Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'Family Code'
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TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I work for Text4Text and am committed to protecting children and strengthening families.
- I'm the numbers guy in the family and you don't even have the last year in yet.
- She didn't even know the extent of what I was going through, and I didn't have family.
- We've also had families move from out of state to attend our school.
- The outdated language in the Texas Education Code.
Keywords:
instructional materials, public schools, Education Code, adoption, rejected materials, local funds, open educational resources, instructional materials, Texas Education Code, rejected materials, school districts, open enrollment charter schools, funding restrictions, environmental regulation, business compliance, local authority, economic development, state preemption, instructional materials, public schools
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily addressed several education-related bills, notably focusing on strengthening teacher certification pathways and accountability measures within the Texas school system. Notable discussions revolved around Senate Bills 2252 and 2253, which aim to enhance early education and teacher preparation programs. Participants included various committee members who debated the merits of each bill and carefully considered public testimony that presented both support and concerns regarding the implications of the proposed legislation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I appreciate what you bring to the kids that you serve and to the families.
- And I didn't have family.
- We've also had families move from out of state to attend our school.
- A family with two kids, one in an ISD...
- to expand and meet the needs of these families that are waiting.
Keywords:
instructional materials, public schools, Education Code, adoption, rejected materials, local funds, open educational resources, instructional materials, Texas Education Code, rejected materials, school districts, open enrollment charter schools, funding restrictions, environmental regulation, business compliance, local authority, economic development, state preemption, instructional materials, public schools
Summary:
The meeting focused on key legislative measures aimed at enhancing school safety and student communication technology. Senator Nichols discussed SB1262, emphasizing its role as a follow-up cleanup bill on previous measures that improved public school safety through House Bill 3. The committee adopted a committee substitute which includes provisions for the Texas Education Agency to commission peace officers for school safety purposes, thereby enabling better collaboration with local law enforcement in case of emergencies. The discussions were enriched by testimony from resource witnesses, including security professionals from the Texas School Safety Center.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Property Tax Appraisals Apr 3rd, 2025 at 10:30 am
House S/C on Property Tax Appraisals
Transcript Highlights:
- This bill amends the tax code to allow a surviving spouse,
- I do agree with, you know, and in fact, in the tax code, we already have a higher burden of proof to
- As filed, the bill replaced the word "periodic" with "annual" in section 25.18 of the tax code, titled
- and, you know, eliminating ambiguity in the tax code.
- that makes the administration of the tax code and the process more effective.
Keywords:
appraisal, property value, residential real estate, tax code, appraisal review board, property owners, appraisal, property value, property tax, tax code, appraisal review board, homeowners, appraisal, property value, residential real estate, tax code, property owner rights, property appraisal, taxation, property value
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several key bills related to property tax appraisals and education funding. Notable discussions included House Bill 2786, which proposed annual reappraisals to ensure property values reflect current market conditions. Representative Turner highlighted concerns around inconsistent appraisals that could adversely affect funding for local schools, particularly in Tarrant County. The session also saw testimony from representatives and concerned citizens advocating for the bill, emphasizing the importance of fair and accurate appraisals for maintaining educational funding and taxpayer equity. The committee members discussed the overall impact of property tax policies on local districts and pushed for a resolution to this ongoing issue.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services May 14th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- So, it reinforces parental rights and increases transparency in the family welfare system.
- These are kids from very, by all means, you would think happy, successful families.
- Market that HCPCS codes have not been assigned to.
- The cost of care can exceed $250,000 a year, pushing families to the brink.
- And so that's not what this is about, but it is the sad story of the family.
