Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'cost'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency May 7th, 2025 at 10:05 am
House Delivery of Government Efficiency Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- that was at least half of what the cost would be here in our own state.
- First, by consolidating payments, the program aims to lower administrative costs and reduce overall costs
- look and see what it would cost.
- There are no other costs added to it.
- This comes out to $14,750 per person for medical costs.
Keywords:
electric vehicles, charging stations, advisory board, standards, installation, maintenance, artificial intelligence, data management, government regulation, transparency, ethics, public safety, healthcare, cost reduction, state employee benefits, bundled pricing, surgery procedures, healthcare, bundled pricing, cost transparency
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was characterized by a vigorous discussion surrounding several key bills, particularly with an emphasis on artificial intelligence regulation and healthcare. Senator Parker introduced SB1964, aimed at establishing ethical guidelines and oversight for AI systems used in Texas government, which drew significant support from various stakeholders including the AI Innovation Association. Additionally, there was a push for transparency in governmental processes as exemplified by discussions on HB1225, which seeks to implement bundling pricing for surgical procedures to enhance financial predictability for state employees. The committee witnessed multiple testimonies from industry experts stressing the importance of these measures in safeguarding public interest while fostering innovation. The atmosphere was collaborative, with representatives expressing genuine enthusiasm for prospective amendments to further refine the legislation.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Senate Committee on Business and Commerce Mar 25th, 2025 at 08:00 am
Senate Business & Commerce Committee
Bills:
SB483, SB522, SB783, SB1239, SB1254, SB1255, SB1259, SB1341, SB1664, SB1762, SB1856, SB1877, SB1977
Keywords:
utility, proprietary information, customer data, data protection, electric service, utility, customer information, data protection, emergency communication, electric utility, privacy, certification, public accountants, interstate licensing, accounting, regulatory amendment, energy efficiency, construction regulations, building codes, Texas
Summary:
The meeting of the committee showcased an extensive agenda where multiple bills were discussed with a focus on their implications for Texas legislation. Key highlights included the passage of several bills with strong bipartisan support, notably SB1202 which underwent changes via a committee substitute to better align with emerging needs. The discussions were marked by active participation from committee members, with many bills sent for favorable reporting to the full Senate. Public testimony was encouraged, providing insights into the potential impact of the proposed legislation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Cost recovery riders, and we also have a purchase power cost
- So even if you know what the costs are and you set a rate to recover those costs to the extent, for example
Costs: Entergy's not making any money from these costs
- those things that decrease the cost?
- that those costs are not excessive.
Bills:
SB483, SB522, SB783, SB1239, SB1254, SB1255, SB1259, SB1341, SB1664, SB1762, SB1856, SB1877, SB1977
Keywords:
utility, proprietary information, customer data, data protection, electric service, utility, customer information, data protection, emergency communication, electric utility, privacy, certification, public accountants, interstate licensing, accounting, regulatory amendment, energy efficiency, construction regulations, building codes, Texas
Summary:
The committee meeting was marked by extensive discussions surrounding various bills aimed at strengthening Texas's role in financial and regulatory frameworks. Significant emphasis was placed on Senate Bill 1239, presented by Senator Milton, which seeks to bolster Texas's position in global financial markets by amending existing laws related to sovereign debt. This bill aims to position Texas as a reliable jurisdiction for handling sovereign debt issues. Public testimony was heard, with several industry experts expressing support for the bill, highlighting the need for Texas to compete effectively with established financial jurisdictions like New York. The committee voted favorably on multiple bills, indicating a proactive approach to addressing legislative needs.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Reducing insurance costs by identifying cost drivers.
- One of the biggest cost drivers and complaints is the cost of insurance.
- It has an impact on premiums because it increases overall costs, so we have to cover the cost.
- The lowest cost plan that they offer, and the lowest cost
- Cost matters. Let's be clear. When we make decisions in this room, cost is relevant.
