84R11561 PAM-F
By: West S.B. No. 1295
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
AN ACT
relating to separate negotiations regarding employment matters for
police officers and firefighters in certain municipalities.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS:
SECTION 1. The heading to Chapter 147, Local Government
Code, is amended to read as follows:
CHAPTER 147. LOCAL CONTROL OF FIREFIGHTER [AND POLICE OFFICER]
EMPLOYMENT MATTERS IN CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES WITH POPULATION OF ONE
MILLION OR MORE
SECTION 2. Sections 147.003(a), (b), (c), and (d), Local
Government Code, are amended to read as follows:
(a) A meet and confer team is created under this section and
consists of [the following members:
[(1)] members representing the firefighter employee
groups in the municipality, provided each group may appoint only
one firefighter of the municipality to serve as a member of the team
[; and
[(2) members representing the police officer employee
groups in the municipality, provided each group may appoint only
one police officer of the municipality to serve as a member of the
team].
(b) The meet and confer team represents all firefighters
[and police officers] in the municipality and shall negotiate with
the municipality in an effort to reach an agreement on concerns
shared by the firefighters [and police officers] regarding terms of
employment, including concerns relating to wages, benefits, and
other working conditions but excluding concerns relating to
pensions. Only the meet and confer team created under this section
may represent the firefighters [or police officers] of the
municipality in the capacity described by this subsection, except
that the team may be accompanied by legal counsel.
(c) Concerns relating to affirmative action, employment
discrimination, hiring, and promotions may be discussed by
individual firefighter [and police officer] associations
independent of the meet and confer team.
(d) Expenses associated with the meet and confer team must
be divided pro rata among each firefighter employee group [and
police officer employee group] based on the number of sworn fire [or
police] department members represented by each group.
SECTION 3. Section 147.0031, Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
Sec. 147.0031. PETITION FOR RECOGNITION: ELECTION OR ACTION
BY GOVERNING BODY. (a) Not later than the 30th day after the date
the governing body of a municipality receives from the meet and
confer team a petition signed by a majority of all [police officers
and a majority of all] firefighters, excluding the head of the
[police department, the head of the] fire department [,] and other
excluded employees as described by Section 147.0035(b), that
requests recognition of the meet and confer team as the sole and
exclusive bargaining agent for all the [police officers and]
firefighters employed by the municipality, excluding the head of
the [police department, the head of the] fire department [,] and
other excluded employees as described by Section 147.0035(b), the
governing body shall:
(1) grant recognition of the meet and confer team as
requested in the petition and determine by majority vote that the
municipality may meet and confer under this chapter without
conducting an election by the voters in the municipality under
Section 147.0033;
(2) defer granting recognition of the meet and confer
team and order an election by the voters in the municipality under
Section 147.0033 regarding whether the municipality may meet and
confer under this chapter; or
(3) order a certification election under Section
147.0032 to determine whether the employee groups in the meet and
confer team represent a majority of the covered [police officers
and a majority of the covered] firefighters.
(b) If the governing body of a municipality orders a
certification election under Subsection (a)(3) and the employee
groups that are part of the meet and confer team are certified to
represent a majority of the covered [police officers and a majority
of the covered] firefighters, the governing body shall, not later
than the 30th day after the date that results of that election are
certified:
(1) grant recognition of the meet and confer team as
requested in the petition for recognition and determine by majority
vote that the municipality may meet and confer under this chapter
without conducting an election by the voters in the municipality
under Section 147.0033; or
(2) defer granting recognition of the meet and confer
team and order an election by the voters in the municipality under
Section 147.0033 regarding whether a public employer may meet and
confer under this chapter.
SECTION 4. Section 147.0032(a), Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
(a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), a certification
election ordered under Section 147.0031(a)(3) to determine whether
the employee groups in the meet and confer team represent a majority
of the covered [police officers and a majority of the covered]
firefighters shall be conducted according to procedures agreeable
to the parties.
SECTION 5. Section 147.0033(c), Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
(c) The ballot for an election ordered under this section
shall be printed to permit voting for or against the
proposition: "Authorizing __________ (name of the municipality)
to operate under the state law allowing a municipality to meet and
confer and make agreements with the meet and confer team
representing municipal [police officers and] firefighters as
provided by state law, preserving the prohibition against strikes
and organized work stoppages, and providing penalties for strikes
and organized work stoppages."