Bills:
HB107, HB742, HB1639, HB1700, HB2071, HB2187, HB2402, HB2516, HB3211, HB4529, HB5342, HB694, HB923, HB4655
Keywords:
sickle cell disease, registry, health data, confidentiality, healthcare access, human trafficking, first responders, health care, training, reporting, protection, cancer, female firefighters, health study, state health services, fire protection, telemedicine, teledentistry, telehealth, health records
Summary:
The meeting of the committee featured a series of discussions primarily focusing on various bills aimed at enhancing accountability and safety in the healthcare sector. Notable highlights included the passage of HB694, which aims to promote transparency in the operations of the Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) by shortening the notification timeline for significant events from ten days to 48 hours. This bill received unanimous support from all members present, underscoring a strong consensus on improving communication with parents and stakeholders involved in the child welfare system.
Another significant topic was the introduction of HB2187, which seeks to amend and update the existing nursing staffing laws to address emerging challenges faced by healthcare professionals, particularly stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. The bill was presented as a response to the increased burnout rates among nurses and aims to provide a more stable working environment to retain talent in the healthcare sector. The committee took testimony from several experts and stakeholders, highlighting the urgency and importance of these legislative changes.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence Mar 11th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Keywords:
false reporting, emergency response, criminal penalties, restitution, public safety, false reporting, penalties, emergency services, restitution, public institutions, false reports, criminal penalty, emergency response, restitution, public safety, pretrial hearings, criminal competency, legal process, court timelines, restoration of competency
Summary:
The meeting held by the committee was marked by significant discussions surrounding various bills, particularly HB268, HB305, and HB380, all of which focus on enhancing accountability and public safety. Representative Landgraf presented HB268, aimed at increasing penalties for false threats made against schools, following incidents in his district that caused major disruptions. The legislation sought to escalate the crime from a state jail felony to a third-degree felony, with members expressing the need for a deterrent against such hoaxes to ensure student safety and maintain law enforcement resources. Public testimonies were heard, which highlighted the widespread impact of these threats across Texas schools.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources Apr 30th, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- under the water code.
- Our company is a third-generation family-run company that primarily deals in multifamily real estate
- family-owned ranch land in Hunt County in Caddo Mills, and
- The panel is not considered a governmental body under Chapter 551 or 552 of the government code.
The Water Code provides for vacancies to be filled
Bills:
HB937, HB2078, HB2080, HB3322, HB3350, HB4212, HB4630, HB4896, HB4951, HB5348, HB5675, SB565, SB971, SB1662, SB2124
Keywords:
special districts, notice requirements, Water Code, government transparency, public meetings, special districts, meeting notice, transparency, Water Code, public engagement, special districts, notice, public meetings, elections, Water Code, groundwater management, water conservation, joint planning, environmental impact, desired future conditions
Summary:
The recent committee meeting showcased significant discussions around various groundwater management bills, emphasizing legislative accountability and environmental conservation efforts. Notably, HB4896 was presented, which aims to streamline the designation of brackish groundwater production zones, facilitating better management of Texas' water resources. Testimonies from multiple stakeholders underscored the necessity for transparency in groundwater conservation districts and the importance of adapting to climate impacts. Additionally, House Bill 4212 aimed to enhance interagency communication pertaining to land and water conservation, further stressing a collaborative approach to resource management.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Transportation Funding Apr 28th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House S/C on Transportation Funding
Transcript Highlights:
- House Bill 4523 amends Section 21.105 of the Transportation Code by adding Subsection C, which makes
- data-time="0">Additionally, HB4523 also repeals Section 21.0114, Subsection B of the Transportation Code
- Members, House Bill 4524 amends Chapter 21 of the Transportation Code by adding Sub-chapter C-1, which
- House Bill 4523 amends section 21.105 of the Transportation Code by adding subsection C, which makes
- Members, House Bill 4524 amends Chapter 21 of the Transportation Code by adding Sub-chapter C-1, which
Keywords:
vehicle registration, county fee, local governance, referendum, taxation, transit authority, financial obligation, withdrawal, election unit, Texas Transportation Code, veterans, toll discounts, transportation, infrastructure, Texas highways, veteran discount program, toll collection, State Highway 130, transportation funding, Texas Department of Transportation
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on discussions surrounding several notable bills, particularly concerning toll roads in Texas. Chairman Metcalf introduced HB5346, which aims to establish clear mandates for the cessation of tolling once a project's financial obligations have been satisfied. This bill sparked considerable debate, with proponents arguing for taxpayer fairness and control, while opponents raised concerns about potential perpetual tolls disguised as public votes every five years. Witnesses voiced strong opinions both for and against the measures, highlighting the ongoing tensions over infrastructure funding and user fees.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Currently, in the code, they do not have this ability to send it for what you know is a bad data type
- We already have a process for confirming residency in the code. Adding this provision will just...
