Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'Texas economy'
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US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine perspectives from the field, focusing on farmer and rancher views on the agricultural economy. Feb 26th, 2025 at 09:30 am
Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- second in a series to examine the state of the agriculture economy
- to work together to ensure that farmers and consumers have the certainty they need in a difficult economy
- ="137" data-time="1632"> Brett, who serves as chair of the U.S., lives in the Rio Grande Valley in Texas
Keywords:
agriculture, avian flu, bipartisan farm bill, economic challenges, poultry, dairy, specialty crops
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on crucial discussions surrounding the challenges faced by the agriculture sector, particularly concerning avian flu and its impact on poultry and dairy producers. Members provided insights into the economic struggles within the industry, emphasizing the need for a new bipartisan farm bill that addresses the diverse needs of specialty crop and livestock producers. Witnesses from various agricultural sectors spoke about their experiences, illustrating the high costs, regulatory burdens, and emerging diseases that threaten their operations. The meeting underscored a commitment to exploring solutions that will help maintain market stability and ensure food security.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
State Affairs (Part I) May 22nd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- grapes, which is good for the Texas economy.
- make Texas wine.
- that use Texas grapes or use some portion of Texas grapes.
- drinking Texas wine, we can keep more Texas dollars in Texas
- economy.
Keywords:
committee meeting, HB4749, SB621, HB201, HB3133, deepfake legislation, social media, public testimony, tactical medical professionals
Summary:
The meeting conducted by the committee saw extensive discussion surrounding several key bills, including HB4749, SB621, and HB201. Notably, HB3133, which involves legislation regarding explicit deepfake content and social media, was presented and debated vigorously with a committee substitute being proposed to align it with federal standards following the recent federal 'Take It Down' Act. The committee moved to report several bills favorably, including HB1506, emphasizing support for updating laws concerning political contributions and expenditures. Public testimonies were held on various bills, allowing stakeholders to voice their perspectives, particularly on legislation concerning tactical medical professionals and their role during high-risk incidents. The committee concluded the meeting by laying out additional bills for further discussion in subsequent sessions, underscoring a commitment to thorough legislative review.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Culture, Recreation & Tourism Apr 3rd, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Culture, Recreation & Tourism Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- , monitored by Texas Parks and Wildlife.
- Joseph Bell with the Texas Historical Commission.
- This bill will protect Texas wildlife and provide Texas with a voice on appropriate siting for wind energy
- Revenue to Texas rural economies.
- Most of the wind development in Texas is out in West Texas, in the North Panhandle.
Keywords:
construction, wildlife impact, height restrictions, national wildlife refuge, environmental regulations, oyster mariculture, HB3724, ecological balance, migratory birds, construction regulations, environmental protection, public testimony
Summary:
The meeting focused on the discussion of several bills, with members engaging in detailed commentary on the implications of each legislative proposal. Notably, House Bill 3724, aimed at supporting oyster mariculture along the Texas coast, was highlighted by Representative Villalobos, who provided insights into its potential ecological benefits. Public testimony was sought, and Representative de Villalobos garnered support from environment advocates who emphasized the importance of maintaining healthy oyster populations for ecological balance. The discussion around this bill reflected a collaborative approach to environmental legislation, indicating a consensus on the need for sound management practices.
In addition, House Bill 3556 was introduced, which mandates notification to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department for the construction of tall structures that may pose risks to migratory birds. Representative Flores expressed concerns over potential exemptions for spaceflight structures, indicating the complexities of balancing development with environmental protection. The meeting concluded with several bills left pending, emphasizing a commitment to careful scrutiny and consideration of the legislative impacts before final decisions are made.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
A joint hearing with the House Committee on Small Business to examine prosperity on Main Street, focusing on keeping taxes low for small businesses. Apr 8th, 2025 at 09:00 am
Senate Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Small businesses are the engine of the American economy.
- This would devastate small businesses and the U.S. economy at large.
