I
119THCONGRESS
1
STSESSION H. R. 1702
To authorize additional district judges for the district courts and convert
temporary judgeships.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
FEBRUARY27, 2025
Mr. I
SSA(for himself, Ms. LEEof Florida, Mr. NEHLS, and Mr. KILEYof
California) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary
A BILL
To authorize additional district judges for the district courts
and convert temporary judgeships.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Judicial Understaffing 4
Delays Getting Emergencies Solved Act of 2025’’ or the 5
‘‘JUDGES Act of 2025’’. 6
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 7
Congress finds the following: 8
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(1) Article III of the Constitution of the United 1
States gives Congress the power to establish judge-2
ships in the district courts of the United States. 3
(2) Congress has not created a new district 4
court judgeship since 2003 and has not enacted 5
comprehensive judgeship legislation since 1990. 6
(3) This represents the longest period of time 7
since district courts of the United States were estab-8
lished in 1789 that Congress has not authorized any 9
new permanent district court judgeships. 10
(4) By the end of fiscal year 2022, filings in the 11
district courts of the United States had increased by 12
30 percent since the last comprehensive judgeship 13
legislation. 14
(5) As of March 31, 2023, there were 686,797 15
pending cases in the district courts of the United 16
States, with an average of 491 weighted case filings 17
per judgeship over a 12-month period. 18
(6) To deal with increased filings in the district 19
courts of the United States, the Judicial Conference 20
of the United States requested the creation of 66 21
new district court judgeships in its 2023 report. 22
SEC. 3. ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGES FOR THE DISTRICT 23
COURTS. 24
(a) A
DDITIONALJUDGESHIPS.— 25
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(1) 2025.— 1
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-2
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 3
Senate— 4
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 5
central district of California; 6
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 7
eastern district of California; 8
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 9
northern district of California; 10
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 11
district of Delaware; 12
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 13
middle district of Florida; 14
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 15
southern district of Indiana; 16
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 17
northern district of Iowa; 18
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 19
the district of New Jersey; 20
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 21
southern district of New York; 22
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 23
eastern district of Texas; and 24
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(xi) 1 additional district judge for the 1
southern district of Texas. 2
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-3
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, is 4
amended— 5
(i) by striking the items relating to 6
California and inserting the following: 7
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 15
Eastern ................................................................... 7
Central .................................................................... 28
Southern ................................................................. 13’’;
(ii) by striking the item relating to 8
Delaware and inserting the following: 9
‘‘Delaware ............................................................... 5’’;
(iii) by striking the items relating to 10
Florida and inserting the following: 11
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Middle ..................................................................... 16
Southern ................................................................. 17’’;
(iv) by striking the items relating to 12
Indiana and inserting the following: 13
‘‘Indiana:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 6’’;
(v) by striking the items relating to 14
Iowa and inserting the following: 15
‘‘Iowa:
Northern ................................................................. 3
Southern ................................................................. 3’’;
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(vi) by striking the item relating to 1
New Jersey and inserting the following: 2
‘‘New Jersey ........................................................... 18’’;
(vii) by striking the items relating to 3
New York and inserting the following: 4
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 29
Eastern ................................................................... 15
Western .................................................................. 4’’; and
(viii) by striking the items relating to 5
Texas and inserting the following: 6
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 12
Southern ................................................................. 20
Eastern ................................................................... 8
Western .................................................................. 13’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 7
shall take effect on the date of the enactment 8
of this Act. 9
(2) 2027.— 10
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-11
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 12
Senate— 13
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 14
district of Arizona; 15
(ii) 2 additional district judges for the 16
central district of California; 17
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(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 1
eastern district of California; 2
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 3
northern district of California; 4
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 5
middle district of Florida; 6
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 7
southern district of Florida; 8
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 9
northern district of Georgia; 10
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 11
the district of Idaho; 12
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 13
northern district of Texas; and 14
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 15
southern district of Texas. 16
