, as determined by 
the State Purchasing Director.  The state entity designate d by law, 
as specified in Section 1010.3 of Title 56 of the Oklahoma Sta tutes, 
shall participate in the purchase of pharmaceuticals available 
through such contracts; 
 
19.  Contracts for managed h ealth care services entered into by 
the state entity designate d by law or the Department of Human 
Services, as specified in paragraph 1 of subsection A of Sect ion 
1010.3 of Title 56 of the Oklahoma Statutes; 
 
20.  Acquisitions by a st ate agency through a Ge neral Services 
Administration contract or other federal contra ct if the 
acquisitions are not on current statewide contract or the term s of 
the federal contract are more favorable to the agency than the terms 
of a statewide contract f or the same products; 
 
21.  Acquisitions of clothing for clients of the Department of 
Human Services and acquisitions of food for group homes operated by 
the Department of Human Servi ces; 
 
22.  Acquisitions by the Oklahoma Energy Resources Board; 
  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 11 
23.  Acquisitions of clothing for juveniles in the custody of 
the Office of Juvenile Affairs and acquisitions of food for group 
homes operated by the Office of Juvenile Affairs; 
 
24.  State contracts for flexible benefits plans pursuant to the 
Oklahoma State Employees Benefits Act, Section 1361 et seq. of this 
title; 
 
25.  Acquisitions by the Oklahoma Department of Securities to 
investigate, initiate, or pursue administrat ive, civil or criminal 
proceedings involving potential violations of the acts under the 
Department’s jurisdiction and acquisitions by the Oklahoma 
Department of Securities for its inve stor education program; 
 
26.  Acquisitions for resale in and through cant eens operated 
pursuant to Section 537 of Title 57 of the Oklahoma Statutes and 
canteens established at an institution or facility operated by the 
Office of Juvenile Affairs; 
 
27.  Acquisitions by the Oklahoma Boll Weevil Eradication 
Organization for employm ent and personnel services, and for 
acquiring sprayers, blowers, traps and attractants related to the 
eradication of boll weevils in this state or as part of a national 
or regional boll weevil eradication program; 
 
28.  Contracts entered into by the Oklahom a Indigent Defense 
System for expert services pursuant to the provisions of subsection 
D of Section 1355.4 of Title 2 2 of the Oklahoma Statutes; 
 
29.  Acquisitions by the Oklahoma Corre ctional Industries and 
the Agri-Services programs of the Department of C orrections of raw 
materials, component parts and other products, any equipment 
excluding vehicles, and any services e xcluding computer consultant 
services used to produce goods or serv ices for resale and for the 
production of agricultural products; 
 
30.  Contracts entered into by the Department of Human Services 
for provision of supported living services to members of the 
plaintiff class in Homeward Bound, Inc., et al. v. The Hissom 
Memorial Center, et al., Case Number 85-C-437-E, United States 
District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma; 
 
31.  Contracts negotiated by the Office of Juvenile Affairs with 
designated Youth Services Agencies and the Oklahoma Association of 
Youth Services, or another Oklahoma nonprofit corporation whose  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 12 
membership consists solely of Youth Services Agencies and of whom at 
least a majority of Youth Services Agencies are members, pursuant t o 
the provisions of Section 2 -7-306 of Title 10A of the Oklahoma 
Statutes and contracts entered into by the Department of Human 
Services pursuant to Section 1-9-110 of Title 10A of the Oklahoma 
Statutes with designated Youth Services Agencies; 
 
32.  Contracts for annuities for structured settlements provided 
for in Section 158 of Title 51 of the Oklahoma Statutes; 
 
33.  Subject to subsection E of this section, purchases made 
from funds received by local offices administered by the Department 
of Human Services or administered by the Office of Juvenile Affairs 
for fund-raising activities and donations for the benefit of clients 
and potential clients at the local offices where such purchases may 
not otherwise be paid for from appropriated funds; 
 
34.  Acquisitions by the Oklahoma Historical Society for 
restoration of historical s ites and museums although the agency may 
elect to utilize the Purchasing Division for an acquisition with 
supplier and bid selection being the prerogative of the agency, 
based on the supplier’s documented qualifications and experience; 
and 
 
35.  Acquisitions of clothing and food for patients in the care 
of the J.D. McCarty Cent er for Children with Developmental 
Disabilities. 
 
C.  Pursuant to the terms of a contract the State Purchasing 
Director enters into or awards, a state agency, common school, 
municipality, rural fire protection district, county offic er or any 
program contract, purchase, acquisition or expenditure that is not 
subject to the provisions of the Oklahoma Central Purchasing Act, 
may, unless acting pursuant to a contract with the state that 
specifies otherwise, make use of statewide contract s and the 
services of the Purchasing Division and the State Purchasing 
Director. Any political subdivision or rural fire protection 
district may designate the State Purchasing Director as its agent 
for any acquisition from a statewide contract or otherwis e available 
to the state. 
 
D.  The State Purchasing Director may make periodic audits of 
shall review and audit all the purchasing procedures of acq uisitions 
listed in subsection B of this section to ensure t hat the procedures 
are being followed.  Nothing in this section shall be construed t o  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 13 
authorize bid splitting as prohibited by the Oklahoma Central 
Purchasing Act. 
 
E.  With respect to the Departme nt of Human Services or the 
Office of Juvenile Affairs, as applicable, monies received by 
fundraising activities or donations from the local office , vending 
operations administered by employees of the agency and all other 
nonrestricted cash and cash -equivalent items received by employees 
of the agency shall be dep osited in the agency special account 
established for this purpose.  The deposits shall b e made at local 
banking institutions approved by the State Treasurer. 
 
F.  With respect to the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation 
Department, no exemption provided in this section shall be construed 
for the use of leasing or contracting for state -owned restaurants in 
Oklahoma state parks.  The Department shall not be required to 
purchase furniture, fixtures, equipment, and soft goods associated 
with decor of the state parks, lodges, golf courses, and tourism 
information centers from Oklahoma prisons or reformatories . 
 
Additionally, the Department shall not be required to make 
purchases pursuant to a statewide contract for m aterials, supplies, 
and services necessary for the e fficient and economical operation of 
revenue-generating, Department-operated facilities, including those 
made to maintain or improve guest perception of quality and service; 
provided, that the State Purchasing Director shall review and audit 
all uses of the exemptions provided in this subsection biannually. 
 
SECTION 3.     REPEALER     74 O.S. 2021, Sections 2213, 2221, 
2239, and 2244, are hereby repealed. 
 
SECTION 4.  This act shall become effective January 1, 2024.  ENR. H. B. NO. 1774 	Page 14 
 
Passed the House of Representa tives the 23rd day of May, 2023. 
 
 
  
 
 	Presiding Officer of the House 
 
 	of Representatives 
 
Passed the Senate the 27th day of April, 2023. 
 
 
  
 
 	Presiding Officer of the Senate 
 
 
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR 
Received by the Office of the Governor this ____________________ 
day of ___________________, 20_______, at _______ o'clock _______ M. 
By: _________________________________ 
Approved by the Governor of the State of Oklahoma this _____ ____ 
day of ___________________, 20_______, at _______ o'clock _______ M. 
 
 
 	_________________________________ 
 	Governor of the State of Oklahoma 
 
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE 
Received by the Office of the Secretary of State this __________ 
day of ___________________, 20_______, at _______ o'clock _______ M. 
By: _________________________________