Keywords:
health impact analysis, cost analysis, coverage mandates, health insurance, legislative analysis, health care data, education, funding, classroom resources, teacher support, student outcomes, health benefits, provider dentists, payment reimbursement, insurance code, noncontracting, dental care, reimbursement, health benefit plans, noncontracting providers
Summary:
The House Committee on Insurance convened a meeting focusing on critical legislative objectives aimed at insurance reform. Noteworthy discussions emerged around HB138, which aims to address cost reduction in health insurance and increase transparency in the reporting of private insurance costs. The committee members emphasized the need to identify cost drivers and cut unnecessary regulations while also working on effective methods to deliver insurance benefits efficiently. There were extensive remarks made regarding the implications of insurance mandates on overall costs, bring forth a call for a thorough evaluation and revision of existing mandates that may result in unintended consequences.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Academic & Career-Oriented Education May 8th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House S/C on Academic & Career-Oriented Education
Transcript Highlights:
- Under current law, students are only allowed to receive a single reimbursement for certification exam costs
- If a district covers the cost of certification exams and associated requirements, such as
- For students, it only allows one reimbursement for examination costs.
- This allows other CTE examination costs to be reimbursed for teachers.
The third thing is that school districts that pay for the costs
Keywords:
education, teacher certification, cost subsidies, public school funding, career and technology education, education, teacher certification, reimbursement, subsidy, career and technology education, education funding, teacher certification, student subsidies, cost reimbursements, public school finance, education funding, teacher certification, public school, subsidy, examination fees
Summary:
The meeting of the subcommittee on academic and career-oriented education was convened, with a focus on discussing House Bill 1061. Representative Bojani presented the bill, which aims to enhance financial assistance for public school teachers and students pursuing career and technology education certifications in Texas. A key amendment in the bill removes the cap on the number of reimbursement claims students can make for certification exam costs, allowing them to apply for multiple reimbursements depending on their professional aspirations. The bill also broadens the support for teachers beyond just cybersecurity certifications, encompassing all career and technology education fields.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Jurisprudence (Part II)Audio only. Apr 9th, 2025
Senate Jurisprudence Committee
Keywords:
probate court, statutory judge, reimbursement, court costs, court proceedings, probate court, statutory judge, reimbursement, court costs, judicial assignments, probate court, judge assignment, cost reimbursement, judicial expenses, estate management, probate court, judge assignment, cost reimbursement, statutory requirement, court expenses
Summary:
The Committee on Jurisprudence convened to discuss multiple pending bills aimed at improving various aspects of legal and property matters. Notably, several bills were reported favorably to the full Senate with unanimous support, including SB1335, which addresses issues involving decedents' affairs, and SB1734, focusing on property title documentation. Senator Zaffirini and Senator Johnson were instrumental in moving these bills forward, ensuring the committee maintained a swift pace in considering legislation. Furthermore, the chair highlighted the importance of guardianship for incapacitated persons in upcoming discussions around SB1760, indicating a commitment to addressing vulnerable populations in legislative changes.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Under current law, counties are required to pay for the cost of the traveling judge.
- the district court free, but if the state or members representing the state request it, there is a cost
- And if you didn't really need it, it's going to cost you.
- If you did need it, it's also going to cost you.
- Typically, if they do request it, the estate is large enough to incur that cost.
Keywords:
probate court, statutory judge, reimbursement, court costs, court proceedings, probate court, statutory judge, reimbursement, court costs, judicial assignments, probate court, judge assignment, cost reimbursement, judicial expenses, estate management, probate court, judge assignment, cost reimbursement, statutory requirement, court expenses
Summary:
In this meeting of the committee, significant discussions were held regarding various bills, particularly focusing on the issue of deed fraud, as highlighted by Senate Bill 1734. Senator Hughes advocated for this legislation as a self-help solution for property owners affected by fraudulent deeds, underscoring its timely relevance given the recent uptick in such incidents. Public testimony included supportive statements from a Texas title industry representative, explaining how the bill would streamline the process for victims to clear their titles in a cost-effective manner. The meeting also addressed Senate Bill 1975, which seeks to protect Texas contractors from unfavorable litigation practices imposed by out-of-state general contractors; however, no public testimony was provided on this bill.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Under current law, counties are required to pay for the cost of the traveling judge.
