Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session

Us Congress House Bill HR353 Compare Versions

Only one version of the bill is available at this time.

Old	New	Differences
1	1	IV
2	2	119THCONGRESS
3	3	1
4	4	STSESSION H. RES. 353
5	5	Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high
6	6	crimes and misdemeanors.
7	7	IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
8	8	APRIL28, 2025
9	9	Mr. T
10	10	HANEDAR(for himself, Mr. MFUME, Mr. NADLER, and Ms. KELLYof
11	11	Illinois) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the
12	12	Committee on the Judiciary
13	13	RESOLUTION
14	14	Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United
15	15	States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.
16	16	Resolved, That Donald John Trump, President of the 1
17	17	United States, is impeached for high crimes and mis-2
18	18	demeanors, and that the following articles of impeachment 3
19	19	be exhibited to the Senate: 4
20	20	Article of impeachment exhibited by the House of 5
21	21	Representatives of the United States of America in the 6
22	22	name of itself and of the people of the United States of 7
23	23	America, against Donald John Trump, President of the 8
24	24	United States of America, in maintenance and support of 9
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27	27	•HRES 353 IH
28	28	its impeachment against him for high crimes and mis-1
29	29	demeanors. 2
30	30	ARTICLE I: OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE , VIOLATION OF 3
31	31	DUE PROCESS, AND A BREACH OF THE DUTY TO 4
32	32	FAITHFULLY EXECUTE LAWS 5
33	33	6
34	34	The Constitution provides that the House of Rep-7
35	35	resentatives ‘‘shall have the sole Power of Impeachment’’ 8
36	36	and that the President ‘‘shall be removed from Office on 9
37	37	Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 10
38	38	other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’’. Further, Article 11
39	39	II of the Constitution states that the President ‘‘shall take 12
40	40	Care that the Laws be faithfully executed’’, the Fourth 13
41	41	Amendment of the Constitution states that ‘‘The right of 14
42	42	the people . . . against unreasonable searches and sei-15
43	43	zures, shall not be violated’’, and the Fifth Amendment 16
44	44	of the Constitution states ‘‘No person shall be . . . de-17
45	45	prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of 18
46	46	law’’. In his conduct of the office of President of the 19
47	47	United States—and in violation of his constitutional oath 20
48	48	to faithfully to execute the office of President of the 21
49	49	United States and, to the best of his ability, preserve, pro-22
50	50	tect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, 23
51	51	and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that 24
52	52	the laws be faithfully executed—Donald John Trump has 25
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55	55	•HRES 353 IH
56	56	abused the powers of the Presidency in a manner offensive 1
57	57	to, and subversive of, the Constitution, in that: 2
58	58	Using the power of his high office, Donald John 3
59	59	Trump has engaged in this scheme or course of conduct 4
60	60	through the following means: 5
61	61	(1) By his orders and directions to subordi-6
62	62	nates, obstructed the administration of justice and 7
63	63	embarked on a scheme to destroy and corrupt the 8
64	64	legal system and the powers of the courts under Ar-9
65	65	ticle III of the Constitution. Specifically, he has done 10
66	66	the following: 11
67	67	(A) Directed and permitted his subordi-12
68	68	nates and attorneys at the Department of Jus-13
69	69	tice to violate their oaths to uphold the Con-14
70	70	stitution, laws of the United States, and the 15
71	71	rules of professional ethics by adducing mis-16
72	72	leading and willfully false representations to the 17
73	73	courts of the United States, and to otherwise 18
74	74	abuse their official powers. Specifically, he 19
75	75	has— 20
76	76	(i) sought to dismiss, without preju-21
77	77	dice and under false pretenses, the bribery 22
78	78	and fraud charges against New York City 23
79	79	Mayor Eric Adams, in an unethical quid 24
80	80	pro quo exchange for the Defendant’s co-25
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83	83	•HRES 353 IH
84	84	operation with the Administration’s polit-1
85	85	ical priorities, thus abusing the criminal 2
86	86	laws to unconstitutionally commandeer a 3
87	87	State officer and unit of government in 4
88	88	violation of the sovereignty thereof; and 5
89	89	(ii) terminated and purged career De-6
90	90	partment of Justice attorneys without rea-7
91	91	sonable cause and in violation of the law in 8
92	92	retaliation for their legitimate investigatory 9
93	93	and prosecutorial work under prior admin-10
94	94	istrations, including in relation to the Jan-11
95	95	uary 6, 2021, attack on the United States 12
96	96	Capitol, and in retaliation for attorneys 13
97	97	upholding their ethical and legal obliga-14
98	98	tions including candor and honesty to the 15
99	99	courts. 16
100	100	(B) Directed and permitted the evasion 17
101	101	and defiance of binding court orders. Specifi-18
102	102	cally, he has— 19
103	103	(i) removed persons from the United 20
104	104	States to El Salvador despite an order 21
105	105	from the United States District Court for 22
106	106	the District of Columbia, for which said 23
107	107	Court has found probable cause that the 24
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110	110	•HRES 353 IH
111	111	Government committed acts of criminal 1
112	112	contempt; 2
113	113	(ii) removed Kilmar Armando Abrego 3
