I
119THCONGRESS
1
STSESSION H. R. 1929
To authorize additional district judges for the district courts and convert
temporary judgeships.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
MARCH6, 2025
Mr. J
OHNSONof Georgia (for himself, Mr. RASKIN, and Mr. NADLER) intro-
duced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Ju-
diciary
A BILL
To authorize additional district judges for the district courts
and convert temporary judgeships.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Judicial Understaffing 4
Delays Getting Emergencies Solved Act of 2025’’ or the 5
‘‘JUDGES Act of 2025’’. 6
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 7
Congress finds the following: 8
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(1) Article III of the Constitution of the United 1
States gives Congress the power to establish judge-2
ships in the district courts of the United States. 3
(2) Congress has not created a new district 4
court judgeship since 2003 and has not enacted 5
comprehensive judgeship legislation since 1990. 6
(3) This represents the longest period of time 7
since district courts of the United States were estab-8
lished in 1789 that Congress has not authorized any 9
new permanent district court judgeships. 10
(4) By the end of fiscal year 2022, filings in the 11
district courts of the United States had increased by 12
30 percent since the last comprehensive judgeship 13
legislation. 14
(5) As of March 31, 2023, there were 686,797 15
pending cases in the district courts of the United 16
States, with an average of 491 weighted case filings 17
per judgeship over a 12-month period. 18
(6) To deal with increased filings in the district 19
courts of the United States, the Judicial Conference 20
of the United States requested the creation of 66 21
new district court judgeships in its 2023 report. 22
SEC. 3. ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGES FOR THE DISTRICT 23
COURTS. 24
(a) A
DDITIONALJUDGESHIPS.— 25
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(1) 2029.— 1
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-2
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 3
Senate— 4
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 5
central district of California; 6
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 7
eastern district of California; 8
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 9
northern district of California; 10
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 11
district of Delaware; 12
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 13
middle district of Florida; 14
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 15
southern district of Indiana; 16
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 17
northern district of Iowa; 18
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 19
the district of New Jersey; 20
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 21
southern district of New York; 22
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 23
eastern district of Texas; and 24
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(xi) 1 additional district judge for the 1
southern district of Texas. 2
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-3
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, is 4
amended— 5
(i) by striking the items relating to 6
California and inserting the following: 7
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 15
Eastern ................................................................... 7
Central .................................................................... 28
Southern ................................................................. 13’’;
(ii) by striking the item relating to 8
Delaware and inserting the following: 9
‘‘Delaware ............................................................... 5’’;
(iii) by striking the items relating to 10
Florida and inserting the following: 11
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Middle ..................................................................... 16
Southern ................................................................. 17’’;
(iv) by striking the items relating to 12
Indiana and inserting the following: 13
‘‘Indiana:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 6’’;
(v) by striking the items relating to 14
Iowa and inserting the following: 15
‘‘Iowa:
Northern ................................................................. 3
Southern ................................................................. 3’’;
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(vi) by striking the item relating to 1
New Jersey and inserting the following: 2
‘‘New Jersey ........................................................... 18’’;
(vii) by striking the items relating to 3
New York and inserting the following: 4
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 29
Eastern ................................................................... 15
Western .................................................................. 4’’; and
(viii) by striking the items relating to 5
Texas and inserting the following: 6
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 12
Southern ................................................................. 20
Eastern ................................................................... 8
Western .................................................................. 13’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 7
shall take effect on January 21, 2029. 8
(2) 2031.— 9
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-10
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 11
Senate— 12
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 13
district of Arizona; 14
(ii) 2 additional district judges for the 15
central district of California; 16
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 17
eastern district of California; 18
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(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 1
northern district of California; 2
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 3
middle district of Florida; 4
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 5
southern district of Florida; 6
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 7
northern district of Georgia; 8
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 9
the district of Idaho; 10
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 11
northern district of Texas; and 12
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 13
southern district of Texas. 14
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-15
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 16
amended by paragraph (1) of this subsection, is 17
amended— 18
(i) by striking the item relating to Ar-19
izona and inserting the following: 20
‘‘Arizona ................................................................. 13’’;
(ii) by striking the items relating to 21