SECTION 6. Section 147.0034(a), Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
(a) The [police officers and] firefighters may withdraw the
recognition of the meet and confer team granted under this chapter
by filing with the governing body of the municipality a petition
signed by a majority of all covered [police officers and a majority
of all covered] firefighters.
SECTION 7. Section 147.0035, Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
Sec. 147.0035. RECOGNITION OF MEET AND CONFER TEAM. (a) A
public employer in a municipality that chooses to meet and confer
under this chapter shall recognize the meet and confer team that is
recognized under Section 147.0031 or 147.0033 as the sole and
exclusive bargaining agent for the [police officers and]
firefighters, excluding the head of the [police department, head of
the] fire department [,] and the employees exempt under Subsection
(b), in accordance with this chapter and the petition.
(b) For the purposes of Subsection (a), exempt employees are
employees appointed by the head of the [police department or] fire
department in the classification immediately below that of
department head or that are exempt by the mutual agreement of the
meet and confer team and the municipality.
(c) The municipality shall recognize the meet and confer
team until recognition of the meet and confer team is withdrawn in
accordance with Section 147.0034 by a majority of the [police
officers and a majority of the] firefighters who are eligible to
sign a petition for recognition.
SECTION 8. Sections 147.004(a), (c), and (d), Local
Government Code, are amended to read as follows:
(a) A municipality may not be denied local control over the
wages, salaries, rates of pay, hours of work, and other terms of
employment, or other state-mandated personnel issues, if the
municipality and the meet and confer team recognized under Section
147.0031 or 147.0033 as the sole and exclusive bargaining agent for
the covered [police officers and] firefighters come to a mutual
agreement on any of the terms of employment. If an agreement is not
reached, the state laws, local ordinances, and civil service rules
remain unaffected. All agreements shall be written. Nothing in
this chapter requires either party to meet and confer on any issue
or reach an agreement.
(c) Firefighters [and police officers] of a municipality
may not engage in strikes against this state or a political
subdivision of this state. A firefighter [or police officer] who
participates in a strike forfeits all civil service rights,
reemployment rights, and any other rights, benefits, or privileges
the firefighter [or police officer] enjoys as a result of
employment or prior employment.
(d) In this section, "strike" means failing to report for
duty in concerted action with others, wilfully being absent from an
assigned position, stopping work, abstaining from the full,
faithful, and proper performance of the duties of employment, or
interfering with the operation of a municipality. However, this
section does not prohibit a firefighter [or police officer] from
conferring with members of the municipal governing body about
conditions, compensation, rights, privileges, or obligations of
employment.
SECTION 9. Section 147.005, Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
Sec. 147.005. PAYROLL DUES DEDUCTIONS. The municipality
may not prevent automatic payroll deductions for dues paid to a
firefighter employee group [or police officer employee group].
SECTION 10. Section 147.007(a), Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
(a) A written agreement made under this chapter between a
municipality and the meet and confer team is enforceable and
binding on the municipality, the meet and confer team, firefighter
employee groups, [police officer employee groups,] and the
firefighters [and police officers] covered by the agreement if:
(1) the municipality's governing body ratified the
agreement by a majority vote; and
(2) the agreement is ratified under Section 147.008.
SECTION 11. Sections 147.008(b) and (d), Local Government
Code, are amended to read as follows:
(b) All firefighters [and police officers] of the
municipality are eligible to vote in the election.
(d) A firefighter [or police officer] who is not a member of
a firefighter employee group [or a police officer employee group]
may be assessed a fee for any cost associated with casting the
firefighter's [or police officer's] vote.
SECTION 12. Section 147.009(d), Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
(d) The ballot for an election ordered under Subsection (b)
shall be printed to allow voting for or against the
proposition: "Authorizing __________ (name of the municipality)
to continue to operate under the state law allowing a municipality
to meet and confer and make agreements with the meet and confer team
representing municipal [police officers and] firefighters as
provided by state law, preserving the prohibition against strikes
and organized work stoppages, and providing penalties for strikes
and organized work stoppages."