114	114	Garcia from the United States to El Sal-4
115	115	vador despite a binding Withholding of Re-5
116	116	moval order prohibiting the government 6
117	117	from removing him to El Salvador; 7
118	118	(iii) defied court orders, upheld by a 8
119	119	unanimous ruling of the Supreme Court, to 9
120	120	facilitate the release of Mr. Abrego Garcia, 10
121	121	and related orders to provide information 11
122	122	to the court and opposing counsel, while 12
123	123	publicly flaunting their refusal; 13
124	124	(iv) acted in contempt of court for vio-14
125	125	lating a court-sanctioned settlement agree-15
126	126	ment; and 16
127	127	(v) conducted enforced disappearances 17
128	128	of persons without due process and without 18
129	129	disclosing their fate and location to their 19
130	130	families and legal counsel, in violation of 20
131	131	the Constitution and the rulings of the Su-21
132	132	preme Court, as well as the foundational 22
133	133	principles of due process and the rule of 23
134	134	law. 24
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138	138	(C) Directed and permitted the deliberate 1
139	139	and systematic violation of laws duly enacted by 2
140	140	Congress. Specifically, he has— 3
141	141	(i) terminated Inspector Generals, the 4
142	142	officers responsible for detecting and pre-5
143	143	venting waste by auditing and inves-6
144	144	tigating their respective agencies’ oper-7
145	145	ations and personnel, in violation of the 8
146	146	process stipulated by the Inspector Gen-9
147	147	erals Act of 1974, as subsequently amend-10
148	148	ed; 11
149	149	(ii) terminated a member of the Merit 12
150	150	Systems Protection Board, a tribunal cre-13
151	151	ated to address widespread public concerns 14
152	152	about the Federal civil service; and 15
153	153	(iii) unlawfully transmitted sensitive 16
154	154	personal information of private citizens 17
155	155	and government employees in violation of, 18
156	156	among other Federal laws, the Privacy Act 19
157	157	and the Administrative Procedure Act. 20
158	158	In all of this, Donald John Trump has willfully dis-21
159	159	regarded Federal laws and the Constitution, imperiled a 22
160	160	coequal branch of Government, and threatened the integ-23
161	161	rity of the democratic system. He thereby betrayed his 24
162	162	trust as President, abused the powers of the Presidency, 25
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165	165	•HRES 353 IH
166	166	acted in a manner grossly incompatible with self-govern-1
167	167	ance and the rule of law, and has committed the High 2
168	168	Crimes and Misdemeanors of obstruction of justice and 3
169	169	effecting a wide-ranging scheme to destroy and corrupt 4
170	170	the legal system and the powers of the courts under Article 5
171	171	III of the Constitution. 6
172	172	Wherefore, Donald John Trump, by such conduct, 7
173	173	has demonstrated that he is unfit to govern a Nation by 8
174	174	and for the people, has acted in a manner grossly incom-9
175	175	patible with self-governance and the rule of law, and will 10
176	176	remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain 11
177	177	in office. 12
178	178	ARTICLE II: USURPATION OF THE APPROPRIATIONS 13
179	179	POWER 14
180	180	15
181	181	The Constitution provides that the House of Rep-16
182	182	resentatives ‘‘shall have the sole Power of Impeachment’’ 17
183	183	and that the President ‘‘shall be removed from Office on 18
184	184	Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 19
185	185	other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’’. Further, Section 20
186	186	9 of Article I of the Constitution states that ‘‘No money 21
187	187	shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of 22
188	188	Appropriations made by Law’’. In his conduct of the office 23
189	189	of President of the United States—and in violation of his 24
190	190	constitutional oath to faithfully to execute the office of 25
191	191	President of the United States and, to the best of his abil-26
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194	194	•HRES 353 IH
195	195	ity, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 1
196	196	United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty 2
197	197	to take care that the laws be faithfully executed—Donald 3
198	198	John Trump has abused the powers of the Presidency in 4
199	199	a manner offensive to, and subversive of, the Constitution, 5
200	200	in that: 6
201	201	Using the powers of his high office, Donald John 7
202	202	Trump unlawfully usurped Congress and its power to ap-8
203	203	propriate funds, thereby nullifying the Appropriations 9
204	204	Clause in the Constitution and violating the Impoundment 10
205	205	Control Act of 1974. Since taking office, he has signed 11
206	206	numerous Executive Orders directing agencies to withhold 12
207	207	funds appropriated by Congress. The President does not 13
208	208	have the power to override spending laws or impound ap-14
209	209	propriated funds, a principle affirmed by numerous Su-15
210	210	preme Court rulings. 16
211	211	Donald John Trump has withheld funds and termi-17
212	212	nated en masse Federal employees and numerous Federal 18
213	213	agencies and departments, including the following: 19
214	214	(1) Directed the dismantling of the Department 20
215	215	of Education. As enacted in the Department of Edu-21
216	216	cation Organization Act, signed into law by Presi-22
217	217	dent Jimmy Carter, the Department of Education 23
218	218	was established by Congress to create reform in the 24
219	219	education system throughout the country, distribute 25
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222	222	•HRES 353 IH