California and inserting the following: 22
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 16
Eastern ................................................................... 8
Central .................................................................... 30
Southern ................................................................. 13’’;
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(iii) by striking the items relating to 1
Florida and inserting the following: 2
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Middle ..................................................................... 17
Southern ................................................................. 18’’;
(iv) by striking the items relating to 3
Georgia and inserting the following: 4
‘‘Georgia:
Northern ................................................................. 12
Middle ..................................................................... 4
Southern ................................................................. 3’’;
(v) by striking the item relating to 5
Idaho and inserting the following: 6
‘‘Idaho .................................................................... 3’’; and
(vi) by striking the items relating to 7
Texas and inserting the following: 8
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 21
Eastern ................................................................... 8
Western .................................................................. 13’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 9
shall take effect on January 21, 2031. 10
(3) 2033.— 11
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-12
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 13
Senate— 14
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 15
central district of California; 16
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(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 1
eastern district of California; 2
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 3
northern district of California; 4
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 5
district of Colorado; 6
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 7
district of Delaware; 8
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 9
district of Nebraska; 10
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 11
eastern district of New York; 12
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 13
the northern district of Oklahoma; 14
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 15
eastern district of Texas; 16
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 17
southern district of Texas; and 18
(xi) 1 additional district judge for the 19
western district of Texas. 20
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-21
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 22
amended by paragraph (2) of this subsection, is 23
amended— 24
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(i) by striking the items relating to 1
California and inserting the following: 2
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 17
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Central .................................................................... 31
Southern ................................................................. 13’’;
(ii) by striking the item relating to 3
Colorado and inserting the following: 4
‘‘Colorado ............................................................... 8’’;
(iii) by striking the item relating to 5
Delaware and inserting the following: 6
‘‘Delaware ............................................................... 6’’;
(iv) by striking the item relating to 7
Nebraska and inserting the following: 8
‘‘Nebraska .............................................................. 4’’;
(v) by striking the items relating to 9
New York and inserting the following: 10
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 29
Eastern ................................................................... 16
Western .................................................................. 4’’;
(vi) by striking the items relating to 11
Oklahoma and inserting the following: 12
‘‘Oklahoma:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Eastern ................................................................... 1
Western .................................................................. 6
Northern, Eastern, and Western ........................... 1’’; and
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(vii) by striking the items relating to 1
Texas and inserting the following: 2
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 22
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Western .................................................................. 14’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 3
shall take effect on January 21, 2033. 4
(4) 2035.— 5
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-6
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 7
Senate— 8
(i) 1 additional district judge for the 9
district of Arizona; 10
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 11
central district of California; 12
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 13
eastern district of California; 14
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 15
northern district of California; 16
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 17
southern district of California; 18
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 19
middle district of Florida; 20
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 21
southern district of Florida; 22
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(viii) 1 additional district judge for 1
the district of New Jersey; 2
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 3
western district of New York; and 4
(x) 2 additional district judges for the 5
western district of Texas. 6
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-7
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 8
amended by paragraph (3) of this subsection, is 9
amended— 10
(i) by striking the item relating to Ar-11
izona and inserting the following: 12
‘‘Arizona ................................................................. 14’’;
(ii) by striking the items relating to 13
California and inserting the following: 14
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 18
Eastern ................................................................... 10
Central .................................................................... 32
Southern ................................................................. 14’’;
(iii) by striking the items relating to 15
Florida and inserting the following: 16
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Middle ..................................................................... 18
Southern ................................................................. 19’’;
(iv) by striking the item relating to 17
New Jersey and inserting the following: 18