SECTION 13. Chapter 147, Local Government Code, is amended
by adding Section 147.0091 to read as follows:
Sec. 147.0091. TEMPORARY PROVISION: ACTION TO WITHDRAW
RECOGNITION OF POLICE OFFICER AND FIREFIGHTER MEET AND CONFER TEAM
UNDER THIS CHAPTER. (a) Notwithstanding Sections 147.009(b)
through (g), the governing body of a municipality that granted
recognition of a meet and confer team as the sole and exclusive
bargaining agent of all police officers and firefighters under
Section 147.0031 before September 1, 2015, shall, not later than
September 30, 2015, withdraw recognition of the meet and confer
team by providing to the meet and confer team written notice that:
(1) pursuant to __.B. No. __, Acts of the 84th
Legislature, Regular Session, 2015, the governing body is
withdrawing recognition of the meet and confer team; and
(2) any agreement between the governing body and the
meet and confer team will not be renewed.
(b) This section expires September 1, 2025.
SECTION 14. Sections 147.010(a) and (c), Local Government
Code, are amended to read as follows:
(a) Not later than the 60th day after the date a meet and
confer agreement is ratified by the governing body of the
municipality and the firefighters [and police officers] under
Section 147.008, a petition calling for the repeal of the agreement
signed by a number of registered voters residing in the
municipality equal to at least 10 percent of the votes cast at the
most recent general election held in the municipality may be
presented to the person charged with ordering an election under
Section 3.004, Election Code.
(c) An election called under Subsection (b)(2) may be held
as part of the next regularly scheduled general election for the
municipality. The ballot shall be printed to provide for voting
for or against the proposition: "Repeal the meet and confer
agreement ratified on __________ (date agreement was ratified) by
the __________ (name of the governing body of the municipality) and
the [police officers and] firefighters employed by the City of
__________ (name of municipality) concerning wages, salaries,
rates of pay, hours of work, and other terms of employment."
SECTION 15. Section 147.011, Local Government Code, is
amended to read as follows:
Sec. 147.011. EFFECT ON EXISTING BENEFITS AND RIGHTS. (a)
This chapter may not be construed to repeal any existing benefit
provided by statute or ordinance concerning [police officers' or]
firefighters' compensation, pensions, retirement plans, hours of
work, conditions of employment, or other emoluments except as
expressly provided in a ratified meet and confer agreement. This
chapter is in addition to the benefits provided by existing
statutes and ordinances.
(b) This chapter may not be construed to interfere with the
free speech right, guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United
States Constitution, of an individual firefighter [or a police
officer] to endorse or dissent from any agreement.
SECTION 16. Subtitle A, Title 5, Local Government Code, is
amended by adding Chapter 148 to read as follows:
CHAPTER 148. LOCAL CONTROL OF POLICE OFFICER EMPLOYMENT MATTERS IN
CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES WITH POPULATION OF ONE MILLION OR MORE
Sec. 148.001. APPLICABILITY. This chapter applies only to
a municipality with a population of one million or more, but does
not apply to a municipality that has adopted Chapter 143 or 174.
Sec. 148.002. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:
(1) "Police officer" means a sworn police officer
employed by the municipality who is covered by the municipality's
police pension plan and is classified by the municipality as
nonexempt. The term does not include a police officer with a rank
above that of captain, a civilian, or a municipal marshal.
(2) "Police officer employee group" means an
organization:
(A) in which, on or before September 1, 2007, at
least three percent of the police officers of the municipality have
participated and paid dues via automatic payroll deduction; and
(B) that exists for the purpose, in whole or in
part, of dealing with the municipality concerning grievances, labor
disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of employment, or conditions
of employment affecting police officers.
Sec. 148.003. MEET AND CONFER TEAM; NEGOTIATIONS. (a) A
meet and confer team is created under this section and consists of
members representing the police officer employee groups in the
municipality, provided each group may appoint only one police
officer of the municipality to serve as a member of the team.
(b) The meet and confer team represents all police officers
in the municipality and shall negotiate with the municipality in an
effort to reach an agreement on concerns shared by the police
officers regarding terms of employment, including concerns
relating to wages, benefits, and other working conditions but
excluding concerns relating to pensions. Only the meet and confer
team created under this section may represent the police officers
of the municipality in the capacity described by this subsection,
except that the team may be accompanied by a representative of the
team's choosing to assist with the negotiation process.