223	223	Federal aid to students and places of learning, and 1
224	224	prohibit discriminatory practices. The President does 2
225	225	not have the authority to dismantle the Department 3
226	226	of Education, and his signing of Executive Order 4
227	227	14242, which aims to ‘‘Improving Education Out-5
228	228	comes by Empowering Parents, States, and Commu-6
229	229	nities’’, violates the law and the Constitution. 7
230	230	(2) Unlawfully directed the elimination of the 8
231	231	United States Agency for International Development 9
232	232	(USAID). As enacted in the Foreign Assistance Act 10
233	233	of 1961, signed into law by President John F. Ken-11
234	234	nedy, USAID plays a crucial role in delivering for-12
235	235	eign assistance worldwide, including disaster relief, 13
236	236	conflict relief, combating global diseases, promoting 14
237	237	educational programs, and enhancing food security 15
238	238	in developing countries. By dismantling USAID and 16
239	239	freezing foreign assistance, he has severed the 17
240	240	United States from its humanitarian role as directed 18
241	241	by Congress, leaving other countries and potentially 19
242	242	our adversaries to fill in the role the United States 20
243	243	has abandoned. 21
244	244	(3) Created the so-called ‘‘Department of Gov-22
245	245	ernment Efficiency (DOGE)’’, which has imposed 23
246	246	payment holds and rescinded funds after disburse-24
247	247	ment. Donald John Trump has utilized DOGE to 25
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250	250	•HRES 353 IH
251	251	unlawfully block or impound appropriated funds to 1
252	252	dozens of Federal agencies, including the National 2
253	253	Institutes of Health, the Federal Aviation Adminis-3
254	254	tration, and the Department of Veterans Affairs. By 4
255	255	impounding congressionally appropriated funds, 5
256	256	Donald John Trump and DOGE have not only vio-6
257	257	lated the law, but have negatively impacted the 7
258	258	American people by cutting jobs, halting critical 8
259	259	services, and rescinding grants for programs, in defi-9
260	260	ance of the express, constitutionally binding will of 10
261	261	Congress. 11
262	262	Using the powers of his high office, Donald John 12
263	263	Trump has unlawfully withheld congressionally appro-13
264	264	priated funds and attempted to dismantle congressionally 14
265	265	mandated agencies. By withholding funds and crippling 15
266	266	agencies, he has prevented the Federal Government from 16
267	267	performing critical duties here and abroad. He has threat-17
268	268	ened the well-being of United States citizens through the 18
269	269	gross misconduct of his office, resulting in dire and life- 19
270	270	threatening consequences on the world’s most vulnerable 20
271	271	populations. 21
272	272	Wherefore, Donald John Trump, by such conduct, 22
273	273	has demonstrated that he is unfit to govern a Nation by 23
274	274	and for the people, has acted in a manner grossly incom-24
275	275	patible with self-governance and the rule of law, and will 25
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278	278	•HRES 353 IH
279	279	remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain 1
280	280	in office. 2
281	281	ARTICLE III: ABUSE OF TRADE POWERS AND 3
282	282	INTERNATIONAL AGGRESSION 4
283	283	5
284	284	The Constitution provides that the House of Rep-6
285	285	resentatives ‘‘shall have the sole Power of Impeachment’’ 7
286	286	and that the President ‘‘shall be removed from Office on 8
287	287	Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 9
288	288	other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’’. Further, Section 10
289	289	8 of Article I of the Constitution states, ‘‘Congress shall 11
290	290	have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and 12
291	291	Excises, . . . but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall 13
292	292	be uniform throughout the United States’’. In his conduct 14
293	293	of the office of President of the United States—and in 15
294	294	violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully to execute 16
295	295	the office of President of the United States and, to the 17
296	296	best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Con-18
297	297	stitution of the United States, and in violation of his con-19
298	298	stitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully 20
299	299	executed—Donald John Trump has abused the powers of 21
300	300	the Presidency in a manner offensive to, and subversive 22
301	301	of, the Constitution, in that: 23
302	302	Using the powers of his high office, Donald John 24
303	303	Trump abused trade powers by imposing unjustifiable and 25
304	304	unreasonable tariffs on foreign nations, causing a sharp 26
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307	307	•HRES 353 IH
308	308	decline in the United States economy and the economies 1
309	309	of countries around the world, and declaring the false ex-2
310	310	istence of a national security emergency to justify his ac-3
311	311	tions. Donald John Trump’s tariffs contradicted trade 4
312	312	agreements established by his Administration and other 5
313	313	administrations, including the duly ratified and binding 6
314	314	treaty obligations of the United States, thereby breaking 7
315	315	international laws and norms, leading to countries around 8
316	316	the world to enact damaging tariffs on goods and services 9
317	317	originating from the United States. His ‘‘Liberation Day’’ 10
318	318	scheme, which imposed 10 percent tariffs on all countries, 11
319	319	as well as additional tariffs based on a formula for ‘‘reci-12