‘‘New Jersey ........................................................... 19’’;
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(v) by striking the items relating to 1
New York and inserting the following: 2
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 29
Eastern ................................................................... 16
Western .................................................................. 5’’; and
(vi) by striking the items relating to 3
Texas and inserting the following: 4
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 22
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Western .................................................................. 16’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 5
shall take effect on January 21, 2035. 6
(5) 2037.— 7
(A) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall ap-8
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 9
Senate— 10
(i) 2 additional district judges for the 11
central district of California; 12
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 13
northern district of California; 14
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 15
district of Colorado; 16
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 17
middle district of Florida; 18
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 19
northern district of Florida; 20
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(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 1
northern district of Georgia; 2
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 3
southern district of New York; 4
(viii) 1 additional district judge for 5
the eastern district of Oklahoma; 6
(ix) 1 additional district judge for the 7
southern district of Texas; and 8
(x) 1 additional district judge for the 9
western district of Texas. 10
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-11
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 12
amended by paragraph (4) of this subsection, is 13
amended— 14
(i) by striking the items relating to 15
California and inserting the following: 16
‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 19
Eastern ................................................................... 10
Central .................................................................... 34
Southern ................................................................. 14’’;
(ii) by striking the item relating to 17
Colorado and inserting the following: 18
‘‘Colorado ............................................................... 9’’;
(iii) by striking the items relating to 19
Florida and inserting the following: 20
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Middle ..................................................................... 19
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Southern ................................................................. 19’’;
(iv) by striking the items relating to 1
Georgia and inserting the following: 2
‘‘Georgia:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Middle ..................................................................... 4
Southern ................................................................. 3’’;
(v) by striking the items relating to 3
New York and inserting the following: 4
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 30
Eastern ................................................................... 16
Western .................................................................. 5’’;
(vi) by striking the items relating to 5
Oklahoma and inserting the following: 6
‘‘Oklahoma:
Northern ................................................................. 4
Eastern ................................................................... 2
Western .................................................................. 6
Northern, Eastern, and Western ........................... 1’’; and
(vii) by striking the items relating to 7
Texas and inserting the following: 8
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 23
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Western .................................................................. 17’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 9
shall take effect on January 21, 2037. 10
(6) 2039.— 11
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(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall ap-1
point, by and with the advice and consent of the 2
Senate— 3
(i) 2 additional district judges for the 4
central district of California; 5
(ii) 1 additional district judge for the 6
northern district of California; 7
(iii) 1 additional district judge for the 8
southern district of California; 9
(iv) 1 additional district judge for the 10
middle district of Florida; 11
(v) 1 additional district judge for the 12
southern district of Florida; 13
(vi) 1 additional district judge for the 14
district of New Jersey; 15
(vii) 1 additional district judge for the 16
eastern district of New York; and 17
(viii) 2 additional district judges for 18
the western district of Texas. 19
(B) T
ABLES.—The table contained in sec-20
tion 133(a) of title 28, United States Code, as 21
amended by paragraph (5) of this subsection, is 22
amended— 23
(i) by striking the items relating to 24
California and inserting the following: 25
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‘‘California:
Northern ................................................................. 20
Eastern ................................................................... 10
Central .................................................................... 36
Southern ................................................................. 15’’;
(ii) by striking the items relating to 1
Florida and inserting the following: 2
‘‘Florida:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Middle ..................................................................... 20
Southern ................................................................. 20’’;
(iii) by striking the item relating to 3
New Jersey and inserting the following: 4
‘‘New Jersey ........................................................... 20’’;
(iv) by striking the items relating to 5
New York and inserting the following: 6
‘‘New York:
Northern ................................................................. 5
Southern ................................................................. 30
Eastern ................................................................... 17
Western .................................................................. 5’’; and
(v) by striking the items relating to 7
Texas and inserting the following: 8
‘‘Texas:
Northern ................................................................. 13
Southern ................................................................. 23
Eastern ................................................................... 9
Western .................................................................. 19’’.
