Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'legal immunity'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Mar 19th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- If we do not, this is the legal remedy to clear that unit so that we may continue operating and make
- believe that social media is the most important tool and the most harmful product that our kids have legal
- But they can't legally know if someone is less than 13.
- Should House Bill 186 pass, it will face immense legal challenges
- I'm not immune to the point that social media contains harmful content for young people and that it can
Keywords:
social media, children, account verification, data privacy, parental control, property owners' association, residential watering restrictions, vegetation, fine limitations, drought, technology, innovation, economic development, grants, Texas Economic Development, business funding, HB1093, self-service storage, advertising requirements, public notice
Summary:
In this meeting, the focus was on HB1093, which addresses the advertising requirements for self-service storage facility lien sales. The bill, presented by a representative, advocates for updating outdated newspaper notice requirements that have been in place since 1984. The representative emphasized that many areas in Texas no longer have access to printed newspapers, making it crucial to adapt the law to allow for advertising on publicly accessible internet platforms and other methods to ensure transparency and access to information regarding lien sales. Several stakeholders and witnesses shared opinions on the merits and potential drawbacks of the bill, leading to a lively discussion.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources (Part I) Mar 26th, 2025
Senate Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- to someone who needs medical help from legal liability.
- 3222"> And our NAPD was issued in February of 2024 after TCEQ determined that our application met all legal
- kind of look and see if there are other, you know, other construction concepts that are already on legal
- although you mentioned tariffs, and so it's friendly from a relationship standpoint, but certainly not immune
- And there's an issue: what are the potential legal ramifications?
Keywords:
rock crushing, permits, air quality, environmental monitoring, aggregate production, seismicity, public meeting, land use, oil emergency, gas emergency, liability protection, Railroad Commission, emergency assistance, civil liability, natural resources, LNG export, semiconductor, permitting process, aggregate production, energy infrastructure
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Natural Resources Committee centered around several key pieces of legislation, particularly focusing on the energy and infrastructure sectors. Discussion highlighted Senate Bill SB2037, aimed at expediting the LNG export terminal permitting process, receiving strong support from industry representatives. Notably, SB1758 and SB1759 were also discussed, addressing the contentious interactions between aggregate production operations and semiconductor wafer manufacturing, with testimonies from stakeholders emphasizing the need for careful regulatory oversight to cater to all parties involved. Concern was voiced regarding the vibrations caused by mining operations, potentially impacting manufacturing processes, particularly in Grayson County.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
The gut is actually one of the largest contingents of immune
Keywords:
dementia, research, health care, Texas Institute, grants, medical breakthroughs, oversight, prevention, dementia, research, funding, healthcare, Texas, autopsy, confidentiality, public records, medical examiner, law enforcement, House Bill 5, dementia
Summary:
The meeting focused on HB5, which aims to establish the Prevention Research Institute of Texas for dementia-related research. Speaker Craddock introduced the bill, emphasizing the government’s role in tackling the increasing public health issue posed by Alzheimer's. The discussion was energized by testimonies from experts and personal accounts from representatives affected by dementia in their families. There were calls for fiscal responsibility and scrutiny regarding the allocation of the proposed $3 billion funding, with some members raising concerns about conflicts of interest within the research community. The panel welcomed public testimonies that expressed both support and caution, with many emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to research and care for individuals with Alzheimer's and their families.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 28th, 2025 at 09:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Bills:
HR33, HR138, HR200, HR243, HR267, HR307, HR353, HR383, HR443, HR446, HR449, HR451, HR453, HR457, HR459, HR460, HR461, HR462, HR464, HR466, HR467, HR474, HR475, HR477, HR479, HR481, HR482, HR483, HR484, HR486, HR487, HR490, HR491, HR497, HR502, HR505, HR509, HR510, HR511, HR512, HR513, HR515, HR516, HR527, HR531, HR532, HR541, HR542, HR547, HR548, HR549, HR550, HR555, HR557, HR564, HR568, HR574, HR575, HR576, HR577, HR578, HR580, HR584, HR586, HR587, HR588, HR589, HR594, HR595, HR597, HR599, HR606, HR607, HR608, HR609, HR610, HR611, HR612, HR613, HR615, HR616, HR617, HR619, HR620, HCR65, HCR119, HR434, HR447, HR450, HR454, HR455, HR458, HR463, HR476, HR478, HR488, HR489, HR492, HR496, HR499, HR522, HR523, HR524, HR533, HR534, HR535, HR536, HR537, HR539, HR546, HR552, HR553, HR554, HR556, HR579, HR582, HR598
Keywords:
autism, neurodiversity, awareness, acceptance, public health, retirement, nursing, mental health, healthcare, recognition, mental health, community service, leadership, retirement, honoring contributions, Texas Trial Lawyers Association, Women's Caucus, legal profession, advocacy, leadership development
Summary:
The meeting of the legislative committee was marked by extensive discussions on a variety of critical issues including budget allocations, public health policies, and education funding. Members engaged in a robust debate regarding the impacts of proposed tax reforms, with several representatives expressing concerns over the potential effects on lower-income families. Public testimony was a significant feature of the meeting, providing the committee with diverse perspectives from community leaders and experts. The atmosphere was generally collaborative, with a stated intent to refine proposed bills in response to public input.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 19th, 2025 at 10:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- issues, the environment and natural resources, the legal system
- They assist lawyers with continuing legal education and provide countless hours of pro bono service for
- by Rosenthal, relating to the requirements for and transparency of epidemiological reports and immunization
- AB 2895 by Patterson, relating to the legal justification
- Means, H.D.R. 134 by Harliss proposes a constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to legalize
Keywords:
criminal justice, public health, capital punishment, healthcare access, environmental regulations, victim notification, Texas legislature
Summary:
The meeting involved robust discussions among committee members about various bills, notably those concerning criminal justice reforms and public health matters. Significant focus was placed on speaker bills such as HB2792, which addressed a proposed moratorium on capital punishment, and HB2813, aiming to enhance notifications to victims regarding scheduled court proceedings. Additionally, notable debates unfolded around bills aimed at improving access to health care services and environmental regulations.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Rejection is the process where the immune system attacks the transplanted organ, leading to organ injury
- procedure, bone marrow transplant where their immune system
Keywords:
autism, health insurance, coverage, medical treatment, health benefit plan, HIV prevention, prescription drug, prior authorization, health benefits, insurance coverage, insurance, contract termination, property and casualty, insurance agents, discrimination, insurance, appraiser, umpire, licensing requirements, continuing education
Summary:
The meeting of the House Committee on Insurance centered around numerous healthcare-related bills, focusing heavily on issues such as artificial intelligence (AI) in medical determinations, autism insurance coverage, and HIV prevention. Representative Garcia Hernandez presented HB4635, aiming to ensure transparency in the use of AI in medical claim denials, which has become increasingly prevalent. The bill introduces mandates for disclosures on AI algorithms used in decisions, enhancing patient rights and keeping the Texas Department of Insurance informed of potential denials. Public testimony supported the bill as essential for safeguarding Texans from unintended biases in AI applications. Additionally, HB813, presented by Representative Goodwin, garnered attention for its effort to update autism-related insurance mandates, removing outdated age restrictions for therapy coverage. This legislation is seen as a crucial step in accommodating the needs of all individuals on the autism spectrum, regardless of the timing of their diagnosis.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- It's basically requiring Airbnb to be a legal business operation.
- Airbnb should only put up legal listings on their site. Did that answer the question, sir?
- The most legal compliance has actually been in ...
- Airbnb and VRBO let anybody, anywhere list it, whether it's legal or not.
- So, just operate legally, Airbnb. That's all we're asking.