- You typically can cover that cost.
- If you did need it, it's going to cost you.
- It makes clear that the parties representing the state can pay that, so it costs local.
- Typically, if they do request it, the estate is large enough to incur that cost.
Keywords:
probate court, statutory judge, reimbursement, court costs, court proceedings, probate court, statutory judge, reimbursement, court costs, judicial assignments, probate court, judge assignment, cost reimbursement, judicial expenses, estate management, probate court, judge assignment, cost reimbursement, statutory requirement, court expenses
Summary:
The Committee meeting involved significant discussions around several bills concerning property law and contractor protections. Notably, Senate Bill 1975 and Senate Bill 1734 were at the forefront, where SB1975 focused on protecting Texas contractors from being forced to litigate in foreign jurisdictions, ensuring local disputes are resolved within Texas. The testimony highlighted the need for such protections due to the previous challenges encountered by local contractors when large out-of-state entities imposed unfavorable contractual terms. The bill passed without any opposition during the committee session, highlighting its urgent importance for the local construction community.
In addition, the committee addressed Senate Bill 1734, which aims to provide property owners with a systematic approach to remedy deed fraud. This discussion included public testimonies shedding light on the recent rise in fraudulent deeds, emphasizing the need for legislative measures to streamline the rectification process. The public's input, especially from those in the title insurance industry, offered critical insights into the practical implications of the bill. The committee's deliberations were comprehensive and featured no substantial challenges to any of the bills, leading to a productive session overall.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Business and Commerce May 22nd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- We need to carefully balance the need for transmission with the cost, which ultimately...
- And obviously, congestion costs occur when there's not enough transmission to deliver the lowest cost
- ...lowest cost energy, would you not agree?
- We have high congestion costs. We need to determine: do we absolutely need this?
- The smartly designed policy results in a cost-effective.
Keywords:
House Bill 5247, HCR 102, capital cost recovery, nuclear energy, legislative testimony, Senator Campbell
Summary:
The meeting was characterized by a thorough examination of various bills, with particular focus on House Bill 5247, which dealt with capital cost recovery mechanisms for utilities and featured discussions on its implications for consumers. Senator Campbell presented the bill, emphasizing its balanced approach and necessity for clarity in existing utility provisions. Multiple members expressed support, leading to a unanimous vote for its approval, showcasing a collaborative atmosphere within the committee. Additionally, HCR 102 was highlighted, which sought to call attention to the importance of federal tax credits for sustaining and expanding nuclear energy in Texas. The testimony from industry experts reinforced the bill's significance as Texas seeks to maintain its leadership in energy production amidst rising demands and competitive pressures from international markets.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
Intergovernmental Affairs Aug 22nd, 2025 at 10:08 am
House Intergovernmental Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- already in their cost run.
- Public safety costs are 62%.
- 60% of your costs are labor costs.
- What about the grocery costs?'
- Our costs, a lot of their costs have increased by about up to four times.