320	320	procity’’ widely mocked as nonsensical, led to the most sig-13
321	321	nificant drop in the financial markets since the 2020 crash 14
322	322	triggered by the COVID–19 pandemic. 15
323	323	Additionally, Donald John Trump has threatened for-16
324	324	eign nations with invasion, the annexation of territory, 17
325	325	and the occupation of sovereign territory through the use 18
326	326	of military action. By doing this, he has implicated the 19
327	327	United States and himself in violation of constitutionally 20
328	328	binding treaty obligations, to include the North Atlantic 21
329	329	Treaty of 1949, the General Treaty for Renunciation of 22
330	330	War as an Instrument of National Policy of 1928, the 23
331	331	Charter of the United Nations of 1945, and the Inter- 24
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334	334	•HRES 353 IH
335	335	American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance of 1947. Don-1
336	336	ald John Trump threatened the following: 2
337	337	(1) Annexation of the sovereign country of Can-3
338	338	ada. Donald John Trump has negatively impacted 4
339	339	the deep and historic relationship between the 5
340	340	United States and Canada by stating numerous 6
341	341	times that Canada should become the 51st State, 7
342	342	under the threat of both economic coercion and mili-8
343	343	tary force. 9
344	344	(2) Unlawful and aggressive military action 10
345	345	within Mexico, to include drone strikes and the use 11
346	346	of special operations military personnel, ostensibly 12
347	347	against drug cartels, in violation of the sovereignty 13
348	348	and territorial integrity of that country and without 14
349	349	any congressional authorization to use military force. 15
350	350	(3) Annexation of Greenland, an autonomous 16
351	351	territory in the Kingdom of Denmark. Donald John 17
352	352	Trump has continued to use hostile language aimed 18
353	353	at taking control of Greenland, stating that the 19
354	354	United States will ‘‘go as far as we have to go’’ to 20
355	355	obtain control of Greenland. He has refused to rule 21
356	356	out military action to gain control of the territory, 22
357	357	in violation of international law and despite Den-23
358	358	mark’s longstanding alliance and friendly relations 24
359	359	with the United States. 25
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362	362	•HRES 353 IH
363	363	(4) Annexation of the Panama Canal, owned 1
364	364	and controlled by Panama. During a joint session 2
365	365	speech to Congress, Donald John Trump stated that 3
366	366	his Administration ‘‘will be reclaiming the Panama 4
367	367	Canal’’. He has refused to rule out military or eco-5
368	368	nomic action against the sovereign country. 6
369	369	(5) Annexation of the Gaza Strip, involving the 7
370	370	forced resettlement of the Palestinian population to 8
371	371	the surrounding countries. Donald John Trump has 9
372	372	stated that the United States ‘‘will take over the 10
373	373	Gaza Strip’’ and ‘‘own it’’. His proposal of taking 11
374	374	over the Gaza Strip and the expulsion of its popu-12
375	375	lation violates international law, including the Con-13
376	376	vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the 14
377	377	Crime of Genocide, would be unconstitutional absent 15
378	378	the approval of the United States Congress, and is 16
379	379	profoundly unserious in light of the grave humani-17
380	380	tarian situation and ongoing armed conflict in Gaza. 18
381	381	Using the powers of his high office, Donald John 19
382	382	Trump has unlawfully conducted himself, bringing shame 20
383	383	and embarrassment to the office of the Presidency and 21
384	384	the people of the United States. He has betrayed the trust 22
385	385	of the Nation to conduct meaningful diplomatic negotia-23
386	386	tions as its chief diplomat and failed to maintain peaceful 24
387	387	economic and defense relations with foreign countries. He 25
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390	390	•HRES 353 IH
391	391	has threatened the security of the United States through 1
392	392	gross misconduct of his office, prompting hostilities to-2
393	393	wards Americans here and abroad, as well as foreign na-3
394	394	tions warning their citizens against visiting the United 4
395	395	States, further harming the Nation’s economy. 5
396	396	Wherefore, Donald John Trump, by such conduct, 6
397	397	has demonstrated that he is unfit to govern a Nation by 7
398	398	and for the people, has acted in a manner grossly incom-8
399	399	patible with self-governance and the rule of law, and will 9
400	400	remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain 10
401	401	in office. 11
402	402	ARTICLE IV: VIOLATION OF FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS 12
403	403	13
404	404	The Constitution provides that the House of Rep-14
405	405	resentatives ‘‘shall have the sole Power of Impeachment’’ 15
406	406	and that the President ‘‘shall be removed from Office on 16
407	407	Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 17
408	408	other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’’. Further, the First 18
409	409	Amendment of the Constitution states ‘‘Congress shall 19
410	410	make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 20
411	411	prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the free-21
412	412	dom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people 22
413	413	peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for 23
414	414	a redress of grievances’’. In his conduct of the office of 24
415	415	President of the United States—and in violation of his 25