(c) Concerns relating to affirmative action, employment
discrimination, hiring, and promotions may be discussed by
individual police officer associations independent of the meet and
confer team.
(d) Expenses associated with the meet and confer team must
be divided pro rata among each police officer employee group based
on the number of sworn police department members represented by
each group.
(e) A municipality may designate one or more persons to meet
and confer on the municipality's behalf.
Sec. 148.0031. PETITION FOR RECOGNITION: ELECTION OR ACTION
BY GOVERNING BODY. (a) Not later than the 30th day after the date
the governing body of a municipality receives from the meet and
confer team a petition signed by a majority of all police officers,
excluding the head of the police department and other excluded
employees as described by Section 148.0035(b), that requests
recognition of the meet and confer team as the sole and exclusive
bargaining agent for all the police officers employed by the
municipality, excluding the head of the police department and other
excluded employees as described by Section 148.0035(b), the
governing body shall:
(1) grant recognition of the meet and confer team as
requested in the petition and determine by majority vote that the
municipality may meet and confer under this chapter without
conducting an election by the voters in the municipality under
Section 148.0033;
(2) defer granting recognition of the meet and confer
team and order an election by the voters in the municipality under
Section 148.0033 regarding whether the municipality may meet and
confer under this chapter; or
(3) order a certification election under Section
148.0032 to determine whether the employee groups in the meet and
confer team represent a majority of the covered police officers.
(b) If the governing body of a municipality orders a
certification election under Subsection (a)(3) and the employee
groups that are part of the meet and confer team are certified to
represent a majority of the covered police officers, the governing
body shall, not later than the 30th day after the date that results
of that election are certified:
(1) grant recognition of the meet and confer team as
requested in the petition for recognition and determine by majority
vote that the municipality may meet and confer under this chapter
without conducting an election by the voters in the municipality
under Section 148.0033; or
(2) defer granting recognition of the meet and confer
team and order an election by the voters in the municipality under
Section 148.0033 regarding whether a public employer may meet and
confer under this chapter.
Sec. 148.0032. CERTIFICATION ELECTION. (a) Except as
provided by Subsection (b), a certification election ordered under
Section 148.0031(a)(3) to determine whether the employee groups in
the meet and confer team represent a majority of the covered police
officers shall be conducted according to procedures agreeable to
the parties.
(b) If the parties are unable to agree on procedures for the
certification election, either party may request the American
Arbitration Association to conduct the election and to certify the
results of the election.
(c) Certification of the results of an election under this
section resolves the question concerning representation.
(d) Each employee group in the meet and confer team is
liable for the expenses of the certification election for the
employees the group represents.
Sec. 148.0033. ELECTION TO AUTHORIZE OPERATING UNDER THIS
CHAPTER. (a) The governing body of a municipality that receives a
petition for recognition under Section 148.0031 may order an
election to determine whether a public employer may meet and confer
under this chapter.
(b) An election ordered under this section must be held as
part of the next regularly scheduled general election for municipal
officials that is held after the date the governing body of the
municipality orders the election and that allows sufficient time to
prepare the ballot in compliance with other requirements of law.
(c) The ballot for an election ordered under this section
shall be printed to permit voting for or against the proposition:
"Authorizing __________ (name of the municipality) to operate under
the state law allowing a municipality to meet and confer and make
agreements with the meet and confer team representing municipal
police officers as provided by state law, preserving the
prohibition against strikes and organized work stoppages, and
providing penalties for strikes and organized work stoppages."
(d) An election called under this section must be held and
the returns prepared and canvassed in conformity with the Election
Code.
(e) If an election authorized under this section is held,
the municipality may operate under the other provisions of this
chapter only if a majority of the votes cast at the election favor
the proposition.
(f) If an election authorized under this section is held, a
meet and confer team may not submit a petition for recognition to
the governing body of the municipality under Section 148.0031
before the second anniversary of the date of the election.