Bills:
HB346, HB1360, HB1510, HB1606, HB1804, HB1805, HB2156, HB2391, HB2767, HB3022, HB3044, HB3272, HB3293, HB3493, HB3809, HB3824, HJR110, HB2463
Keywords:
expedited service, business records, veteran-owned businesses, franchise tax, fee schedule, Texas Ethics Commission, election reporting, campaign finance, violation categorization, penalties, public disclosure, ethics, transparency, political subdivisions, administrative penalties, compliance, religious freedom, commission, government, advocacy
Summary:
The meeting of the State Affairs Committee convened to discuss House Bill 1606, focusing on public safety and communication regarding vegetation management near power lines. Representative Metcalf presented the bill, highlighting concerns raised by constituents about overgrown vegetation posing risks such as power outages and fire hazards. The bill aims to mandate electric utilities to provide customers with information on how to request vegetation management, thereby enhancing public awareness and safety without imposing new regulations.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency Mar 26th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Delivery of Government Efficiency Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- In addition, most of these procurements involve protests and legal challenges, with significant time
- and legal costs for all parties involved, including the agency.
- We have two legal entities in Texas.
- Have you retained legal counsel for yourself?
- Does Aetna have legal counsel here with you?
Keywords:
artificial intelligence, regulation, biometric data, ethical AI, consumer protection, AI governance, employment compensation, state agencies, salary payments, general appropriations, government efficiency, public works, contractors, payment bonds, government contracts, construction law, transparency, open meetings, government accountability, public access
Summary:
The meeting of the committee involved detailed discussions surrounding several key pieces of legislation, most notably focused on the implications of artificial intelligence through HB149. This bill was presented by Chairman Capriglione as a comprehensive framework aimed at addressing potential harms associated with AI usage in Texas, emphasizing consumer protection and accountability. Witnesses from various organizations provided input, highlighting the bill's aim to create clarity around acceptable AI practices while simultaneously fostering innovation. Some members raised concerns over specific provisions related to political viewpoint discrimination and local preemption, indicating a need for adjustments to ensure comprehensive protections without infringing on existing rights.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 24th, 2025 at 02:03 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- 684">HB 3541 by Erin Zwiener relating to the administration of medication and the ordering of an immunization
Summary:
In the recent committee meeting, a wide array of bills were discussed, including significant topics such as education reforms, public health initiatives, and environmental regulations. Members engaged in a robust discussion regarding HB3478, which relates to definitions of child abuse and neglect, where concerns were raised about the implications for vulnerable children. Additionally, HB3487 sparked debate over tax collection practices that affect restaurant owners involved in oyster shell recycling programs, highlighting the balance between environmental sustainability and business concerns.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Education K-16Audio only. May 23rd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- The applicability of certain immunity and liability laws to
Keywords:
public school accountability, charter school liability, educational policies, school governance, school psychologist licensing, sex offender regulations, Senate Committee on Education K-16
Summary:
In this meeting of the Senate Committee on Education K-16, significant discussions were held regarding a variety of educational bills. Notable among these was the discussion on HB4, which focuses on public school accountability and the implementation of an instructional assessment program. The committee substitute proposed for HB4 was passed with a majority vote, reflecting a commitment to enhancing educational standards. Additionally, HB4687 was favorably reported, aiming to address immunity and liability laws pertaining to charter schools. Members actively debated the merits of each bill, reflecting diverse viewpoints and concerns, particularly around educational policies and their impacts on school governance and accountability.
