Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'government district'
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TX
Transcript Highlights:
Judge of the 62nd Judicial District, the Honorable Gary
Keywords:
hemp, consumable products, cannabinoids, licensing, regulations, election law, attorney general, prosecution, voter integrity, law enforcement, lobbying, public funds, political subdivisions, government transparency, taxpayer protection, Senate, Senator Zaffirini, flood safety, disaster preparedness, youth camp
Summary:
The meeting convened with the primary focus on several Senate Bills introduced by Senator Zaffirini, addressing important issues like flood safety and disaster preparedness. The committee discussed SB41, which mandates evacuation notices for youth camps during floods, and SB43, which pertains to permit exemptions for certain dams. Another critical item was SB49, concerning emergency operations plans and safety drills within youth camps. The senator emphasized the significance of these bills in enhancing safety measures for vulnerable populations, and several members voiced their support for the proactive approach in tackling flood-related challenges. Public testimony was minimal, but the committee expressed a strong intent to ensure these bills are thoroughly reviewed in upcoming sessions.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
89th Legislative Session - Second Called Session Aug 28th, 2025 at 01:08 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Mezevic because of important business in the district.
- A political subdivision would be a school district, a city, a municipal youth district.
- Would a school district, or must a school district allow that person entry into the school to verify?
- It punishes political subdivisions, local governments.
- One where government dictates the most...
Keywords:
abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions, healthcare regulations, state jurisdiction, woman's rights, counteractions, medical emergency, law enforcement, department file, misconduct, employee records, transparency, legislative discussion, youth camp safety, government oversight, privacy, community standards, HB15, HB265, SB8
Summary:
The meeting was centered around discussions on several key bills, particularly HB15 and HB265. HB15, relating to adjustments in regulatory frameworks, sparked considerable debate with members expressing both support and opposition. One representative articulated concerns regarding the effects of the legislation on local businesses and community standards, while proponents argued it is essential for modernizing existing structures. Meanwhile, HB265 focused on enhancing governmental oversight of youth camps, which generated emotional conversations among members, reflecting on tragic incidents that had occurred in the past. This bill was met with a positive response and moved forward smoothly, with significant participation from representatives who shared personal stories about their constituents' safety concerns. Other bills, including SB8, also featured discussions on privacy and safety in public schools, emphasizing a return to traditional standards that resonated with many members and constituents alike.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Agriculture & Livestock Mar 11th, 2025 at 02:00 pm
House Agriculture & Livestock Committee
Keywords:
food production, property owners' association, home gardening, cottage food, urban agriculture, livestock, community standards, renewable energy, ethanol, biodiesel, incentives, agriculture, grants, honey production, beekeeping, agriculture, food safety, local regulation, honey production, home gardening
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several bills, including HB519, HB405, and HB294. Notably, HB519 aimed to support local honey producers by addressing market barriers, while HB405 proposed regulations to facilitate home gardening by limiting local government restrictions on growing food. Discussed potential challenges from local zoning laws and the importance of supporting individual rights regarding food cultivation. The atmosphere during discussions was generally collaborative, with members actively engaging in inquiries regarding the implications and support for these bills.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
Press Conference: Senator Nathan JohnsonRegarding legislative proposals to regulate hemp-derived THC products and to decriminalize adult-use cannabis. Joined by Senator Molly Cook, and others. Jul 30th, 2025
Texas Senate Floor Meeting
Keywords:
hemp, consumable products, cannabinoids, licensing, regulations, election law, attorney general, prosecution, voter integrity, law enforcement, lobbying, public funds, political subdivisions, government transparency, taxpayer protection, THC regulation, public health, hemp-derived THC, decriminalization, public testimony