Keywords:
fiscal responsibility, local government spending, House Bill 46, House Bill 73, public safety, infrastructure, taxpayer concerns, cost inflation, community services
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily focused on discussions surrounding fiscal responsibility in local governments, particularly the implications of House Bills 46 and 73. Proponents argued that these bills would help limit unnecessary spending and ensure that expenditures are tied to inflation and population growth, addressing taxpayer concerns about rising local budgets. However, numerous city officials and representatives from various organizations voiced strong opposition, claiming that these measures would hinder essential services and infrastructure improvements, particularly in rapidly growing areas. Current spending practices were deemed inadequate for meeting the demands of public safety and community services, especially in light of increased costs in areas like public water systems and emergency response. The meeting was characterized by passionate debate, as stakeholders lined up to express their views both for and against the proposed legislation.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Apr 9th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- access and they require accommodations because childcare providers don't understand the options and costs
- Proposals must be reviewed, included in proxy materials, and voted on, costing corporations and the shareholders
Bills:
HB74, HB175, HB460, HB576, HB2271, HB2294, HB2874, HB3016, HB3133, HB3191, HB3458, HB3929, HB4063, HB4115, HB4394
Keywords:
Puerto Verde, Port Authority, eminent domain, bonds, tax assessments, economic development, infrastructure, transportation, public welfare, child care, certifications, Texas Rising Star Program, grant program, disability inclusion, child care, family income, affordability, economic impact, state study, child care
Summary:
The meeting of the committee covered a range of bills focusing on various legislative measures aimed at improving transparency and accountability in both the public and private sectors. Notably, HB576 drew attention as it sought to clarify the legal definition of a 'person' in relation to real property transactions, addressing longstanding confusion in property law. Witnesses provided testimony supporting this bill, arguing it would greatly enhance clarity and uniformity in property dealings.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Apr 9th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- It would just give us the opportunity to try and recover costs in that situation.
- Employers can then qualify for the corresponding franchise tax credit to offset costs.
- their costs.
- The scheduled value of the costs, I have with me.
- The contracts require binding arbitration, the cost... to buy our thousands.
Bills:
HB74, HB175, HB460, HB576, HB2271, HB2294, HB2874, HB3016, HB3133, HB3191, HB3458, HB3929, HB4063, HB4115, HB4394
Keywords:
Puerto Verde, Port Authority, eminent domain, bonds, tax assessments, economic development, infrastructure, transportation, public welfare, child care, certifications, Texas Rising Star Program, grant program, disability inclusion, child care, family income, affordability, economic impact, state study, child care
Summary:
This committee meeting predominantly focused on the discussions surrounding several significant bills aimed at enhancing child care accessibility and addressing the issues related to deepfake technology. Representative Bojani introduced HB3133, which seeks to create a clear reporting process for deepfake material, ensuring social media platforms take accountability for harmful content. The bill aims to safeguard users from digital manipulations. Notably, the representatives engaged in a robust dialogue regarding the rising need for responsible management of deepfake content, establishing that Texas could take a leading role in this area.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- aims to encourage business development in the ERCOT region while minimizing stranded infrastructure costs
- SB6 requires a flat fee of $100,000 for the cost of escaping
I believe it will have a cost.
- proportionate to the costs that they are creating on the grid.
- , so it adds a necessary cost.
Keywords:
electric power, interconnection, utilities, ERCOT, large load customers, water supply, sewer service, demand management, Senate Bill 6, energy infrastructure, load management, interconnection, reliability, data centers, electric cooperatives, cost allocation
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on Senate Bill 6, which aims to address the needs for increased reliability and transparency in Texas's energy infrastructure. There were multiple testimonies from stakeholders representing various sectors, including data centers and electric cooperatives, discussing their support and concerns regarding the bill's impact on interconnection and load management. Key issues raised included improving load forecasts, the adequacy of existing methodologies for cost allocation, and ensuring the reliability of the grid amidst the growing demand from large energy consumers like data centers. The discussion emphasized the need for a balance between fostering economic growth and maintaining grid reliability, amidst concerns about potential uncertainty for businesses due to some provisions in the bill. The committee concluded the meeting while keeping the bill pending for future deliberation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- So there's a potential for some cost savings.
- This is the difference in the cost.
- Of course, they would do that for some cost, right?
- And what that comes to is those aren't costs of doing business; those are costs of getting.
- It's the cost of their rates of interest.