- And when Main Street America succeeds, the American economy succeeds.
- When small businesses grow, the American economy grows.
- When President Biden left office, the U.S. economy was in a Goldilocks zone.
Keywords:
joint hearing, small business, Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, economic recovery, tax relief, job creation
Summary:
In this joint hearing of the House Committee on Small Business and the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, the primary focus was on the importance of making the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) permanent. The chair emphasized that small businesses are crucial for the nation's economic recovery, especially in the wake of current federal policies perceived as detrimental. Witnesses shared their experiences and highlighted how the tax cuts facilitated job creation and business expansion, stressing the need for continued support through ongoing tax relief measures. The meeting included discussions about the economic implications of the TCJA's potential expiration, with members voicing their concerns regarding how this could impact small businesses and the broader economy.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency Mar 12th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Delivery of Government Efficiency Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- The state of Texas has a...
- of School Boards, Texas Association of Counties, and Texas Municipal League.
- properties across Texas.
- I'm the Texas State Director.
- I'm representing myself and the Texas Association of Builders. I am from Katy, Texas.
Keywords:
public information, government transparency, civil penalty, recordkeeping, election reports, Local Government Purchasing Cooperative, procurement processes, Pearland City Council, state procurement laws, vendor support, municipal budgets, education funding
Summary:
The meeting featured extensive discussions surrounding the Local Government Purchasing Cooperative, emphasizing approaches to enhance procurement processes for efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Representatives from Pearland City Council provided firsthand insights regarding their experiences with cooperative purchasing. Key topics included the complexities of contracts, the challenge of aligning with state procurement laws, and the importance of supporting local vendors through cooperative initiatives. The session also included invited testimony, exploring how the cooperative model influences municipal and educational budgets across Texas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs Mar 31st, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Testimony from the hearings indicated that the total economic loss to the Texas Panhandle and its economies
- First, it requires the Texas...
- Last year, Texas 2036 released a study with the Office of State Climatologist on Texas' historic and
- , for sure, and rural Texas.
- Now, Texas can take action as a state to protect Texas consumers.
Keywords:
Senate Bills, agriculture, public health, fire safety, committee substitutes, legislative updates
Summary:
The meeting was convened to discuss various Senate Bills, focusing on issues pertinent to agriculture, environment, and public health. Notably, Senator Perry spearheaded discussions on SB1247 and SB1948, emphasizing the need for committee substitutes to adapt the bills to recent legislative requirements. SB1948, in particular, was introduced to exempt agricultural structures from certain fire safety regulations, reflecting concerns among agricultural producers regarding compliance costs. Multiple members supported this legislation, highlighting the impact on the agricultural sector's operational viability.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Intergovernmental Affairs May 13th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Intergovernmental Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- ranks eighth in the global economy.
- eighth in the global economy.
- We are the last city on the Texas coast.
- I represent the Texas Public Policy Foundation.
- Spoken like somebody from West Texas. Any questions?
Keywords:
municipal management district, bonds, assessments, property taxes, economic development, eminent domain, special district, Senate Bill 2858, local government, enforcement mechanisms, public safety, due process, city council, urban counties
Summary:
The committee convened to discuss Senate Bill 2858, which aims to provide stronger enforcement mechanisms for compliance with state laws by local governments. The bill was met with significant opposition from various stakeholders including city council members and representatives from urban counties. They raised concerns that the provisions threaten local autonomy and could lead to severe financial penalties without due process. Specific testimonies highlighted the potential disruption to local budgets and public safety services due to immediate withholding of funds pending litigation outcomes. As such, the supporting and opposing views were thoroughly debated, reflecting the tension between state authority and local governance.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency Mar 5th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Delivery of Government Efficiency Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- The commission and the Texas Aerospace Research and Space Economy Consortium, otherwise known as TARSEC
- economy.
- seventh largest economy?
- It works in Texas.
- It works in Texas.