Summary:
The meeting focused on the pressing issue of THC regulation in Texas, led by several key legislators including Senator Johnson who emphasized the need for a comprehensive regulatory framework for THC products. Key topics included the unregulated sale of hemp-derived THC, its negative impact on public health, especially among children, and the disproportionate incarceration rates for minor marijuana offenses. Senators discussed the need for reforms to create a safer, more enforceable regulatory environment as public sentiment increasingly favors regulation over prohibition. Numerous public testimonies highlighted personal experiences and the necessity of changing current laws to reflect public safety and health concerns.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on International Relations Mar 24th, 2025 at 10:03 am
House S/C on International Relations
Transcript Highlights:
- with the definition found in section 2056.002 of the Government
The bill makes conforming changes in the Government Code
Keywords:
border region, infrastructure, economic development, government operations, education, international cooperation, infrastructure investment, bond issuance, state agencies, economic development, shrimp industry, federal regulations, foreign imports, economic impact, public health, Gulf Coast communities, Texas-Mexico border, trade office, economic partnerships, cybersecurity
Summary:
The Subcommittee on Internet convened addressing significant legislative matters, including House Bill 1240, which aims to update definitions surrounding the Texas-Mexico border region to promote consistency across various state statutes. Chairman Guillen led the discussion, highlighting the importance of providing clarity for stakeholders involved in policy and implementation. Additionally, House Concurrent Resolution 90 was discussed, advocating for the establishment of a Texas Economic Trade Office in Israel. Several witnesses testified, emphasizing the benefits this office would offer in terms of economic partnerships and innovation transfer, particularly in technology sectors such as cybersecurity and medical technology. The meeting was characterized by active participation, and the members acknowledged the importance of reinforcing Texas's role on the global stage.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources (Part I) May 7th, 2025
Senate Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
HB 2890 amends Chapter 760 of the Government Code to
- sponsored by Senator Middleton, relating to the implementation of projects by the Gulf Coast Protection District
- House Bill 2970 is the House version of SB 410, the Gulf Coast Protection District two-way traffic bill
Keywords:
pipeline, construction, cash bond, county authority, local government, injection wells, environmental regulation, water quality, site inspection, geoscientist, satellite imagery, interstate compact, liquefied natural gas, energy resources, Gulf Coast, regulatory coordination, Senate Committee, Natural Resources, HB206, HB1238
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Natural Resources focused on several key bills, including HB206, HB1238, and HB2890. Senator Birdwell introduced HB206, which prohibits counties from mandating cash bonds for pipeline construction, a move aimed at facilitating energy infrastructure development. The bill was supported by witnesses from the industry who voiced their experiences regarding the financial burdens of cash bond requirements. Following this discussion, public testimony was heard but ultimately concluded without any opponents present, leading to the bill being left pending further consideration.
Senator Parker then laid out HB2890, which seeks to establish an interstate compact to protect and enhance liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports along the Gulf Coast. The bill aims to improve interstate communication and collaboration while addressing economic impacts due to recent regulatory challenges faced by the LNG industry. Public testimony for this bill was also minimal, with no witnesses registered to testify, but it was noted as an important step for Texas's energy future. The meeting concluded with discussions about pending votes on the bills, indicating a need to reconvene at a later time to finalize actions on these proposals.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
factors that impact district budgets like districts
- are based on district...
- Whereas Republican districts will have a higher threshold where their governments can tax more before
- Local government is the most accountable form of government
- and some other districts.