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-17
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 18
amended by paragraph (1) of this subsection, is 19
amended— 20
(i) by striking the item relating to Ar-21
izona and inserting the following: 22
‘‘Arizona ................................................................. 13’’;
(ii) by striking the items relating to 23
California and inserting the following: 24
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‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 16
Eastern ................................................................... 8
Central .................................................................... 30
Southern ................................................................. 13’’;
(iii) by striking the items relating to 1
Florida and inserting the following: 2
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Middle ..................................................................... 17
Southern ................................................................. 18’’;
(iv) by striking the items relating to 3
Georgia and inserting the following: 4
‘‘Georgia:
Northern ................................................................. 12
Middle ..................................................................... 4
Southern ................................................................. 3’’;
(v) by striking the item relating to 5
Idaho and inserting the following: 6
‘‘Idaho .................................................................... 3’’; and
(vi) by striking the items relating to 7
Texas and inserting the following: 8
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 21
Eastern ................................................................... 8
Western .................................................................. 13’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 9
shall take effect on January 21, 2027. 10
(3) 2029.— 11
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(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall ap-1
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 2
Senate— 3
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 4
central district of California; 5
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 6
eastern district of California; 7
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 8
northern district of California; 9
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 10
district of Colorado; 11
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 12
district of Delaware; 13
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 14
district of Nebraska; 15
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 16
eastern district of New York; 17
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 18
the northern district of Oklahoma; 19
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 20
eastern district of Texas; 21
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 22
southern district of Texas; and 23
(xi) 1 additional district judge for the 24
western district of Texas. 25
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(B) TABLES.—The table contained in sec-1
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 2
amended by paragraph (2) of this subsection, is 3
amended— 4
(i) by striking the items relating to 5
California and inserting the following: 6
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 17
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Central .................................................................... 31
Southern ................................................................. 13’’;
(ii) by striking the item relating to 7
Colorado and inserting the following: 8
‘‘Colorado ............................................................... 8’’;
(iii) by striking the item relating to 9
Delaware and inserting the following: 10
‘‘Delaware ............................................................... 6’’;
(iv) by striking the item relating to 11
Nebraska and inserting the following: 12
‘‘Nebraska .............................................................. 4’’;
(v) by striking the items relating to 13
New York and inserting the following: 14
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 29
Eastern ................................................................... 16
Western .................................................................. 4’’;
(vi) by striking the items relating to 15
Oklahoma and inserting the following: 16
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‘‘Oklahoma:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Eastern ................................................................... 1
Western .................................................................. 6
Northern, Eastern,and Western ............................. 1’’; and
(vii) by striking the items relating to 1
Texas and inserting the following: 2
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 22
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Western .................................................................. 14’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 3
shall take effect on January 21, 2029. 4
(4) 2031.— 5
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-6
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 7
Senate— 8
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 9
district of Arizona; 10
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 11
central district of California; 12
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 13
eastern district of California; 14
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 15
northern district of California; 16
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 17
southern district of California; 18
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 19
middle district of Florida; 20
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(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 1
southern district of Florida; 2
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 3
the district of New Jersey; 4
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 5
western district of New York; and 6
(x) 2 additional district judges for the 7
western district of Texas. 8
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-9
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 10
amended by paragraph (3) of this subsection, is 11
amended— 12
(i) by striking the item relating to Ar-13
izona and inserting the following: 14
‘‘Arizona ................................................................. 14’’;