Further deliberation led to the reporting of several other bills, including HB2598, which pertains to licensing requirements for school psychologists, and HB3629, which aims to prohibit sex offenders from serving on school boards. Each of these bills was discussed thoroughly, with motions made to certify them for conditional calendars, moving them forward in the legislative process. The meeting showcased robust participation from committee members, indicating a proactive approach to shaping the future of education policy in the state.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 4th, 2025 at 02:00 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="5670">HB 731 by Swanson, relating to the affidavit form proclaiming exemption from required immunizations
- 949" data-time="5688">HB 734 by Bell of Montgomery, relating to the verification of a citizen's or legal
Keywords:
legislation, constitutional amendments, taxation reforms, public testimony, mental health, Ketamine Treatment Grant Program, daylight savings time
Summary:
The committee meeting predominantly focused on a multitude of bills concerning various legislative amendments. Key discussions included the pros and cons of constitutional amendments, such as one by Schofield proposing year-round daylight savings time, and issues around taxation reforms highlighted by various members. The committee engaged in vibrant discussions, inviting public testimonies from both supporters and opponents of several bills, emphasizing the importance of community input in legislative processes. Notably, there were extensive debates on HB720, which pertains to the Ketamine Treatment Grant Program for veterans and first responders, underscoring the significance of mental health legislation. Members expressed their concerns about implementing the program effectively while ensuring adequate funding and oversight.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Apr 22nd, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- brought it as a representative as a big discussion item, because we still have to work within the legal
- That case settled a decades-long legal battle and established a foundation in educational freedom.
- ruled that homeschooling was legal.
- It had always been legal and that it was improper for the
- Additionally, enforcing and recovering damages from a project management bond would be legally complex
Bills:
HB178, HB1551, HB1939, HB2040, HB2354, HB2674, HB3029, HB3460, HB3631, HB3662, HB5201, HB5381
Keywords:
education funding, school district, attendance credit, financial incentive, public school finance, juvenile justice, education, instructional time, alternative education, Texas Legislature, waiver, charter schools, admission policies, enrollment, educational standards, employment policies, homeschooling, education policy, regulation, Texas Education Agency
Summary:
The committee meeting included discussions centered around educational bills, notably focusing on enhancing inclusivity and accountability within Texas public schools. One significant bill was House Bill 2354, aimed at aligning laws governing charter schools with those of traditional public schools, which received favorable testimonies emphasizing its importance for equal treatment of educational institutions. Representative Morales' House Bill 178 provided a platform for advocates to discuss the need for ethnic studies courses to be counted towards social studies credits, which was met with broad support, showcasing a commitment to diverse educational content. Additionally, House Bill 5201 stirred debate regarding construction oversight for school projects, highlighting the ongoing concerns over management failures in large-scale school construction and its implications for taxpayer funds.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services (Part I) May 7th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- This woman who'd been diagnosed with legal meth probably
- Page 9 states that instead of providing the children with stronger legal protections, it equals heavier
- So what you're suggesting is we move forward with the standard, but we don't tie it down legally?
- ...practice but not as the legal standard until that would
- To say for this to be the legal standard, this is the resources that would be required.
Bills:
HB18, HB37, HB116, HB388, HB879, HB913, HB1151, HB2216, HB2358, HB2809, SB577, SB1590, SB1782, SB1887, SB2744
Keywords:
rural health, hospital funding, healthcare access, mental health services, financial stability, perinatal bereavement, healthcare, hospital training, bereavement support, maternal care, fetal demise, stillbirth, neonatal death, parent-child relationship, involuntary termination, family law, child welfare, child protection, military veterans, healthcare licensing
Summary:
The meeting of the committee included extensive discussions around several key bills focused on child welfare and health care initiatives. Notably, Senate Bill 577 addressed the management of Social Security benefits for foster children, with multiple testimonies highlighting the importance of ensuring these benefits directly support the children's needs rather than offsetting departmental costs. Senator West passionately argued for better stewardship of these funds, citing the high number of foster youth in financial hardship and emphasizing the bill's potential to improve outcomes for these vulnerable populations. Public testimonies both supported and raised concerns, particularly regarding the potential implications of the bill on children's welfare and parental rights.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Apr 7th, 2025 at 03:00 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- 5211 by Gain Early, relating to student loan repayment assistance for certain attorneys providing legal
- 5211 by Gain Early, relating to student loan repayment assistance for certain attorneys providing legal
- 5211 by Gain Early, relating to student loan repayment assistance for certain attorneys providing legal
- 5211 by Gain Early, relating to student loan repayment assistance for certain attorneys providing legal
HB5584 relates to lowering the immunity liability
Keywords:
HCR65, HCR119, resolutions, memorial, veterans, legislative business, committees, recognition, honor, ceremonial
Summary:
The committee meeting addressed significant topics, including two resolutions, HCR65 and HCR119. HCR65 commemorated the life of Tracy Lee Vincent from Longview, while HCR119 also addressed another memorial. These discussions involved motions for deferring other bills’ readings and the scheduling of a congratulatory memorial resolutions calendar. The meeting included formal recognitions of important individuals, including veterans and milestones in their contributions, illustrating the dignity of the proceedings and the respect given to public service. Additionally, the committee conducted motions to allow for committee meetings during session hours, ensuring legislative business continued smoothly despite scheduling challenges.