Keywords:
property tax, taxing units, enrollment growth, inflation rate, notice requirements, nonprofit, ad valorem tax, agriculture, youth support, educational support, Texas legislation, voter-approval, tax rate, taxing units, property tax, local government, property tax, HB17, SB10, taxpayer transparency
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several significant bills, particularly HB17 and SB10, both of which address property tax regulations in Texas. HB17 aims to enhance transparency and accountability in taxpayer notifications regarding property tax rate changes, requiring taxing entities to provide detailed information in notices. The bill received mixed reactions, with some supporting its intention to empower taxpayers while others criticized it as an unfunded mandate. Meanwhile, SB10 proposes to lower the voter approval tax rate for larger municipalities from 3.5% to 2.5%, sparking debates about its potential impact on public safety funding and local governments' financial flexibility. The discussions delved into the challenges posed by budget constraints and the need for efficient local governance in the face of rising costs and public safety demands. Overall, the meeting was well-attended, featuring robust discussions and a variety of perspectives around key legislative initiatives affecting Texas residents.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources (Part II)Audio only. May 7th, 2025
Senate Natural Resources Committee
Keywords:
pipeline, construction, cash bond, county authority, local government, injection wells, environmental regulation, water quality, site inspection, geoscientist, satellite imagery, interstate compact, liquefied natural gas, energy resources, Gulf Coast, regulatory coordination, Senate Committee, Natural Resources, HB1089, Gulf Coast Protection Account
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Natural Resources convened to discuss several bills, primarily focusing on environmental and land resource management. Notable discussions included the passage of HB1089, related to the Gulf Coast Protection Account, which was presented by Senator Alvarado and reported favorably to the full Senate without objections. Additionally, the committee discussed HB2970 and HB1238, both of which were recommended for local and uncontested calendars. The meeting was efficient, with each bill swiftly moving through the agenda after being presented and debated by committee members, primarily led by Dean Zaffirini.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Apr 2nd, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- or even the state government.
- governments are hostile foreign adversaries.
- entities held or controlled by those governments.
- Chinese people are not the same as the Chinese government.
- The federal government already...
Keywords:
foreign ownership, real estate, national security, designated countries, Texas property law, lobbying, foreign adversaries, compensation prohibition, transparency, civil penalties, higher education, foreign adversary, research security, trade secrets, academic partnerships, foreign adversaries, government contracts, national security, prohibition, civil penalties
Summary:
The Committee on Homeland Security and Public Safety and Veterans Affairs meeting focused on multiple legislative proposals primarily addressing issues related to safety, security, and law enforcement. Chairman Heffner led the committee through discussions on various bills including HB2318, which establishes a statewide Human Trafficking Data Repository, and HB2363, which expands the authority of peace officers to arrest individuals without a warrant outside their jurisdiction. Testimonies from various stakeholders were heard, emphasizing the importance of these measures in combating crime and enhancing public safety in Texas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Local Government (Part I) Mar 24th, 2025
Senate Local Government Committee
Transcript Highlights:
Local government procurement.
- Therefore, local government...
- It requires both public readings to take place before a governing body of the municipality.
- without even a vote of the governing body.
- And on top of that, we need to get involved in the federal government.
Keywords:
ad valorem taxation, tax exemption, franchise tax credit, income production, personal property, fireworks, retail sales, regulation, public safety, holidays, municipal management, continuation elections, districts, debt management, voter approval, charter amendment, home-rule municipality, local government, petition requirements, voter approval
Summary:
The committee meeting focused primarily on the discussion of various bills aimed at addressing key issues related to housing development and youth tobacco use. Notably, SB1882 was brought to the floor by Senator Betancourt, which aims to reassess the regulations surrounding moratoriums on residential and commercial property development. Several industry representatives testified in favor of the bill, emphasizing the necessity of increased transparency and more robust guidelines for imposing moratoriums. The discussions highlighted the economic impact that open-ended moratoriums can have on local builders and potential homeowners, urging the need for legislative changes to protect development rights and housing availability.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Juvenile Justice Mar 26th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House S/C on Juvenile Justice
Transcript Highlights:
- This occurred in my district, which is what caused me to file
- I got him a job, but they rock it in Representative Jones's district.
- I preside over a felony criminal district court and have
- You've been a district court judge, which you are now.
- The 17-year-olds in our districts...
Keywords:
housing, affordable housing, state regulations, zoning, local government authority, drug court, juvenile justice, diversion programs, rehabilitation, criminal justice reform, juvenile justice, remote proceedings, depositions, virtual hearings, court technology, criminal responsibility, juvenile justice, age of maturity, expungement, mental health services
Summary:
The meeting primarily focused on discussions surrounding HB2234, which aims to raise the age of criminal responsibility in Texas. There was a strong consensus among witnesses advocating for the change, citing the psychological and social implications of prosecuting 17-year-olds as adults. Several testimonies highlighted the damages inflicted by adult incarceration on youth, recommending a shift towards juvenile systems that provide rehabilitative support tailored for younger individuals. Chairman Dutton acknowledged the historical significance of this session's discussion, emphasizing the need for legislative change to align Texas with national trends and prioritize youth rehabilitation over punishment. The committee remains engaged in discussions on how to effectively implement this legislation, considering fiscal impacts and community needs.