Keywords:
government efficiency, accountability, public hearings, cybersecurity, state agencies, taxpayer dollars, oversight, modernization, legislative proposals
Summary:
The meeting of the House Committee on Delivery of Government Efficiency marked the beginning of a new era focused on holding government agencies accountable and eliminating inefficiencies. Chairman Capriglione emphasized the committee's role in modernizing state government, implementing rigorous oversight, and ensuring that taxpayer dollars are used effectively. The committee plans to address waste, mismanagement, and corruption, aiming for an ambitious agenda over the next 22 months. Discussions included the establishment of public hearings to foster transparency and the development of legislative proposals to drive reform. Several state agencies provided insights into their operations, with a particular focus on how they can better serve the public through increased efficiency and enhanced cybersecurity measures.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm a pediatrician here in Austin, Texas. I'm speaking on behalf of the Texas Pediatric Society.
- Matt Roberts, and I am a general dentist from Crockett, Texas, rural east Texas.
- , Central Texas, South Texas, and West Texas.
- , and in Dallas County, Texas.
- So this is not just East Texas, West Texas, rural, urban.
Bills:
HB3000, HB2622, HB2283, HB541, HB1776, HB1803, HB1669, HB2588, HB220, HB3415, HB50, HB1314, HB107
Keywords:
ambulance service, rural healthcare, grants, financial assistance, qualified counties, mental health, patient transport, female attendants, security measures, healthcare regulation, epinephrine, anaphylaxis, health care, school safety, training, emergency response, direct patient care, healthcare, physicians, medical services
Summary:
The public health committee meeting convened to discuss a variety of bills aimed at improving health-related policies in Texas. Noteworthy discussions included House Bill 1887, which seeks to enhance access to birth certificates for adult adoptees, and House Bill 754, which mandates medical assistance personnel to complete training on human trafficking. Both bills received positive support from the members present, and there were assurances that the bills would be reported favorably to the full House. Public testimony was also encouraged, allowing stakeholders to voice their opinions on these significant pieces of legislation.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Justice (Part II) Feb 12th, 2025
Senate Criminal Justice Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- I've been an immigration attorney in Texas.
- I'm here on behalf of the ACLU of Texas, speaking against SJR 5.
- I'm representing the Texas Civil Rights Project and I'm opposed to SJR 5.
- Texas is like my husband, who's...
- Last year, 135 people died in Texas county jails.
Keywords:
bail reform, defendants, pretrial detention, public safety, criminal justice, charitable bail organizations, bail reform, criminal procedure, public safety report, victim notification, family violence, bail bonds, public funds, political subdivision, injunction, taxpayer rights, bail reform, violent crimes, sexual offenses, community safety
Summary:
The Senate Committee for Criminal Justice convened to discuss several significant pieces of legislation, including SB999, SB1047, SB40, SJR1, and SJR5. Notably, SJR5 sparked a robust debate among committee members and witnesses regarding its potential implications on pre-trial detention practices. Witnesses expressed concerns about the risks of pre-emptive detention outlined in the bill and the associated human costs, particularly for those who are innocent. Testimonies highlighted the disparity in how such legislation could disproportionately affect marginalized communities and lead to increased incarceration rates without addressing the root causes of crime. Overall, the committee displayed a commitment to ensuring public safety while wrestling with the balance of due process rights for individuals.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Texas deserves to know about this exceptional family.
- I'm the presiding officer of the Galveston-Texas City Pilots.
- The Texas Chicken...
The Texas Chicken...
- The Texas Chicken?
- is so great, and our economy is so strong.