(C) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This paragraph 9
shall take effect on January 21, 2039. 10
(b) T
EMPORARYJUDGESHIPS.— 11
(1) I
N GENERAL.—The President shall appoint, 12
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 13
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1 additional district judge for the eastern district of 1
Oklahoma. 2
(2) V
ACANCIES NOT FILLED .—The first va-3
cancy in the office of district judge in each of the 4
offices of district judge authorized by this sub-5
section, occurring 5 years or more after the con-6
firmation date of the judge named to fill the tem-7
porary district judgeship created in the applicable 8
district by this subsection, shall not be filled. 9
(3) E
FFECTIVE DATE.—This subsection shall 10
take effect on January 21, 2029. 11
(c) A
UTHORIZATION OFAPPROPRIATIONS.— 12
(1) I
N GENERAL.—There is authorized to be 13
appropriated to carry out this section and the 14
amendments made by this section— 15
(A) for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030, 16
$12,965,330; 17
(B) for each of fiscal years 2031 and 18
2032, $23,152,375; 19
(C) for each of fiscal years 2033 and 2034, 20
$32,413,325; 21
(D) for each of fiscal years 2035 and 22
2036, $42,600,370; 23
(E) for each of fiscal years 2037 and 24
2038, $51,861,320; and 25
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(F) for fiscal year 2039 and each fiscal 1
year thereafter, $61,122,270. 2
(2) I
NFLATION ADJUSTMENT .—For each fiscal 3
year described in paragraph (1), the amount author-4
ized to be appropriated for such fiscal year shall be 5
increased by the percentage by which— 6
(A) the Consumer Price Index for the pre-7
vious fiscal year, exceeds 8
(B) the Consumer Price Index for the fis-9
cal year preceding the fiscal year described in 10
subparagraph (A). 11
(3) D
EFINITION.—In this subsection, the term 12
‘‘Consumer Price Index’’ means the Consumer Price 13
Index for All Urban Consumers (all items, United 14
States city average), published by the Bureau of 15
Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor. 16
SEC. 4. ORGANIZATION OF TEXAS DISTRICT COURTS. 17
Section 124(b)(2) of title 28, United States Code, is 18
amended, in the matter preceding paragraph (3), by in-19
serting ‘‘and College Station’’ before the period at the end. 20
SEC. 5. ORGANIZATION OF CALIFORNIA DISTRICT COURTS. 21
Section 84(d) of title 28, United States Code, is 22
amended by inserting ‘‘and El Centro’’ after ‘‘at San 23
Diego’’. 24
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SEC. 6. GAO REPORTS. 1
(a) J
UDICIALCASELOADS.—Not later than 2 years 2
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller 3
General of the United States shall submit to the Com-4
mittee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee 5
on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and 6
make publicly available reports— 7
(1) evaluating— 8
(A) the accuracy and objectiveness of case- 9
related workload measures and methodologies 10
used by the Administrative Office of the United 11
States Courts for district courts of the United 12
States and courts of appeals of the United 13
States; 14
(B) the impact of non-case-related activi-15
ties of judges of the district courts of the 16
United States and courts of appeals of the 17
United States on judicial caseloads; and 18
(C) the effectiveness and efficiency of the 19
policies of the Administrative Office of the 20
United States Courts regarding senior judges; 21
and 22
(2) providing any recommendations of the 23
Comptroller General with respect to the matters de-24
scribed in paragraph (1). 25
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(b) DETENTIONSPACE.—The Comptroller General of 1
the United States shall submit to the Committee on the 2
Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judici-3
ary of the House of Representatives a report on an assess-4
ment of— 5
(1) a determination of the needs of Federal 6
agencies for detention space; 7
(2) efforts by Federal agencies to acquire de-8
tention space; and 9
(3) any challenges in determining and acquiring 10
detention space. 11
SEC. 7. PUBLIC ACCESSIBILITY OF THE ARTICLE III JUDGE-12
SHIP RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE JUDICIAL 13
CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED STATES RE-14
PORT. 15
(a) I
NGENERAL.—The Administrative Office of the 16
United States Courts, in consultation with the Judicial 17
Conference of the United States, shall make publicly avail-18
able on their website, free of charge, the biennial report 19
entitled ‘‘Article III Judgeship Recommendations of the 20
Judicial Conference of the United States’’. 21
(b) C
ONTENTS.—The report described in subsection 22
(a) should be released not less frequently than biennially 23
and contain the summaries and all related appendixes sup-24
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porting the judgeship recommendations of the Judicial 1
Conference of the United States, including— 2
(1) the process used by the Judicial Conference 3
in developing the recommendations; 4
(2) any caseload and methodology changes; 5
(3) judgeship surveys with recommendations; 6
and 7
(4) specific information about each court for 8
which the Judicial Conference recommends addi-9
tional judgeships. 10
(c) S
UBMISSION TOCONGRESS.—The Administrative 11
Office of the United States Courts shall submit to the 12
Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Com-13
mittee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives 14
copies of the report described in subsection (a). 15
Æ
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