Amidst these discussions, members recognized first responders and notable citizens whose actions had significantly impacted their communities. This highlighted the meeting's focus not only on legislative duties but also on honoring the individuals that contribute to societal welfare. The session was characterized by a spirit of collaboration and respect, as well as moments of solemn remembrance, establishing a balanced agenda that combined urgency in legislative work with the ceremonial aspects of governance. By the end of the meeting, a clear path forward was established with several motions ordered and memorials acknowledged.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- My name is Sophia Dreslinski, and I'm a legal fellow with Environment Texas.
- The issue we have primarily is on the immunity.
- In this type of immunity provided for utilities in this situation, as has happened in other states, is
Bills:
HB106, HB144, HB145, HB252, HB1732, HB2221, HB2467, HB2468, HB2517, HB2518, HB2963, HB3016, HB3689, HB3960, HB4386, HB4490, HB4751, HB5247, HJR175, HB2213
Keywords:
electric utility, distribution poles, inspection, public safety, compliance plan, wildfire mitigation, utilities, electric service, liability, risk management, self-insurance, Texas Division of Emergency Management, employment compensation, state agencies, salary payments, general appropriations, government efficiency, massage therapy, regulation, licensing
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Business and Commerce convened to discuss a wide range of bills, including key pieces of legislation such as HB1922 and HB145, which address utilities' wildfire mitigation efforts. There was a notable emphasis on the importance of strengthening Texas' approach to dealing with electric utility liabilities and improving operational strategies in the event of wildfires. Public testimony was heard, with various stakeholders advocating for and expressing concerns about elements of the proposed regulations, highlighting the nuanced positions citizens and organizations hold regarding energy management and environmental safety. Additionally, several bills were reported favorably to the full Senate, indicating a smooth legislative progress during the meeting.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- and they'll be up here to ask them more directly, but the agency can actually waive some of the immunization
This process allows the parent with legal representation
- And then that triggers that separate process of expensive, separate legal proceedings to undertake costly legal challenges and who are often blacklisted
- because the unexpected happens, and no part of Texas is immune
Bills:
HB741, HB1199, HB2070, HB2402, HB2542, HB2665, HB2789, HB3096, HB3396, HB3595, HB3747, HB4116, HB4127
Keywords:
child welfare, relative caregiver, monetary assistance, Department of Family and Protective Services, child custody, family law, emergency power, nursing facilities, assisted living, generator requirements, health and safety, emergency generators, nursing facilities, assisted living, power outage, health and safety, emergency generator, nursing facilities, assisted living facilities, power source
Summary:
The committee meeting encompassed a comprehensive discussion regarding various legislative matters, including the critical examination of HB741, HB341, HB582, and HB471. Representative Gervin Hawkins presented HB741, aimed at enhancing financial support for relative caregivers, ensuring an alignment in assistance with licensed foster parents to foster kinship placements. This initiative was met with supportive testimonies from several stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of keeping children connected with their families for stability. Furthermore, representatives voiced differing views on the proposed regulations in HB341 and HB582, leading to a vibrant debate where several public members provided insight into practical implications and potential consequences of the bills.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Local Government (Part II) Apr 24th, 2025
Senate Local Government Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- At that point, we're no longer given immunity.