- or a couple of foster families back or by a system that they were thrown into.
- Okay, you enter your access code here, you put your paper in right there.
- I want to make sure that you all are understanding Section 122.001 in the voting code.
Bills:
SB16, SB76, SB310, SB311, SB396, SB505, SB827, SB964, SB1209, SB1210, SB1386, SB1470, SB2035, SJR37
Keywords:
voter registration, proof of citizenship, Election Code, criminal offenses, limited federal ballot, transportation, infrastructure, funding, public safety, state regulation, election, polling places, voter access, state oversight, electronic voting, voting, polling place, elections, countywide program, voter access
Summary:
The meeting focused on significant discussions regarding several bills, particularly SB396 and SB827. Public testimonies were heard against SB396, expressing concerns over government overreach regarding voter registrations. Various witnesses highlighted potential disenfranchisement of eligible voters and the inefficiencies of the proposed residency confirmations. SB827 was another bill of interest, with discussions centered around the methods of election monitoring and concerns regarding the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of hand-counted audits.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- 311 will amend Section 22.002A of the Texas Government Code
- Hughes laid it out, SB 311 is a simple bill that conforms the text of Section 22.002A of the Government Code
Bills:
SB16, SB76, SB310, SB311, SB396, SB505, SB827, SB964, SB1209, SB1210, SB1386, SB1470, SB2035, SJR37
Keywords:
voter registration, proof of citizenship, Election Code, criminal offenses, limited federal ballot, transportation, infrastructure, funding, public safety, state regulation, election, polling places, voter access, state oversight, electronic voting, voting, polling place, elections, countywide program, voter access
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on State Affairs was marked by significant discussions surrounding several bills, primarily focusing on jurisdictional changes within the Texas Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals. One of the key bills discussed was SB1210, which aims to clarify the roles and jurisdictions of these two courts, ensuring that when constitutional interpretations are at issue, the Supreme Court serves as the final authority. Testimony was provided by various stakeholders including judges and legal experts, who articulated both support for and concerns about the potential implications of these changes. The conversation highlighted the historical context of the dual court system in Texas, outlining its benefits and drawbacks, particularly in ensuring consistency in the application of constitutional law.
TX
Keywords:
criminal law, magistrates, Bell County, judicial authority, legal framework, evidence collection, sexual assault kits, reporting, law enforcement, transparency, confidentiality, victim protection, stalking, indecent assault, invasive visual recording, criminal justice, privacy rights, sexual assault, victim rights, plea bargain
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Criminal Justice convened to address critical issues surrounding victim protection and human trafficking legislation. The meeting opened with the chair, Senator Flores, emphasizing the importance of enhancing Texas laws to protect victims of sexual assault and trafficking. Key bills on the agenda included SB955 and SB957, which aim to strengthen legal repercussions against traffickers and provide support for survivors. Notably, the committee heard testimony from various stakeholders, including law enforcement officials and advocates, who underscored the challenges faced by trafficking victims and the necessity of legislative reform.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Apr 30th, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- be considered public information as that term is defined in Section 552.002 of the Texas Government Code
- Reserve peace officers in current code are excluded from
- And you know, Chairman Canales knows this; his family is from there.