The meeting concluded with the bill left pending due to ongoing concerns regarding the financial implications for counties and the judicial system. A diverse panel of advocates, including youth service organizations and legal professionals, reinforced the argument that raising the age is not merely a matter of policy but an essential aspect of ensuring fair treatment and rehabilitation for young individuals in the justice system.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Energy Resources Mar 31st, 2025 at 02:03 pm
House Energy Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Air Force bases in my district, Fort Bliss and Laughlin Air
- , a heat map of the entire state of Texas, and I was just blown away by how great it was for our district
- I mean throughout Texas, but specifically for us in district 74. I'm a big proponent for it.
Keywords:
carbon sequestration, environmental policy, Texas, energy, climate change, regulatory council, geothermal energy, workforce development, education and training, energy industry, apprenticeship, geothermal energy, energy production, Texas, energy policy, renewable energy, state council, administrative law, public information, transparency
Summary:
The meeting of the Energy Resources Committee was marked by extensive discussions on several key legislative bills, particularly those concerning carbon capture, geothermal energy, and oilfield theft. Representative Zwiener laid out HB2612, aimed at creating a carbon dioxide sequestration policy council under the Railroad Commission. The bill's supporters emphasized its potential economic benefits while addressing safety concerns raised by witnesses regarding existing underground injection practices. Notably, there was a strong consensus among proponents that addressing these complex issues proactively is essential for Texas to maintain its leadership in the energy sector. The committee also heard testimony on HB1647, focused on combating petroleum product theft, which remains a growing concern within the state. Witnesses highlighted the pressing need for improved coordination among law enforcement and the establishment of a dedicated task force to tackle this issue effectively.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I know some school districts hire risk managers where they...
- I've represented many school districts forced to arbitrate in New York.
- I'm the Director of Government Affairs for the Independent Insurance...
- This is another level of efficiency for local governments to exercise when they're...
- So more government would be part of that solution.
Keywords:
dispatchable generation, electricity, natural gas, ERCOT, energy credits, utilities regulation, renewable energy, arbitration, insurance contracts, surplus lines, Texas law, insurance policy, collective bargaining, public work contracts, labor unions, state funding, government contracts, insurance, declination, cancellation
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Business included significant deliberations on multiple bills, specifically SB765, SB929, and SB455. Notably, Senator King advanced SB765 amid discussions on its committee substitute, clarifying issues related to confidentiality protections for law enforcement. The committee unanimously adopted the substitute, indicating broad support. Moving on, SB929 was similarly discussed, with minor amendments clarified before being favorably reported without objections. This reflects a positive atmosphere aimed at smoothing the legislative process for these initiatives.