Bills:
HB2065, HB2462, HB2621, HB3187, HB3539, HB3563, HB3726, HB4164, HB4207, HB4368, HB4706, HB4916, HB4950, HB4967, HB5177, HB4429, HB5597
Keywords:
commercial vehicles, parking regulations, residential areas, local governance, land use, traffic safety, high occupancy vehicle lane, pregnant operators, transportation, parental rights, motor vehicle regulations, live video feed, transportation, state agency, transparency, public safety, regional transportation, mobility program, sales tax, public infrastructure
Summary:
The committee meeting was marked by detailed discussions on four significant bills, notably HB5597, HB2462, HB4420, and HB4429. Each bill was thoroughly examined, with representatives offering insights and public representatives providing testimony. One of the standout moments was when Representative Leach presented HB2462, which seeks to allow pregnant drivers to use HOV lanes, described as a step toward elevating motherhood and supporting life in Texas. The committee enjoyed robust dialogue around the implications of this legislation, leading to inquiries about potential impacts and reception from the public and other stakeholders.
As the meeting progressed, urgent matters pertaining to the other three bills were deliberated, with various opinions being voiced about their respective benefits and drawbacks. Notably, discussions included concerns regarding safety, economic implications, and community impact. After addressing all bills, the meeting concluded with plans for upcoming sessions to explore these topics further. The committee encouraged continued public engagement and input on the matters discussed, emphasizing the importance of addressing community needs through thoughtful legislation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Thank you for your time and consideration and for your commitment to the future of Texas.
- According to the Texas...
- I'm the executive director of the Texas Association of Sports Officials.
- Nobody's going to show up, and that just doesn't seem like the right outcome for Texas.
- Of Texas students.
Bills:
SB2920, SB2929, SB2398, SB865, SB401, SB2619, SB2927, SB1395, SB1972, SB2540, SB1635, SB1581, SB2008
Keywords:
steroids, student athletes, athletic competition, University Interscholastic League, medical purpose, gender transition, school athletics, spectator conduct, referees, ejection policy, extracurricular activities, concussion, brain injury, school policy, academic accommodations, student welfare, cardiac arrest, emergency response, CPR training, automated external defibrillators
Summary:
The meeting focused on advancing several significant pieces of legislation, particularly those pertaining to education and school finance. Notable discussions included the adoption of committee substitutes for various Senate Bills, such as SB2392, which introduced new reporting requirements for educators regarding misconduct cases. The committee also addressed SB1635, aimed at alleviating the financial burdens of high coastal insurance costs on school districts, which included provisions for credits against required recapture payments. Senator Hinojosa emphasized the urgency of responding to the challenges faced by local districts, underscoring the need for legislative support to ensure fair funding in coastal areas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Apr 15th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- " data-time="180"> are that we're talking about probably close to 200,000 students in the state of Texas
- Jennifer Deacons, on behalf of the Texas Optometric Association, and you are testifying for the bill,
- More than one-third are considered at risk by the Texas Code of Education.
- Our optometrists in Texas are really at the forefront of diagnosing and addressing these issues.
- Our optometrists in Texas are really focused on diagnosing
Bills:
HB1178, HB1411, HB1441, HB1773, HB1813, HB2107, HB2598, HB2911, HB2967, HB3672, HB5263, HB3797
Keywords:
education, temporary certification, out-of-state educators, teacher shortage, military spouses, personal leave, school holidays, education, employee compensation, overtime provisions, school safety, peace officers, mental health, de-escalation techniques, trauma-informed care, student trustee, school board, student representation, education policy, nonvoting position
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on discussions surrounding several bills aimed at improving vision care for students in Texas. Chairman Dutton introduced HB2967, which aims to enhance vision screenings in public and private schools and ensure that students identified with vision problems receive necessary resources like eyeglasses. Testimonies from educators highlighted the connection between vision issues and learning difficulties, emphasizing that many children struggle academically due to unaddressed vision disorders. Public testimony revealed the pressing need for a more robust system to not only identify but also aid students with vision impairments, particularly those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. The committee engaged in an in-depth discussion about the importance of timely interventions and adequate support mechanisms to ensure equal educational opportunities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- would enable the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, in consultation with the Texas institutions
- Recent high-profile incidents, including those at Texas Tech University and the University of Texas at
- I am a third-year law student at Texas Law.
- Texas at Austin.