Sec. 148.0034. WITHDRAWAL OF RECOGNITION. (a) The police
officers may withdraw the recognition of the meet and confer team
granted under this chapter by filing with the governing body of the
municipality a petition signed by a majority of all covered police
officers.
(b) The governing body of the municipality may:
(1) withdraw recognition as provided by the petition;
or
(2) order a certification election in accordance with
Section 148.0032 regarding whether to do so.
Sec. 148.0035. RECOGNITION OF MEET AND CONFER TEAM. (a) A
public employer in a municipality that chooses to meet and confer
under this chapter shall recognize the meet and confer team that is
recognized under Section 148.0031 or 148.0033 as the sole and
exclusive bargaining agent for the police officers, excluding the
head of the police department and the employees exempt under
Subsection (b), in accordance with this chapter and the petition.
(b) For the purposes of Subsection (a), exempt employees are
employees appointed by the head of the police department in the
classification immediately below that of department head or that
are exempt by the mutual agreement of the meet and confer team and
the municipality.
(c) The municipality shall recognize the meet and confer
team until recognition of the meet and confer team is withdrawn in
accordance with Section 148.0034 by a majority of the police
officers who are eligible to sign a petition for recognition.
Sec. 148.004. GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO AGREEMENTS,
RECOGNITION, AND STRIKES. (a) A municipality may not be denied
local control over the wages, salaries, rates of pay, hours of work,
and other terms of employment, or other state-mandated personnel
issues, if the municipality and the meet and confer team recognized
under Section 148.0031 or 148.0033 as the sole and exclusive
bargaining agent for the covered police officers come to a mutual
agreement on any of the terms of employment. If an agreement is not
reached, the state laws, local ordinances, and civil service rules
remain unaffected. All agreements shall be written. Nothing in
this chapter requires either party to meet and confer on any issue
or reach an agreement.
(b) A municipality may meet and confer only if the meet and
confer team does not advocate the illegal right to strike by public
employees.
(c) Police officers of a municipality may not engage in
strikes against this state or a political subdivision of this
state. A police officer who participates in a strike forfeits all
civil service rights, reemployment rights, and any other rights,
benefits, or privileges the police officer enjoys as a result of
employment or prior employment.
(d) In this section, "strike" means failing to report for
duty in concerted action with others, wilfully being absent from an
assigned position, stopping work, abstaining from the full,
faithful, and proper performance of the duties of employment, or
interfering with the operation of a municipality. However, this
section does not prohibit a police officer from conferring with
members of the municipal governing body about conditions,
compensation, rights, privileges, or obligations of employment.
Sec. 148.005. PAYROLL DUES DEDUCTIONS. The municipality
may not prevent automatic payroll deductions for dues paid to a
police officer employee group.
Sec. 148.006. RECORDS AND MEETINGS. (a) An agreement made
under this chapter is public information for purposes of Chapter
552, Government Code. The agreement and any document prepared and
used by the municipality in connection with the agreement, except
for materials created during a municipality's caucuses and notes
that are otherwise privileged by law, are available to the public in
accordance with Chapter 552, Government Code, only after the
agreement is ratified by both parties.
(b) This section does not affect the application of
Subchapter C, Chapter 552, Government Code, to a document prepared
and used by the municipality in connection with the agreement.
Sec. 148.007. ENFORCEABILITY OF AGREEMENT. (a) A written
agreement made under this chapter between a municipality and the
meet and confer team is enforceable and binding on the
municipality, the meet and confer team, police officer employee
groups, and the police officers covered by the agreement if:
(1) the municipality's governing body ratified the
agreement by a majority vote; and
(2) the agreement is ratified under Section 148.008.
(b) A state district court of the judicial district in which
a majority of the population of the municipality is located has full
authority and jurisdiction on the application of either party
aggrieved by an action or omission of the other party when the
action or omission is related to a right, duty, or obligation
provided by any written agreement ratified as required by this
chapter. The court may issue proper restraining orders, temporary
and permanent injunctions, and any other writ, order, or process,
including contempt orders, that are appropriate to enforcing any
written agreement ratified as required by this chapter.
Sec. 148.008. ELECTION TO RATIFY AGREEMENT. (a) The meet
and confer team shall call an election to ratify any agreement
reached with the municipality if the agreement has been approved by
a unanimous vote of the members of the meet and confer team.