Senator Melton presented SB455, which addresses Texas law and arbitration for surplus lines of insurance that faced a veto in the previous session. This bill aims to establish arbitration processes that are more favorable to Texas policyholders by mandating that disputes be governed by Texas law and conducted within Texas. Stakeholders voiced strong support for this bill, emphasizing the importance of upholding Texas jurisdiction over such disputes.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Juvenile Justice Mar 26th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House S/C on Juvenile Justice
Transcript Highlights:
The Belton School District has two large high schools
- The Tomball Independent School District, with a much larger footprint than the city, has gone from 19,000
- youth problem, you the state Is dictating to local government
- I'm taking ownership of our district, and so they explained
- I checked with my county judges in my district, and they
Keywords:
housing, affordable housing, state regulations, zoning, local government authority, drug court, juvenile justice, diversion programs, rehabilitation, criminal justice reform, juvenile justice, remote proceedings, depositions, virtual hearings, court technology, criminal responsibility, juvenile justice, age of maturity, expungement, mental health services
Summary:
Additionally, House Bill 2147 was discussed, which proposes to expand the use of remote proceedings in juvenile justice, streamlining the process and making it more accessible to families. Supporters highlighted that this efficiency is crucial for ensuring that all parties can participate in hearings, especially as many families struggle with transportation. The meeting concluded with several bills remaining pending, showcasing the ongoing deliberation and consideration of how best to address juvenile crime and justice in the community.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Telecommunications & Broadband May 2nd, 2025 at 08:05 am
House S/C on Telecommunications & Broadband
Transcript Highlights:
- that will be able to offer these services to a state government
- A cable franchise fee is an annual fee charged by local governments to a private cable television company
- data-time="2412"> As a state, we retained our public lands when other states ceded them to the federal government
Keywords:
broadband, internet access, digital equity, tax reduction, government funding, broadband, rural counties, fiber-optic, internet access, state funding, infrastructure, digital divide, economic development, fiber-optic cable, excavation, utilities, civil penalties, municipal regulations, infrastructure, video services
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on two primary bills: HB2838 and SB924. House Bill 2838 aimed to modernize broadband speed standards in line with FCC definitions, aiming to enhance access and reduce tax burdens on Internet services. Chairman Ashby explained the bill's intent to clarify requirements for the Broadband Development Office and included provisions for tax relief to support broadband expansion. Public testimonies presented both neutral and supportive views, emphasizing the importance of aligning state regulations with federal standards, especially for underserved areas. Senators questioned the bill's implications for service equity and federal funding eligibility.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Telecommunications & Broadband May 2nd, 2025 at 09:05 am
House S/C on Telecommunications & Broadband
Transcript Highlights:
- why I'm here is that there is an ongoing broadband development project in Monahans, Texas, in my district
- Bottom line, we want to find a solution to the problem that we're facing in my district without creating
Keywords:
broadband, internet access, digital equity, tax reduction, government funding, broadband, rural counties, fiber-optic, internet access, state funding, infrastructure, digital divide, economic development, fiber-optic cable, excavation, utilities, civil penalties, municipal regulations, infrastructure, video services
Summary:
The meeting of the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Broadband included significant discussions surrounding Senate Bill 924, which addresses cable service providers and their financial obligations related to franchise fees. Council Member Julian Ramirez opposed the bill, emphasizing its potential fiscal impact on cities like Houston and Austin by restricting franchise fee collections, thus threatening vital public services funded by these fees. Public testimony supported his stance, highlighting the financial realities these cities face, particularly in maintaining public safety and infrastructure.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Last year, TSD's governing board unanimously requested that the Texas Facilities Commission name their
- data-time="270">As you all probably know, the process for naming state buildings is set out in government
- The relationship between the Federal Government and consumers
- While some argue that such a system could enhance efficiency, there are real risks, such as passive government
- It ends up as part of the local government code where there's
Keywords:
utilities, extraterritorial jurisdiction, development plat, water connection, land subdivision, local government, Texas energy fund, grants, loans, utilities, energy capacity, Supreme Court, constitutional amendment, judicial independence, Keep Nine, checks and balances, Texas beef, cattle industry, agricultural heritage, Texas strip steak
Summary:
The meeting of the committee focused on several Senate Concurrent Resolutions and Senate Bills. Notably, SCR8 was introduced to express Texas' strong opposition to the creation of a central bank digital currency, raising concerns about cybersecurity and privacy implications. There was no public testimony for or against, but committee members engaged in dialogue on its potential impact. Another highlight was SCR5, which proposed naming a gymnasium at the Texas School for the Deaf after Robert Rivas, recognizing his significant contributions. This sentiment garnered unanimous support from committee members, highlighting the importance of honoring legacies within the state educational system.
In addition, various bills concerning utilities were discussed, particularly SB1566, which clarifies utility connection requirements, and SB1036, aiming to regulate the solar panel sales industry to protect consumers. The discussions reflected a commitment to enhance transparency in utility rate changes and impose stricter regulations on the solar market to prevent consumer fraud. Overall, the meeting showcased a collaborative approach to addressing pressing legislative matters, with an emphasis on consumer protection and legacy recognition.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- It was phrased as, quote, "necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind."