416	416	constitutional oath to faithfully to execute the office of 26
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419	419	•HRES 353 IH
420	420	President of the United States and, to the best of his abil-1
421	421	ity, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 2
422	422	United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty 3
423	423	to take care that the laws be faithfully executed—Donald 4
424	424	John Trump has abused the powers of the Presidency in 5
425	425	a manner offensive to, and subversive of, the Constitution, 6
426	426	in that: 7
427	427	By his orders and directions to subordinates, retali-8
428	428	ated against law firms and attorneys who have advised or 9
429	429	represented, or been associated with those who advise or 10
430	430	represent, litigants who displease him, in violation of the 11
431	431	Constitution’s prohibition on retaliation against individ-12
432	432	uals for engaging in First Amendment-protected conduct, 13
433	433	including the right to petition the government for redress 14
434	434	of grievances. Specifically, he has, barred attorneys at cer-15
435	435	tain law firms from access to Federal buildings, arbitrarily 16
436	436	revoked security clearances without a reasonable basis, 17
437	437	threatened to cancel Federal contracts with any entity en-18
438	438	gaging the targeted attorneys and firms, and demanded 19
439	439	pro bono services from law firms in exchange for the dis-20
440	440	continuation of the punitive Executive orders. 21
441	441	Additionally, Donald John Trump has engaged in a 22
442	442	pattern of unconstitutional, unlawful, and corrupt retalia-23
443	443	tion against critics and political opponents, a flagrant vio-24
444	444	lation of constitutional rights protected by the First 25
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447	447	•HRES 353 IH
448	448	Amendment. He has weaponized the Department of Jus-1
449	449	tice and other agencies to engage in spurious investiga-2
450	450	tions and harassment, with no basis in law, of public fig-3
451	451	ures and his perceived political enemies. 4
452	452	Since taking office, Donald John Trump has directed 5
453	453	the Department of Justice to dismiss more than a dozen 6
454	454	prosecutors who were involved in investigations against 7
455	455	him after he left office in 2021. The Department of Jus-8
456	456	tice has subsequently launched investigations into officials 9
457	457	involved in prior probes against Donald John Trump, in 10
458	458	some cases against individuals specifically named and ac-11
459	459	cused in flagrantly improper Executive orders. 12
460	460	Furthermore, he has made direct and unambiguous 13
461	461	public statements threatening media outlets, current and 14
462	462	former officeholders, and advocacy organizations. He has 15
463	463	pursued meritless litigation, leveraged his public office for 16
464	464	private gain, and perverted the course of justice and the 17
465	465	integrity of the judicial system to extract tens of millions 18
466	466	of dollars in putative settlements, effectively acting as a 19
467	467	conduit for flagrant bribery and extortion. He has re-20
468	468	stricted the access of the Associated Press after they re-21
469	469	fused to use the name ‘‘Gulf of America’’ in their report-22
470	470	ing and has defied court orders to cease this unconstitu-23
471	471	tional action. He has also threatened current and former 24
472	472	members of Congress for the exercise of their legislative 25
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475	475	•HRES 353 IH
476	476	and oversight functions, an attack on the independence of 1
477	477	Congress as a coequal branch of government as estab-2
478	478	lished by the Constitution’s Article I Vesting Clause, and 3
479	479	by the Constitution’s Speech or Debate Clause, in addition 4
480	480	to the First Amendment. 5
481	481	For example, Donald John Trump has repeatedly 6
482	482	threatened members of the House Select Committee on 7
483	483	the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, 8
484	484	which investigated the attack on the Capitol that Donald 9
485	485	John Trump instigated. Donald John Trump has sought 10
486	486	to intimidate the members and staff of the United States 11
487	487	House Select Committee on the January 6th Attack, stat-12
488	488	ing that they ‘‘should fully understand that they are sub-13
489	489	ject to investigation at the highest level’’ and expressing 14
490	490	a desire to remove the pardons they received, stating ‘‘The 15
491	491	‘Pardons’ that Sleepy Joe Biden gave to the Unselect 16
492	492	Committee of Political Thugs, and many others, are here-17
493	493	by declared [void, vacant, and of no further force or ef-18
494	494	fect]’’. 19
495	495	Donald John Trump has made it clear that he will 20
496	496	not rest until all of his perceived political enemies are 21
497	497	eliminated. In a speech addressing his Department of Jus-22
498	498	tice subordinates, Donald John Trump further laid out his 23
499	499	fascist vision for the Department of Justice. He has tar-24
500	500	geted watchdog organizations like the Citizens for Respon-25
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503	503	•HRES 353 IH
504	504	sibility and Ethics in Washington, calling them ‘‘scum’’ 1
505	505	and independent media outlets like CNN and MSNBC, la-2
506	506	belling them as organizations that ‘‘literally write 97.6 3
507	507	percent bad about me, are political arms of the Democrat 4
508	508	Party. And in my opinion, they are really corrupt and they 5
509	509	are illegal. What they do is illegal.’’. He has stated that 6