(b) All police officers of the municipality are eligible to
vote in the election.
(c) An agreement may be ratified under this section only if
at least 50 percent of the votes cast in the election favor the
ratification.
(d) A police officer who is not a member of a police officer
employee group may be assessed a fee for any cost associated with
casting the police officer's vote.
(e) The meet and confer team shall establish procedures for
the election by unanimous consensus.
Sec. 148.009. ACTION OR ELECTION TO REPEAL AUTHORIZATION TO
OPERATE UNDER THIS CHAPTER. (a) The governing body of a
municipality that granted recognition of a meet and confer team
under Section 148.0031 without conducting an election under Section
148.0033 may withdraw recognition of the meet and confer team by
providing to the meet and confer team not less than 90 days' written
notice that:
(1) the governing body is withdrawing recognition of
the meet and confer team; and
(2) any agreement between the governing body and the
meet and confer team will not be renewed.
(b) The governing body of a municipality that granted
recognition of a meet and confer team after conducting an election
under Section 148.0033 may order an election to determine whether a
public employer may continue to meet and confer under this chapter.
The governing body may not order an election under this subsection
until the second anniversary of the date of the election under
Section 148.0033.
(c) An election ordered under Subsection (b) must be held as
part of the next regularly scheduled general election for municipal
officers that occurs after the date the governing body of the
municipality orders the election and that allows sufficient time to
prepare the ballot in compliance with other requirements of law.
(d) The ballot for an election ordered under Subsection (b)
shall be printed to allow voting for or against the proposition:
"Authorizing __________ (name of the municipality) to continue to
operate under the state law allowing a municipality to meet and
confer and make agreements with the meet and confer team
representing municipal police officers as provided by state law,
preserving the prohibition against strikes and organized work
stoppages, and providing penalties for strikes and organized work
stoppages."
(e) An election ordered under Subsection (b) must be held
and the returns prepared and canvassed in conformity with the
Election Code.
(f) If an election ordered under Subsection (b) is held, the
municipality may continue to operate under this chapter only if a
majority of the votes cast at the election favor the proposition.
(g) If an election ordered under Subsection (b) is held, a
meet and confer team may not submit a petition for recognition to
the governing body of the municipality under Section 148.0031
before the second anniversary of the date of the election.
Sec. 148.010. ELECTION TO REPEAL AGREEMENT. (a) Not later
than the 60th day after the date a meet and confer agreement is
ratified by the governing body of the municipality and the police
officers under Section 148.008, a petition calling for the repeal
of the agreement signed by a number of registered voters residing in
the municipality equal to at least 10 percent of the votes cast at
the most recent general election held in the municipality may be
presented to the person charged with ordering an election under
Section 3.004, Election Code.
(b) If a petition is presented under Subsection (a), the
governing body of the municipality shall:
(1) repeal the meet and confer agreement; or
(2) certify that the governing body is not repealing
the agreement and call an election to determine whether to repeal
the agreement.
(c) An election called under Subsection (b)(2) may be held
as part of the next regularly scheduled general election for the
municipality. The ballot shall be printed to provide for voting for
or against the proposition: "Repeal the meet and confer agreement
ratified on __________ (date agreement was ratified) by the
__________ (name of the governing body of the municipality) and the
police officers employed by the City of __________ (name of
municipality) concerning wages, salaries, rates of pay, hours of
work, and other terms of employment."
(d) If a majority of the votes cast at the election favor the
repeal of the agreement, the agreement is void.
Sec. 148.011. EFFECT ON EXISTING BENEFITS AND RIGHTS. (a)
This chapter may not be construed to repeal any existing benefit
provided by statute or ordinance concerning police officers'
compensation, pensions, retirement plans, hours of work,
conditions of employment, or other emoluments except as expressly
provided in a ratified meet and confer agreement. This chapter is
in addition to the benefits provided by existing statutes and
ordinances.
(b) This chapter may not be construed to interfere with the
free speech right, guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United
States Constitution, of an individual police officer to endorse or
dissent from any agreement.
SECTION 17. Sections 147.002(3) and (4), Local Government
Code, are repealed.
SECTION 18. This Act takes effect September 1, 2015.