(ii) by striking the items relating to 15
California and inserting the following: 16
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 18
Eastern ................................................................... 10
Central .................................................................... 32
Southern ................................................................. 14’’;
(iii) by striking the items relating to 17
Florida and inserting the following: 18
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Middle ..................................................................... 18
Southern ................................................................. 19’’;
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(iv) by striking the item relating to 1
New Jersey and inserting the following: 2
‘‘New Jersey ........................................................... 19’’;
(v) by striking the items relating to 3
New York and inserting the following: 4
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 29
Eastern ................................................................... 16
Western .................................................................. 5’’; and
(vi) by striking the items relating to 5
Texas and inserting the following: 6
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 22
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Western .................................................................. 16’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 7
shall take effect on January 21, 2031. 8
(5) 2033.— 9
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-10
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 11
Senate— 12
(i) 2 additional district judges for the 13
central district of California; 14
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 15
northern district of California; 16
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 17
district of Colorado; 18
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(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 1
middle district of Florida; 2
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 3
northern district of Florida; 4
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 5
northern district of Georgia; 6
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 7
southern district of New York; 8
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 9
the eastern district of Oklahoma; 10
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 11
southern district of Texas; and 12
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 13
western district of Texas. 14
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-15
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 16
amended by paragraph (4) of this subsection, is 17
amended— 18
(i) by striking the items relating to 19
California and inserting the following: 20
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 19
Eastern ................................................................... 10
Central .................................................................... 34
Southern ................................................................. 14’’;
(ii) by striking the item relating to 21
Colorado and inserting the following: 22
‘‘Colorado ............................................................... 9’’;
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(iii) by striking the items relating to 1
Florida and inserting the following: 2
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Middle ..................................................................... 19
Southern ................................................................. 19’’;
(iv) by striking the items relating to 3
Georgia and inserting the following: 4
‘‘Georgia:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Middle ..................................................................... 4
Southern ................................................................. 3’’;
(v) by striking the items relating to 5
New York and inserting the following: 6
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 30
Eastern ................................................................... 16
Western .................................................................. 5’’;
(vi) by striking the items relating to 7
Oklahoma and inserting the following: 8
‘‘Oklahoma:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Eastern ................................................................... 2
Western .................................................................. 6
Northern, Eastern,and Western ............................. 1’’; and
(vii) by striking the items relating to 9
Texas and inserting the following: 10
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 23
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Western .................................................................. 17’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 11
shall take effect on January 21, 2033. 12
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(6) 2035.— 1
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-2
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 3
Senate— 4
(i) 2 additional district judges for the 5
central district of California; 6
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 7
northern district of California; 8
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 9
southern district of California; 10
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 11
middle district of Florida; 12
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 13
southern district of Florida; 14
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 15
district of New Jersey; 16
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 17
eastern district of New York; and 18
(viii) 2 additional district judges for 19
the western district of Texas. 20
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-21
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 22
amended by paragraph (5) of this subsection, is 23
amended— 24
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(i) by striking the items relating to 1
California and inserting the following: 2
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 20
Eastern ................................................................... 10
Central .................................................................... 36
Southern ................................................................. 15’’;
(ii) by striking the items relating to 3
Florida and inserting the following: 4