510	510	newspapers critical of him are ‘‘really no different than 7
511	511	a highly paid political operative. And it has to stop. It 8
512	512	has to be illegal. It’s influencing judges . . . it just cannot 9
513	513	be legal.’’. 10
514	514	By these and many other actions, he has sought to 11
515	515	outlaw dissent, opposition, and criticism of himself and his 12
516	516	Administration. This attack on the constitutional rights 13
517	517	to freedom of speech, and of association, and of the right 14
518	518	to petition the government for redress of grievances, is 15
519	519	wholly incompatible with the rights and liberties of the 16
520	520	People of the United States as a self-governing people 17
521	521	under the rule of law. 18
522	522	In purpose and effect, he has attempted to suppress 19
523	523	dissent and opposition, casting a chilling effect over the 20
524	524	public discourse, and striking at the core freedoms essen-21
525	525	tial to a free society and democratic elections under the 22
526	526	Constitution. 23
527	527	Wherefore, Donald John Trump, by such conduct, 24
528	528	has demonstrated that he is unfit to govern a Nation by 25
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531	531	•HRES 353 IH
532	532	and for the people, has acted in a manner grossly incom-1
533	533	patible with self-governance and the rule of law, and will 2
534	534	remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain 3
535	535	in office. 4
536	536	ARTICLE V: CREATION OF UNLAWFUL OFFICE 5
537	537	6
538	538	The Constitution provides that the House of Rep-7
539	539	resentatives ‘‘shall have the sole Power of Impeachment’’ 8
540	540	and that the President ‘‘shall be removed from Office on 9
541	541	Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 10
542	542	other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’’. Further, Section 11
543	543	2 of Article II of the Constitution states that the President 12
544	544	‘‘shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and 13
545	545	Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Offi-14
546	546	cers of the United States . . . but the Congress may by 15
547	547	Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as 16
548	548	they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts 17
549	549	of Law, or in the Heads of Departments’’. In his conduct 18
550	550	of the office of President of the United States—and in 19
551	551	violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully to execute 20
552	552	the office of President of the United States and, to the 21
553	553	best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Con-22
554	554	stitution of the United States, and in violation of his con-23
555	555	stitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully 24
556	556	executed—Donald John Trump has abused the powers of 25
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559	559	•HRES 353 IH
560	560	the Presidency in a manner offensive to, and subversive 1
561	561	of, the Constitution, in that: 2
562	562	Using the powers of his high office, Donald John 3
563	563	Trump has, through unlawful orders and directives, cre-4
564	564	ated an unlawful office, the so-called Department of Gov-5
565	565	ernment Efficiency (‘‘DOGE’’), and assigned an extensive 6
566	566	range of unlawful powers, effectively granting this fla-7
567	567	grantly unconstitutional creation significant control over 8
568	568	the executive branch. Donald John Trump has appointed 9
569	569	Mr. Elon Musk as the de facto head of this contrived enti-10
570	570	ty, which was not created or funded by any law, without 11
571	571	a formal title or office. These actions have been in direct 12
572	572	violation of the Constitution’s requirement that principal 13
573	573	officers of the United States must be created by law and 14
574	574	their appointees confirmed by the Senate, and that inferior 15
575	575	offices must be created by law with their appointment 16
576	576	vested as Congress may determine. 17
577	577	Additionally, he has vested these powers in Mr. Musk 18
578	578	without complying with the constitutional requirement 19
579	579	that all officers of the United States be commissioned by 20
580	580	the President and swear an oath of office to support the 21
581	581	Constitution. Mr. Musk has been designated as a special 22
582	582	government employee of the White House Office, in viola-23
583	583	tion of statutory authorization and restrictions on such 24
584	584	designations. This false claim has also been used to com-25
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587	587	•HRES 353 IH
588	588	mit violations of the ethics, disclosure, and conflict-of-in-1
589	589	terest laws applicable to government officers and regular 2
590	590	employees. 3
591	591	Contrary to the Government’s claims in court, Mr. 4
592	592	Musk has exercised de facto control over DOGE and, 5
593	593	through it, control over a wide range of Government de-6
594	594	partments and agencies. This unmistakable reality has 7
595	595	been repeatedly and openly stated by the Trump Adminis-8
596	596	tration, including by Donald John Trump’s own address 9
597	597	to Congress on March 4, 2025. In this capacity, Mr. Musk 10
598	598	and his subordinates have undertaken numerous violations 11
599	599	of the Constitution and laws, including by— 12
600	600	(1) impoundment of funds appropriated by 13
601	601	Congress; 14
602	602	(2) violations of privacy and security laws with 15
603	603	respect to sensitive information systems, personally 16
604	604	identifiable information, and classified material; and 17