- She has a family medical issue to deal with back home, and so we're going to get her down before the
- by Justice of the Peace, are medical examiners required to conduct inquests under Chapter 42 of the Code
Bills:
HB1065, HB2929, HB2956, HB3009, HB3420, HB3626, HB3649, HB4956, HB4993, HB5293, HB5308, HB5528, HCR118, SB36, HB4023
Keywords:
employee classification, private security, misclassification, workforce regulations, Texas Workforce Commission, autism, peace officers, training program, law enforcement, intervention, communication, developmental disability, family violence, central database, criminal offense, registration, law enforcement, public safety, violent offenses, criminal database
Summary:
The committee meeting convened to discuss various issues pertinent to recent legislative proposals. Notably, several bills were reviewed and debated, with members expressing differing opinions on their implications and potential impact on the community. Discussions ranged from public safety measures to resource allocation, reflecting the committee's broad mandate and the importance of legislative oversight. Engaging testimonies from citizens and stakeholders underscored the significance of the proposed legislation, bringing personal perspectives and expert opinions into the dialogue.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Under the Texas Business and Organizations Code, but it's
- , but the property code is inconsistent and so there...
- , it's inconsistent in the Property Code, and this aligns both parts of the code.
- allowing it, or we need to line up the Property Code, a separate part of the code, a separate statute
- , to make sure that it's clear because it's inconsistent in the Property Code.
Bills:
SB438, SB512, SB647, SB648, SB1495, SB2121, SB2145, SB2154, SB2167, SB2184, SB2211, SB2268, SB2349, SB2443, SB2629, SB2702, SB2902
Keywords:
electric vehicles, charging stations, advisory board, standards, installation, maintenance, data brokers, personal data, regulation, business entities, consumer protection, delivery network company, occupational permit, digital network, background check, non-discrimination policy, massage therapy, licensing, human trafficking, regulation
Summary:
The meeting of the committee commenced with the establishment of a quorum, where members discussed and voted on five significant bills related to energy efficiency, insurance regulation, and public utility governance. Notably, Senate Bill 2717 was presented, incorporating feedback to foster collaboration among various state agencies for improved energy efficiency performance. This was followed by a detailed discussion on Senate Bill 1642, which proposed changes to the Texas Department of Insurance's executive structure to optimize management and consumer focus. Each bill saw active participation from senators who moved to adopt committee substitutes for clarity and responsiveness to stakeholder concerns, indicating a proactive approach to legislative issues.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence May 20th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- But because of certain family code provisions requiring confidentiality
- The existing family code reinforces orders already issued by the court instead of making them go back
- And it's even in the family code.
- And if you look deep into the family code, interference with child custody is defined as domestic violence
- Family Code has a specific statute that says every court
Keywords:
human organs, criminal penalties, physician license, medical ethics, illegal trade, prostitution, criminal offense, felony, Texas Penal Code, human trafficking, traffic safety, criminal offense, automotive control, driving regulations, Texas Transportation Code, organ trafficking, SB456, deepfakes, SB442, child custody
Summary:
The meeting of the Committee on Criminal Jurisprudence was marked by extensive discussions around various legislative bills, including measures to combat organ trafficking and address custody interference issues. Notably, SB456 aimed to impose stronger penalties on organ trafficking, with supporting testimonies emphasizing the severity of the issue, alongside a proposal to enhance existing laws on deepfake media by SB442. The committee sought to tighten the definitions and penalties surrounding these crimes, reflecting a growing urgency to safeguard vulnerable individuals in society.
Witnesses from various organizations echoed the necessity for these legislative changes, presenting evidence and arguments supporting the amendments. The session concluded with positive indications of potential legislative action, as well as plans for further meetings to review additional measures. This well-attended meeting showcased active participation from both committee members and public stakeholders, demonstrating a collective commitment to addressing these pressing legal issues.