- The brain drain is happening in Texas.
Bills:
SB2972, SB1909, SB2815, SB735, SB2233, SB800, SB1069, SB2683, SB2986, SB2058, SB2310, SB2055, SB1032
Keywords:
expressive activities, freedom of speech, public forum, higher education, protests, student rights, antisemitism, higher education, public institutions, disciplinary policy, student organizations, antisemitism, higher education, public institutions, disciplinary policy, compliance, antisemitism, higher education, public institutions, institutional policy
Summary:
During this meeting of the Senate Education Committee, multiple bills were discussed, focusing on educational policies and procedures. Notably, Senate Bill 1241 was introduced by Senator Middleton, which proposed a committee substitute for establishing standardized college entrance exams accepted by Texas public universities. The committee engaged in significant dialogue about the necessity of addressing concerns surrounding exam equivalency standards, and the need for a data-driven approach to admissions decisions. Various committee members voiced their support for the enhancements proposed in the substitute, leading to its unanimous adoption and favorable recommendation to the full Senate.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- 100,000 of those families on our Texas mailing list.
- I'm speaking for myself but also for Texas Education 9-1-1.
- An example is Valentine, Texas, where...
- That's one of the great things about Texas, I think.
- With a little over 1,200 school districts in Texas.
Bills:
SB2920, SB2929, SB2398, SB865, SB401, SB2619, SB2927, SB1395, SB1972, SB2540, SB1635, SB1581, SB2008
Keywords:
steroids, student athletes, athletic competition, University Interscholastic League, medical purpose, gender transition, school athletics, spectator conduct, referees, ejection policy, extracurricular activities, concussion, brain injury, school policy, academic accommodations, student welfare, cardiac arrest, emergency response, CPR training, automated external defibrillators
Summary:
The meeting of the committee primarily addressed several significant bills, including SB2398 which aims to ensure that students recovering from concussions receive timely accommodations to support their academic, social, and behavioral needs. Senator Campbell presented the bill, emphasizing its importance in preventing long-term setbacks for affected students. The committee heard from various stakeholders, and testimony reflected strong support for the bill's intent, although concerns were raised regarding implementation.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Apr 15th, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Texas Behavioral Executive Committee.
- a proud Texas school psychologist.
- of the Board of Directors of the Texas School Safety Center.
- And I encourage our lawyers to step up for the Texas Lawyers' Creed.
- And not all school districts in Texas are districts of innovation.
Bills:
HB1178, HB1411, HB1441, HB1773, HB1813, HB2107, HB2598, HB2911, HB2967, HB3672, HB5263, HB3797
Keywords:
education, temporary certification, out-of-state educators, teacher shortage, military spouses, personal leave, school holidays, education, employee compensation, overtime provisions, school safety, peace officers, mental health, de-escalation techniques, trauma-informed care, student trustee, school board, student representation, education policy, nonvoting position
Summary:
The meeting convened with a focus on educational legislation, with discussions spanning several key bills concerning mental health support for students, school safety measures, and the involvement of students in school governance. House Bill 1441, aimed at enhancing training for school resource officers on mental health awareness, received notable attention. Advocates highlighted the importance of equipping officers with the skills to address grief and trauma, thereby fostering a supportive environment for students. The bill was backed by testimonies from stakeholders emphasizing the critical need for proactive measures in schools to prevent crises and support students in need. Another significant piece of legislation was House Bill 3672, introduced by Chairman Ashby, focused on creating grant programs for extracurricular community education, providing essential resources for youth development and engagement.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services Apr 30th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- , and the Texas Academy of Audiology.
- Texas has been at the forefront with Texas CASA in addressing this with resources.
- Texas.
- of Texas and the Texas Association of Health Plans.
- I know we're in Texas.