Bills:
HB345, HB721, HB2580, SB815, HB3057, HB4603, HB3233, SB495, HB3863, HB3914, HB4570, HB5099, HB5173, SB458
Keywords:
insurance, appraisal process, disputed losses, residential property, policyholder rights, insurer obligations, natural disasters, appraisal expenses, insurance, appraisal process, disputed losses, residential property, policyholder rights, umpire selection, appraisal expenses, natural disasters, insurance, residential property, appraisal process, disputed losses
Summary:
The House Committee on Insurance meeting covered multiple bills focused on healthcare regulations and patient accessibility. Notably, House Bill 3057 was highlighted in testimony from citizens advocating for expanded access to CAR T-cell therapy, which has shown effectiveness for blood cancers. Testimonies were given by affected individuals, emphasizing the need for local treatment options without the burden of travel to distant medical facilities. Similarly, House Bill 4603 was laid out with the intent to align arbitration options and ensure that consumers receive timely resolutions in disputed medical charges. Overall, the committee demonstrated an active engagement with the public and various stakeholders while navigating key issues affecting health insurance and patient care in Texas.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
Less litigation means lower costs for all of us consumers
- Appraisals are there to resolve these cost disputes, not coverage and causation.
- But cost disputes, the amount of the loss, to do that quickly
Bills:
HB345, HB721, HB2580, SB815, HB3057, HB4603, HB3233, SB495, HB3863, HB3914, HB4570, HB5099, HB5173, SB458
Keywords:
insurance, appraisal process, disputed losses, residential property, policyholder rights, insurer obligations, natural disasters, appraisal expenses, insurance, appraisal process, disputed losses, residential property, policyholder rights, umpire selection, appraisal expenses, natural disasters, insurance, residential property, appraisal process, disputed losses
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily focused on discussions surrounding SB458 and its companion bill HB4570, which address appraisal provisions in insurance policies. Chairman Dean emphasized the importance of preserving consumer rights regarding appraisals in dispute resolution and thanked stakeholders for their involvement. Testimonies were presented by various experts who supported the bill, highlighting how it could help consumers by providing a more efficient alternative to litigation in settling claims and potentially leading to higher awards for policyholders. The bill aims to streamline the appraisal process and ensure timely resolutions for insurance claims related to both personal and auto insurance.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources (Part II)Audio only. May 14th, 2025
Senate Natural Resources Committee
Keywords:
occupational licenses, renewal, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, registration, license expiration, solid waste, landfill permits, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, environmental regulation, population density, municipal waste management, gas utilities, cost recovery, regulatory asset, rate making, Texas Railroad Commission, Senate Committee, Natural Resources, HB1237, HB2663
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Natural Resources convened to discuss several bills, including HB1237, HB2663, and HB4384. The committee adopted a committee substitute for HB1237 without objections and recommended it for local and uncontested passage. Both HB2663 and HB4384 were supported by committee members, resulting in their passage with unanimous votes, showcasing a strong consensus among senators. After considering these bills, the committee concluded their session with no additional business.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Only premium optional services carry a cost recovery fee, and that fee is kept at the command's actual
- marginal cost.
- And they'll do so basically not with a profit margin, but just literally with a cost recovery margin.
- Very quickly, what would it cost to go out and build the skiff that you have ready to go?
- Today, what would that cost be to the state?
Bills:
HB146, HB150, HB1500, HB1545, HB1562, HB2067, HB2520, HB2818, HB3214, HB3250, HB3466, HB3512, HB3623, HB4063, HB4395, HB4464, HB4668, HB4690, HB5331, HB3833
Keywords:
cybersecurity, state command, information resources, data protection, incident response, Information Resources, Department governance, cybersecurity, state assistance, procurement training, technology resources, advisory committees, sunset review, government efficiency, state agencies, regulation, administrative oversight, Texas Sunset Act, massage therapy, student permit
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several legislative items, including significant discussions about cybersecurity and the implementation of new technology in state operations. Key bills such as HB1500, which restructures the Department of Information Resources (DIR) to enhance cybersecurity measures and modernize its functions, were discussed extensively. There was consensus among members regarding the importance of safeguarding Texas's information infrastructure, with particular emphasis on the need for streamlined governance, a focus on artificial intelligence capabilities, and improved IT procurement processes. The members also addressed public testimony that raised important points concerning the balance between innovation and regulatory oversight. Consequently, multiple bills, including HB2467 and HB4310, were favorably reported to the Senate without objections.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources (Part I) May 14th, 2025
Senate Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- , such as post-in-service carrying costs, known as PISCC.