- Our rhetoric is about responsible governance.
- and government.
- This is not a symbolic measure; it is a foundational step toward truth-based governance.
- This bill is an amendment to the Government Code that would make clear that a trial court...
Keywords:
illegal immigration, economic impact, environmental impact, financial impact, annual study, Texas, government report, home-rule municipality, charter amendment, state law, governing body, voter approval, critical infrastructure, utilities, foreign entities, electricity market, administrative penalties, landowner compensation, border crime, agriculture damage
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on a comprehensive discussion of several key legislative bills impacting agriculture, transparency in data regarding illegal immigration, and updates to emergency management infrastructure. Notably, SB2601 emphasized improving compensation processes for agricultural landowners affected by border-related crimes. The bill was presented by Senator Blanco, highlighting the need for a streamlined claims process and better funding mechanisms to support affected landowners and lessees. In a related yet different area, SB825 was presented to address the need for transparency and data collection on the effects of illegal immigration on Texas, leading to intense discussions about its implications on various sectors, including healthcare and education. Witnesses from organizations such as the Texas Public Policy Foundation and the Texas Farm Bureau provided valuable insights both in favor and against the bills, resulting in a dynamic atmosphere during the testimony segment of the meeting. Overall, the discussions were productive, with many members emphasizing the importance of balancing economic growth, security concerns, and the rights of individuals.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Effective governance provides transparency and ensures accountability.
- This bill doesn't grow government; it targets waste, fraud, and abuse.
- affect folks in your district.
- Jones's district.
- Many states have passed bills, and the federal government has passed bills.
Bills:
HB35, HB4490, HB4454, HB2188, HB3794, HB3078, HB4743, HB2556, HB46, HB5342, HB4783, HB3785, HB1639, HB2581, HB4224, HB4070, HB4099, HB4882, HB5278
Keywords:
peer support, first responders, mental health, confidentiality, emergency services, disclosure, next of kin, public information, deceased persons, privacy rights, patient solicitation, marketing practices, healthcare regulation, task force, deceptive advertising, nurse aide, certification, Texas Board of Nursing, healthcare workforce, nursing standards
Summary:
The meeting convened to discuss various health-related bills, with significant emphasis placed on addressing substance abuse and the associated healthcare challenges in Texas. Notable discussions revolved around HB5342, which aims to sustain 988 operations to aid individuals in crisis, while HB4454 focuses on updating laws to combat unethical patient brokering within substance use treatment programs. Various witnesses, including healthcare professionals, provided testimony supporting these initiatives, highlighting the impact of substance abuse on public health and the necessity for legislative backing in these areas. The committee heard from several members who articulated the urgency of implementing effective measures to address substance abuse, especially with the rising concerns around opioid-related deaths and treatment accessibility in underserved areas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
89th Legislative Session - First Called Session Aug 12th, 2025 at 10:08 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Safety is keeping track of every taxpayer dollar that has been spent in their effort to compel our government
- , members present are not going to be punished, and they're going to be able to go home to their districts
Keywords:
disaster response, emergency management, mass fatality, justices of the peace, training programs, emergency manager license, volunteer management, disaster response, mass fatality, emergency management, justice of the peace training, volunteer management, criminal history checks, state health services, emergency communication, interoperability, grant program, first responders, state council, emergency communication
Summary:
In this meeting of the legislative committee, members gathered to discuss pressing issues, including critical flood response legislation that could significantly impact families and communities affected by recent disasters. Despite the efforts to address these urgent matters, a quorum was not present, preventing any formal actions from being taken. The absence of a sufficient number of members meant that discussions were limited and centered around logistics for the upcoming sessions to ensure that necessary votes could be conducted in the near future. The chairman expressed concerns about the operational costs related to these absences and emphasized the continuous tracking of taxpayer dollars being spent in response to the critical situations faced by communities.