Keywords:
Medicaid, lactation, healthcare, consultation, reimbursement, maternal health, infant care, child protection, adult protective services, advisory committee, Department of Family and Protective Services, investigations, advisory committee, child protective services, investigations, due process, standardization, child protection, adult protective services, investigations
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Health and Human Services covered multiple bills focusing on healthcare, education, and child welfare. A key highlight was the presentation of Senate Bill 3001, which aims to add medical nutrition counseling as a Medicaid service for patients with chronic conditions. Chairman Korkhorst emphasized the importance of this bill in addressing healthcare needs in low-income communities. Public testimony was gathered, with several professionals supporting the inclusion of nutrition services to improve health outcomes for Texans, particularly those battling chronic diseases. Another notable discussion revolved around Senate Bill 425, designed to enhance the accuracy of investigations into child and adult protective services. Members raised concerns regarding the need for transparency and improved protocols in these sensitive areas.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- economy, which was adopted at 8.93%.
- I'm the Director of Public Policy for Texas CASA.
- I'm a Director of Government and Fiscal Policy with Texas 2036, and I'm here to express Texas 2036's
- of its growing population and economy.
- I serve as the CEO for the Texas Council representing the 39 local mental health authorities across Texas
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, appropriations, state budget, mental health funding, education funding, infrastructure improvements, public safety, SB1, HB500, budget, funding, public safety, education, wage increases, crime victim services
Summary:
The meeting focused on reviewing the committee substitutes for SB1 and HB500, which are pivotal for the upcoming budget session. A significant point of discussion was the historic funding initiated under SB1, which dedicates approximately $4.1 billion to raise wages for personal attendants, improving services for vulnerable populations in Texas. Additionally, $78 million was allocated for crime victim services and infrastructure support within various counties. Representative Orr presented a robust overview of budget highlights, which received considerable backing from committee members emphasizing the importance of support for public safety and education.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Appropriations S/C on Articles VI, VII, & VIII Feb 26th, 2025 at 09:30 am
Transcript Highlights:
- In the state of Texas, people are wanting to build more industrialized
- success has resulted in the interception, recovery, or prevention of $273 million in losses to the Texas
- economy.
Keywords:
Department of Licensing and Registration, staffing needs, combative sports, industrialized housing, Waco examination center, cybersecurity, Financial Crimes Intelligence Center, financial crime prevention
Summary:
The meeting focused on various aspects of the Department of Licensing and Registration, highlighting the need for enhanced staffing to manage increased demand in several programs such as combative sports and industrialized housing. Notably, discussions included the establishment of new examination centers to improve service delivery and licensing processes, with emphasis on the Waco center's contribution. There was also deliberation on cybersecurity measures, showcasing the department's efforts to protect infrastructure from breaches, alongside mention of the Financial Crimes Intelligence Center's successes in preventing financial crimes in Texas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency May 14th, 2025 at 09:05 am
House Delivery of Government Efficiency Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- and over 20,000 small businesses in Texas across all different
- Members of the Committee, as the owner of Alcon DTS, a Texas
SB 2610 aligns with these by encouraging Texas businesses
- It ensures accountability while fostering a secure business environment and protecting our economy.
Riley, testifying for yourself, Texas Association of
Keywords:
election officials, confidentiality, personal information, government transparency, public safety, financial exploitation, artificial intelligence, phishing, legal liability, criminal offense, civil penalty, consumer protection, cybersecurity, small businesses, election officials, safety, SB2610, SB1540, SB2373
Summary:
During the meeting, the committee reviewed three significant bills: SB2610, SB1540, and SB2373. SB2610, presented by Chairman Capriglione, provides a legal safe harbor from punitive damages for small and mid-sized businesses implementing documented cybersecurity programs. Testimonies from representatives of the National Federation of Independent Businesses emphasized the importance of this legislation in safeguarding businesses against cyber threats. Similarly, SB1540 aims to enhance the safety of election officials by protecting their personal information from disclosure, addressing increasing threats and harassment faced by these individuals. The committee heard heartfelt testimonies from election officials who highlighted the risks endured due to their roles, reinforcing the need for stronger protections.