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Middle ..................................................................... 20
Southern ................................................................. 20’’;
(iii) by striking the item relating to 5
New Jersey and inserting the following: 6
‘‘New Jersey ........................................................... 20’’;
(iv) by striking the items relating to 7
New York and inserting the following: 8
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 30
Eastern ................................................................... 17
Western .................................................................. 5’’; and
(v) by striking the items relating to 9
Texas and inserting the following: 10
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 23
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Western .................................................................. 19’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 11
shall take effect on January 21, 2035. 12
(b) T
EMPORARYJUDGESHIPS.— 13
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(1) IN GENERAL.—The President shall appoint, 1
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 2
1 additional district judge for the eastern district of 3
Oklahoma. 4
(2) V
ACANCIES NOT FILLED .—The first va-5
cancy in the office of district judge in each of the 6
offices of district judge authorized by this sub-7
section, occurring 5 years or more after the con-8
firmation date of the judge named to fill the tem-9
porary district judgeship created in the applicable 10
district by this subsection, shall not be filled. 11
(3) E
FFECTIVE DATE.—This subsection shall 12
take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act. 13
(c) A
UTHORIZATION OFAPPROPRIATIONS.— 14
(1) I
N GENERAL.—There is authorized to be 15
appropriated to carry out this section and the 16
amendments made by this section— 17
(A) for each of fiscal years 2025 and 2026, 18
$12,965,330; 19
(B) for each of fiscal years 2027 and 20
2028, $23,152,375; 21
(C) for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030, 22
$32,413,325; 23
(D) for each of fiscal years 2031 and 24
2032, $42,600,370; 25
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(E) for each of fiscal years 2033 and 1
2034, $51,861,320; and 2
(F) for fiscal year 2035 and each fiscal 3
year thereafter, $61,122,270. 4
(2) I
NFLATION ADJUSTMENT .—For each fiscal 5
year described in paragraph (1), the amount author-6
ized to be appropriated for such fiscal year shall be 7
increased by the percentage by which— 8
(A) the Consumer Price Index for the pre-9
vious fiscal year, exceeds 10
(B) the Consumer Price Index for the fis-11
cal year preceding the fiscal year described in 12
subparagraph (A). 13
(3) D
EFINITION.—In this subsection, the term 14
‘‘Consumer Price Index’’ means the Consumer Price 15
Index for All Urban Consumers (all items, United 16
States city average), published by the Bureau of 17
Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor. 18
SEC. 4. ORGANIZATION OF TEXAS DISTRICT COURTS. 19
Section 124(b)(2) of title 28, United States Code, is 20
amended, in the matter preceding paragraph (3), by in-21
serting ‘‘and College Station’’ before the period at the end. 22
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SEC. 5. ORGANIZATION OF CALIFORNIA DISTRICT COURTS. 1
Section 84(d) of title 28, United States Code, is 2
amended by inserting ‘‘and El Centro’’ after ‘‘at San 3
Diego’’. 4
SEC. 6. GAO REPORTS. 5
(a) J
UDICIALCASELOADS.—Not later than 2 years 6
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller 7
General of the United States shall submit to the Com-8
mittee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee 9
on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and 10
make publicly available reports— 11
(1) evaluating— 12
(A) the accuracy and objectiveness of case- 13
related workload measures and methodologies 14
used by the Administrative Office of the United 15
States Courts for district courts of the United 16
States and courts of appeals of the United 17
States; 18
(B) the impact of non-case-related activi-19
ties of judges of the district courts of the 20
United States and courts of appeals of the 21
United States on judicial caseloads; and 22
(C) the effectiveness and efficiency of the 23
policies of the Administrative Office of the 24
United States Courts regarding senior judges; 25
and 26
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(2) providing any recommendations of the 1
Comptroller General with respect to the matters de-2
scribed in paragraph (1). 3
(b) D
ETENTIONSPACE.—The Comptroller General of 4
the United States shall submit to the Committee on the 5
Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judici-6
ary of the House of Representatives a report on an assess-7
ment of— 8
(1) a determination of the needs of Federal 9
agencies for detention space; 10
(2) efforts by Federal agencies to acquire de-11
tention space; and 12
(3) any challenges in determining and acquiring 13
detention space. 14
SEC. 7. PUBLIC ACCESSIBILITY OF THE ARTICLE III JUDGE-15
SHIP RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE JUDICIAL 16
CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED STATES RE-17
PORT. 18
(a) I
NGENERAL.—The Administrative Office of the 19
United States Courts, in consultation with the Judicial 20
Conference of the United States, shall make publicly avail-21
able on their website, free of charge, the biennial report 22
entitled ‘‘Article III Judgeship Recommendations of the 23
Judicial Conference of the United States’’. 24
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(b) CONTENTS.—The report described in subsection 1
(a) should be released not less frequently than biennially 2
and contain the summaries and all related appendixes sup-3
porting the judgeship recommendations of the Judicial 4
Conference of the United States, including— 5
(1) the process used by the Judicial Conference 6
in developing the recommendations; 7
(2) any caseload and methodology changes; 8
(3) judgeship surveys with recommendations; 9
and 10
(4) specific information about each court for 11
which the Judicial Conference recommends addi-12
tional judgeships. 13
(c) S
UBMISSION TOCONGRESS.—The Administrative 14
Office of the United States Courts shall submit to the 15
Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Com-16
mittee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives 17
copies of the report described in subsection (a). 18
Æ
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