605	605	(3) termination of government employees under 18
606	606	false pretenses and in violation of civil service laws. 19
607	607	These actions have vastly exceeded the terms of the 20
608	608	formal executive orders purporting to create DOGE under 21
609	609	the direction of a ‘‘U.S. DOGE Service Administrator’’, 22
610	610	an office which remained vacant for several weeks, with 23
611	611	the Government’s own attorneys claiming in court that the 24
612	612	official head of DOGE was unknown to them. Since that 25
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615	615	•HRES 353 IH
616	616	time, a nominal Administrator has been named, despite 1
617	617	the repeated avowals from the President and his Adminis-2
618	618	tration that Mr. Musk controls and directs DOGE, as con-3
619	619	firmed by ample public reporting and Mr. Musk’s own 4
620	620	statements. 5
621	621	Donald John Trump has abused the powers of his 6
622	622	high office and breached the public trust by establishing 7
623	623	the so-called Department of Government Efficiency and 8
624	624	unconstitutionally placing Mr. Musk in control of this enti-9
625	625	ty, knowingly provided false testimony to the court regard-10
626	626	ing the leadership of the said entity, and directing the un-11
627	627	lawful entity to implement his agenda, in violation of the 12
628	628	Constitution’s objective of establishing Justice and funda-13
629	629	mental rules for how the executive branch of the United 14
630	630	States is to be structured and how persons may be ap-15
631	631	pointed to public office. 16
632	632	Wherefore, Donald John Trump, by such conduct, 17
633	633	has demonstrated that he is unfit to govern a Nation by 18
634	634	and for the people, has acted in a manner grossly incom-19
635	635	patible with self-governance and the rule of law, and will 20
636	636	remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain 21
637	637	in office. 22
638	638	ARTICLE VI: BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION 23
639	639	24
640	640	The Constitution provides that the House of Rep-25
641	641	resentatives ‘‘shall have the sole Power of Impeachment’’ 26
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645	645	and that the President ‘‘shall be removed from Office on 1
646	646	Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 2
647	647	other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’’. Further, Section 3
648	648	9 of Article I of the Constitution states that ‘‘no Person 4
649	649	holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, 5
650	650	without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any 6
651	651	present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind what-7
652	652	ever, from any . . . foreign State’’. In his conduct of the 8
653	653	office of President of the United States—and in violation 9
654	654	of his constitutional oath to faithfully to execute the office 10
655	655	of President of the United States and, to the best of his 11
656	656	ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of 12
657	657	the United States, and in violation of his constitutional 13
658	658	duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed— 14
659	659	Donald John Trump has abused the powers of the Presi-15
660	660	dency in a manner offensive to, and subversive of, the Con-16
661	661	stitution, in that: 17
662	662	Donald John Trump has engaged in a pattern of un-18
663	663	lawful corruption for the personal profit of himself and 19
664	664	his associates, soliciting and accepting bribes in exchange 20
665	665	for official actions, policy influence, and favorable treat-21
666	666	ment from the Administration. In so doing, he has, beyond 22
667	667	a reasonable doubt, profiteered from public office on a 23
668	668	scale unprecedented in American history. 24
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672	672	Donald John Trump has engaged in fraudulent con 1
673	673	artist schemes through ‘‘pump and dump’’ or ‘‘rug pull’’ 2
674	674	tactics for cryptocurrency tokens he has created, and at 3
675	675	the same time, enabled a direct conduit for bribes paid 4
676	676	to him in exchange for official actions. 5
677	677	Donald John Trump has also leveraged the threat of 6
678	678	hostile government action and the corresponding offer of 7
679	679	preferential treatment in order to extract large payments 8
680	680	in the form of settlements for meritless and vexatious liti-9
681	681	gation he pursues in his personal capacity, thereby cor-10
682	682	rupting both the executive branch and the judiciary. To 11
683	683	advance this end, Donald John Trump solicited and re-12
684	684	ceived $940,000,000 in pro bono services from prominent 13
685	685	law firms to help causes he personally supports. 14
686	686	Donald John Trump has refused to divest himself or 15
687	687	take any steps to prevent conflicts of interest in his sub-16
688	688	stantial personal business ventures, creating another con-17
689	689	duit for the payment of bribes. 18
690	690	Donald John Trump has permitted and encouraged 19
691	691	his subordinates to violate laws regarding ethics, disclo-20
692	692	sures, and self-dealing, and through these actions, he has 21
693	693	enabled and encouraged corruption and graft by his rel-22
694	694	atives, associates, and political allies. 23
695	695	Donald John Trump has, in these ways and others, 24
696	696	solicited payments from foreign governments for corrupt 25
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700	700	purposes and in flagrant violation of the Constitution’s 1
701	701	prohibition on foreign emoluments. 2
702	702	Wherefore, Donald John Trump, by such conduct, 3