Bills:
SB208, SB628, SB777, SB1042, SB2354, SB2477, SB2521, SB2523, SB2608, SB2703, SB2778, SB2835, SB2965, SB2367, SB3044
Keywords:
workforce housing, capital investment fund, affordable housing, housing development, Texas housing laws, loan programs, community development, workforce housing, capital investment fund, affordable housing, housing development, Texas housing, zero-interest loans, workforce housing, capital investment fund, low-income housing, housing development, nonprofit organizations, construction, economic stability
Summary:
The meeting of the local government committee covered several important bills, notably Senate Bill 1454, Senate Bill 1237, and Senate Bill 2520. Senator Betancourt presided over the proceedings, guiding the discussion on the multiple committee substitutes proposed for each of these bills. SB1454 focused on tax exemptions for housing authorities, with amendments that included stricter compliance measures for municipalities. The committee unanimously recommended that the bill proceed to the full Senate without objection.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Agriculture & Livestock Mar 4th, 2025 at 02:00 pm
House Agriculture & Livestock Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Texas Animal Health Commission team includes veterinarians, epidemiologists, livestock inspectors, legal
Our legal and compliance staff members, some of their
- They’re hoping we've built some immunity, and it's not something we're going to have to contend with
- We need support for fair legal practices for businesses, along with the Lone Star Economic Alliance,
Summary:
The meeting covered various topics and was characterized by in-depth discussions among the members. There were significant dialogues about the implications of recent legislation and its impact on community services. The chair facilitated input from multiple members, allowing for both support and opposition to be voiced regarding key issues. Additionally, there were several public testimonies that added to the discourse, reflecting diverse perspectives on the matters at hand.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- The board's executive director is legally mandated to be a Texas license holder.
- The program immunizes rural hospital mergers from antitrust
- Surprise you, it's our attorneys, our legal assistants,
- I understand you cannot do anything about my legal battle, but where there's smoke, there's fire, and
- enforcement, inspection, and legal capabilities.
Bills:
SB1
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, budget recommendations, Department of Licensing and Regulation, Texas Funeral Service Commission, anti-trafficking, whole body donation program
Summary:
The meeting covered significant budget recommendations for the Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR) and the Texas Funeral Service Commission, focusing on their proposed changes and the implications of the funding adjustments. Blake Paul from TDLR presented a comprehensive overview including a $23.1 million net decrease in their budget and a significant push for anti-trafficking efforts, which received positive feedback. Additionally, discussions on the whole body donation program highlighted increased funding to facilitate its transition following the recent legislative changes. The committee members engaged actively, debating the sufficiency of the proposed budgets and their impact on ongoing initiatives.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm a senior fellow in the legal council for Cicero Action, a nonprofit here in Texas that advocates
- This relates to CAR T-cell therapy, which is a treatment that uses a patient's own immune system to fight
Bills:
HB345, HB721, HB2580, SB815, HB3057, HB4603, HB3233, SB495, HB3863, HB3914, HB4570, HB5099, HB5173, SB458
Keywords:
insurance, appraisal process, disputed losses, residential property, policyholder rights, insurer obligations, natural disasters, appraisal expenses, insurance, appraisal process, disputed losses, residential property, policyholder rights, umpire selection, appraisal expenses, natural disasters, insurance, residential property, appraisal process, disputed losses
Summary:
The House Committee on Insurance meeting covered multiple bills focused on healthcare regulations and patient accessibility. Notably, House Bill 3057 was highlighted in testimony from citizens advocating for expanded access to CAR T-cell therapy, which has shown effectiveness for blood cancers. Testimonies were given by affected individuals, emphasizing the need for local treatment options without the burden of travel to distant medical facilities. Similarly, House Bill 4603 was laid out with the intent to align arbitration options and ensure that consumers receive timely resolutions in disputed medical charges. Overall, the committee demonstrated an active engagement with the public and various stakeholders while navigating key issues affecting health insurance and patient care in Texas.