TX
Bills:
SB27, SB226, SB326, SB570, SB605, SB870, SB991, SB1871, SB1872, SB1873, SB1874, SB1924, SB1925
Keywords:
residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, antisemitism, student conduct, education, disciplinary actions, Texas Education Code, school marshal, handgun, open carry, school safety, Texas Education Code, mental health, telehealth, public schools, discipline management, student support
Summary:
The meeting of the committee began with discussions centered around SB1924, which aims to restore the authority of Texas police officers to issue citations for school-related violations. Multiple speakers, including Chief Jeffrey Foley, presented compelling arguments about the value of enabling officers to have tools beyond education and counseling, suggesting that withholding citation capabilities may complicate situations and escalate tensions. The committee expressed support for the need to balance reducing crime with the need to maintain order in schools and cited various real-life examples where limiting police authority has led to confusion and dissatisfaction among both officers and the community.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Senate Committee on Education K-16 Mar 25th, 2025 at 08:00 am
Senate Education K-16 Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- to kids and their families.
- kid was claiming self-defense, and that there was a history of family issues...
- And that committee is supposed to be comprised of, under the law, as it stands, two families.
- So in the code, there's no length of time for the committee.
- We had protocols, we had student codes.
Bills:
SB27, SB226, SB326, SB570, SB605, SB870, SB991, SB1871, SB1872, SB1873, SB1874, SB1924, SB1925
Keywords:
residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, antisemitism, student conduct, education, disciplinary actions, Texas Education Code, school marshal, handgun, open carry, school safety, Texas Education Code, mental health, telehealth, public schools, discipline management, student support
Summary:
The meeting was centered on reviewing several Senate bills focusing on school safety and discipline, primarily Senate Bills 870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, and 1924. Senator Perry emphasized the urgent need for reform in school discipline policies due to increasing incidents of violence and classroom disruptions. The committee acknowledged testimonies from various educators and public witnesses who supported the proposed bills, highlighting their significance in ensuring a safer learning environment. Key discussions revolved around the ability of teachers to maintain classroom discipline, the implications of disciplinary actions, and the support necessary for students with behavioral issues.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- ...to kids and their families.
- kid was claiming self-defense and that there was a history of family violence...
- And that committee is supposed to be comprised of, under the law, as it stands, two families.
- So, in the code, there's no length of time for the committee.
- We had protocols, we had student codes.
Bills:
SB27, SB226, SB326, SB570, SB605, SB870, SB991, SB1871, SB1872, SB1873, SB1874, SB1924, SB1925
Keywords:
residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, antisemitism, student conduct, education, disciplinary actions, Texas Education Code, school marshal, handgun, open carry, school safety, Texas Education Code, mental health, telehealth, public schools, discipline management, student support
Summary:
The meeting focused on several significant bills pertaining to school discipline and safety, highlighting the issues faced by teachers due to increased student misbehavior and a perceived lack of administrative support. Key discussions were held around Senate Bill 1924, which aims to restore authority to local police and school district officers to issue misdemeanor citations for school offenses. This bill was met with both support and opposition, illustrating the ongoing debate about how best to maintain safety in schools without causing unnecessary criminalization of students. Witnesses included educators and administrators who provided testimonies on the real-life impacts of classroom disruptions on learning environments. Recommendations for improvements to the bills included calls for flexibility in discipline measures and better support for teachers dealing with disruptive behavior.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- a religious establishment, churches, general delivery, a P.O. box, or home address of a friend or family
- Exact rules are in the election code, and I have written
- They're prescribed by the date of each one in the election code.
- Just basic business to allow our delegates to come and fulfill our duties under Texas election code.
- State code allows for filing at the state party. There's not a county one.
Keywords:
voting access, polling place, disability, caretaker provisions, ballot delivery, election code, ballot by mail, election code, voting, mail delivery, election integrity, filing fee, nomination, convention, election, candidate, voting by mail, assisted living, nursing facilities, legal guardian
Summary:
The meeting of the committee focused primarily on discussions surrounding HB4309, aimed at allowing third parties to handle filing fees similarly to major political parties. Witnesses from the Libertarian Party, including Wes Benedict, expressed the need for equitable treatment in political financing, highlighting how fees imposed on them currently do not assist their party in any meaningful way like they do for Republicans and Democrats. Concerns were raised regarding the lack of accountability for fees collected from third parties, with committee members discussing potential oversight mechanisms.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
Section 64.009 of the Election Code governs curbside
- So that was the purpose, to just take the election code and let it comport with federal case law.