703	703	has demonstrated that he is unfit to govern a Nation by 4
704	704	and for the people, has acted in a manner grossly incom-5
705	705	patible with self-governance and the rule of law, and will 6
706	706	remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain 7
707	707	in office. 8
708	708	ARTICLE VII: TYRANNY 9
709	709	10
710	710	The Constitution provides that the House of Rep-11
711	711	resentatives ‘‘shall have the sole Power of Impeachment’’ 12
712	712	and that the President ‘‘shall be removed from Office on 13
713	713	Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 14
714	714	other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’’. Further, the sys-15
715	715	tem of checks and balances, as well as the separation of 16
716	716	powers, as defined in the Constitution, work to ensure that 17
717	717	the Office of the President does not become tyrannical. 18
718	718	In his conduct of the office of President of the United 19
719	719	States—and in violation of his constitutional oath to faith-20
720	720	fully to execute the office of President of the United States 21
721	721	and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend 22
722	722	the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of 23
723	723	his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faith-24
724	724	fully executed—Donald John Trump has abused the pow-25
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727	727	•HRES 353 IH
728	728	ers of the Presidency in a manner offensive to, and subver-1
729	729	sive of, the Constitution, in that: 2
730	730	He has, by his actions and statements, sought to es-3
731	731	tablish himself as tyrant, dictator, and autocrat over the 4
732	732	People of the United States, usurping unto himself the 5
733	733	constitutional powers of Congress, the courts, and the 6
734	734	States, and powers illegitimate and beyond the scope of 7
735	735	lawful government altogether. 8
736	736	He has claimed for himself absolute and arbitrary 9
737	737	power, the ability to suspend laws at whim, and utterly 10
738	738	disregarded and betrayed his oath to faithfully execute the 11
739	739	office of President of the United States and to preserve, 12
740	740	protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. 13
741	741	He has denied and violated the right of the People 14
742	742	of the United States to freedom of speech, and of assem-15
743	743	bly, and to petition the government for redress of griev-16
744	744	ances. 17
745	745	He has denied and violated the right of the People 18
746	746	of the United States to due process of law and equal pro-19
747	747	tection under the laws, to fair and impartial independent 20
748	748	courts, and to legal counsel. 21
749	749	He has sought to intimidate and coerce, by means 22
750	750	including the threat of unlawful prosecutions and by en-23
751	751	couraging violence and threats of violence, the Representa-24
752	752	tives and Senators in Congress. 25
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756	756	He has denied and violated the separation of powers 1
757	757	and the Constitution’s system of checks and balances, ar-2
758	758	rogating unto himself the legislative and judicial powers, 3
759	759	including the power of Congress to levy taxes, appropriate 4
760	760	public funds, direct the organization of officers and agen-5
761	761	cies of the executive branch, and to make laws. 6
762	762	He has sought to intimidate, coerce, and extort the 7
763	763	officers of the several States, including those elected by 8
764	764	the People thereof, and thereby sought to commandeer the 9
765	765	several States, in violation of their sovereignty and the 10
766	766	system of federalism established by the Constitution of the 11
767	767	United States. 12
768	768	He has sought to abrogate the citizenship clause of 13
769	769	the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, by means in-14
770	770	cluding the issuance of an executive order that directs ex-15
771	771	ecutive departments and agencies to withhold citizenship 16
772	772	from certain classes of persons who are born within the 17
773	773	United States. 18
774	774	He has repeatedly threatened and suggested that he 19
775	775	intends to violate the Presidential term limits established 20
776	776	by the 22d Amendment to the Constitution, and adopted 21
777	777	overtly monarchical aspirations and affectations, including 22
778	778	by invoking and endorsing theories that he is above the 23
779	779	law or that his personal will constitutes the law. 24
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783	783	In all of this, Donald John Trump has willfully dis-1
784	784	regarded Federal laws and the Constitution, imperiled a 2
785	785	coequal branch of Government, and threatened the integ-3
786	786	rity of the democratic system. He thereby betrayed his 4
787	787	trust as President, abused the powers of the Presidency, 5
788	788	acted in a manner grossly incompatible with self-govern-6
789	789	ance and the rule of law, and has committed High Crimes 7
790	790	and Misdemeanors in attempting to establish himself as 8
791	791	a lawless tyrant to the manifest injury of the people of 9
792	792	the United States. 10
793	793	Wherefore, Donald John Trump, by such conduct, 11
794	794	has demonstrated that he is unfit to govern a Nation by 12
795	795	and for the people, has acted in a manner grossly incom-13
796	796	patible with self-governance and the rule of law, and will 14
797	797	remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain 15
798	798	in office. 16
799	799	Æ
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