- The Railroad Commission will review these costs in a rate procedure.
- to balance the incremental gross plant cost deferrals.
- I understand the point that growth is causing a backlog and costs.
- so you substantiate all of those costs and...
Keywords:
occupational licenses, renewal, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, registration, license expiration, solid waste, landfill permits, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, environmental regulation, population density, municipal waste management, gas utilities, cost recovery, regulatory asset, rate making, Texas Railroad Commission, regulatory lag, natural gas utilities, infrastructure, wildfires
Summary:
The meeting included a robust discussion on several bills aimed at addressing regulatory issues in the state. Key among these was House Bill 4384, presented by Representative Darby, which focuses on alleviating financial burdens caused by regulatory lag for natural gas utilities. The bill seeks to allow temporary deferral of costs related to new infrastructure, and public testimonies highlighted a significant division in opinion, with some stakeholders arguing it would increase costs for consumers without adequate oversight. The committee members engaged actively with the testimonies, indicating a comprehensive review of the implications of the bill. House Bill 2663 was also introduced, aimed at preventing wildfires through better oversight of outdated electrical infrastructure at inactive oil and gas well sites, emphasizing the need for removed or de-energized equipment to avoid future incidents.
Additionally, several other bills like HB1237 and HB3071 were discussed, with the latter addressing the cancellation of inactive landfill permits to reflect current land use and community development. The overall tone of the meeting was collaborative, with members expressing gratitude for professionalism despite some disagreements on policy details. The meeting concluded with several bills left pending for further discussion before moving to votes in subsequent sessions.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services May 13th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- It will just change the cost.
- costs without difficulty.
- As a result, high-cost prices went down.
- ...and health care costs.
- Because we really have the sources that say what health care costs.
Bills:
HB35, HB138, HB754, HB1314, HB1612, HB2254, HB2510, HB2789, HB3560, HB3597, HB4224, HB4273, HB4643, HB4783
Keywords:
peer support, first responders, mental health, confidentiality, emergency services, health impact analysis, cost analysis, coverage mandates, health insurance, legislative analysis, health care data, healthcare, price estimates, billing requirements, consumer protection, nonemergency services, assisted living, healthcare, licensing, criminal offense
Summary:
The committee meeting centered on several significant bills regarding public health and safety, particularly focusing on healthcare access, transparency, and opioid crisis response. Notably, House Bill 4783 sparked considerable discussion as it aims to enhance the state's approach to prevent opioid overdoses by directing the Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC) to prepare biannual reports on opiate antagonist programs. The testimony from public officials like Dallas City Council's Paula Blackman, who spoke passionately about the ongoing fentanyl epidemic, highlighted the urgent necessity of improved access to life-saving medications. In addition, House Bill 1314 drew attention for addressing hospital pricing transparency, attempting to ease financial burdens on patients by mandating accurate upfront estimates for healthcare costs.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- where those costs may accrue to other parties.
- That's the cost for you to take care of.
- Yeah, so if we could capture any more cost to make sure that we have those costs in place and you're
- But if this cost is already included.
- those benefits drive premium cost, so...
Keywords:
health impact analysis, cost analysis, coverage mandates, health insurance, legislative analysis, health care data, education, funding, classroom resources, teacher support, student outcomes, health benefits, provider dentists, payment reimbursement, insurance code, noncontracting, dental care, reimbursement, health benefit plans, noncontracting providers
Summary:
The meeting of the committee focused significantly on discussions surrounding HB138 and HB388. Representative Harris-DeVille presented HB388, which aims to standardize the coordination of benefits questionnaires used by health benefit plan issuers and healthcare providers. This discussion highlighted the issues of patient billing complexities and the potential for reduced errors in healthcare coverage. Various stakeholders provided testimony in support of the bill, emphasizing its importance in streamlining the process for patients who have dual coverage, such as Medicaid and Medicare. There was considerable backing for the functionality that HB388 would bring in clearing up confusion in billing practices across different insurance plans.