- You're supposed to be helping families stay together and encouraging families.
- Families to participate in their kids' lives.
- I bring friends and family to visit. I'm the one who controls the finances.
Keywords:
voting access, polling place, disability, caretaker provisions, ballot delivery, election code, ballot by mail, election code, voting, mail delivery, election integrity, filing fee, nomination, convention, election, candidate, voting by mail, assisted living, nursing facilities, legal guardian
Summary:
The House Committee on Elections convened to deliberate on several legislative measures, focusing significantly on the accessibility and integrity of the voting process. Key discussions included the presentation of HB5430, which addresses the declaration of a candidate’s ineligibility based on their filing status. The committee also reviewed Senate Bill SB901, a companion bill that echoes the intentions of HB5430. Other bills such as HB2253 aimed to introduce flexibility for local governments in case of disaster declarations, allowing them to cancel elections in a specified timeframe, emphasizing the need for local leaders to act decisively during crises. Additionally, Senate Bill SB760 was introduced to protect vulnerable populations, ensuring that legal guardians are notified when mail-in ballots are requested by individuals in long-term care facilities. Testimonies both supported and challenged the measures, revealing deep concerns regarding potential implications of these bills on voter rights, particularly for disabled stakeholders and elderly populations.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Apr 30th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- of state peace officers by updating certain definitions and classifications within our government code
- violence under the Code of Criminal Procedure, continuous violence against a family within a 12-month
- period, and assaultive, sexual, kidnapping, or traffic offenses committed against a family member or
- HB 2956 gives them the information they need to protect themselves and their families. I close.
- HB3009 is about permanent, common-sense protections that put Texas families first.
Bills:
HB1065, HB2929, HB2956, HB3009, HB3420, HB3626, HB3649, HB4956, HB4993, HB5293, HB5308, HB5528, HCR118, SB36, HB4023
Keywords:
employee classification, private security, misclassification, workforce regulations, Texas Workforce Commission, autism, peace officers, training program, law enforcement, intervention, communication, developmental disability, family violence, central database, criminal offense, registration, law enforcement, public safety, violent offenses, criminal database
Summary:
The meeting focused on several significant bills concerning law enforcement training, mental health crisis management, and resource allocation. Notably, House Bill 2929 aimed at requiring police officers to undergo specialized training related to autism, was discussed with testimonials highlighting the need for improved understanding of individuals with autism in potential law enforcement encounters. Additionally, House Bill 4993 gathered attention as it proposed measures to enhance the health and readiness of military service members, emphasizing the importance of fitness standards and supportive health programs.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Transportation Funding Apr 28th, 2025 at 11:04 am
House S/C on Transportation Funding
Transcript Highlights:
- Having lived, raised a family, and owned a business in a small town like Leander for many years, I can
- Having lived, raised a family, and owned a business in a small town like Leander for many years, I can
Keywords:
vehicle registration, county fee, local governance, referendum, taxation, transit authority, financial obligation, withdrawal, election unit, Texas Transportation Code, veterans, toll discounts, transportation, infrastructure, Texas highways, veteran discount program, toll collection, State Highway 130, transportation funding, Texas Department of Transportation
Summary:
The meeting focused on the consideration of three main bills: HB3643, HB3821, and HB3849. Representative Troxler presented HB3643, which aims to allow municipalities like Lago Vista to withdraw from a transit authority with more reasonable exit fees. The bill faced strong support from local officials who argued that the current financial obligations are burdensome for smaller cities, and as a result, they cannot negotiate better service conditions with the transit authority. Public testimony was provided, with several community leaders advocating for the bill, highlighting the frustrations of Lago Vista residents who have been underserved by the transit agency. Conversely, there was opposition from CapMetro, who raised concerns about the potential destabilization of the transit system due to increased risks of municipalities opting out.