| 1 | 1 | | II |
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| 2 | 2 | | 119THCONGRESS |
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| 3 | 3 | | 1 |
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| 4 | 4 | | STSESSION S. 321 |
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| 5 | 5 | | To amend title 18, United States Code, to prohibit United States persons |
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| 6 | 6 | | from advancing artificial intelligence capabilities within the People’s Re- |
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| 7 | 7 | | public of China, and for other purposes. |
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| 8 | 8 | | IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES |
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| 9 | 9 | | JANUARY29, 2025 |
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| 10 | 10 | | Mr. H |
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| 11 | 11 | | AWLEYintroduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred |
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| 12 | 12 | | to the Committee on the Judiciary |
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| 13 | 13 | | A BILL |
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| 14 | 14 | | To amend title 18, United States Code, to prohibit United |
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| 15 | 15 | | States persons from advancing artificial intelligence capa- |
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| 16 | 16 | | bilities within the People’s Republic of China, and for |
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| 17 | 17 | | other purposes. |
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| 18 | 18 | | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1 |
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| 19 | 19 | | tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2 |
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| 20 | 20 | | SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3 |
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| 21 | 21 | | This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Decoupling America’s 4 |
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| 22 | 22 | | Artificial Intelligence Capabilities from China Act of 5 |
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| 23 | 23 | | 2025’’. 6 |
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| 24 | 24 | | SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 7 |
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| 25 | 25 | | In this Act: 8 |
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| 27 | 27 | | kjohnson on DSK7ZCZBW3PROD with $$_JOB 2 |
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| 28 | 28 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 29 | 29 | | (1) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ; GENERATIVE 1 |
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| 30 | 30 | | ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE .—The terms ‘‘artificial 2 |
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| 31 | 31 | | intelligence’’ and ‘‘generative artificial intelligence’’ 3 |
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| 32 | 32 | | have the meanings given those terms in section 2741 4 |
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| 33 | 33 | | of title 18, United States Code, as added by section 5 |
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| 34 | 34 | | 3. 6 |
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| 35 | 35 | | (2) A |
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| 36 | 36 | | RTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OR GENERATIVE 7 |
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| 37 | 37 | | ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY OR INTEL -8 |
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| 38 | 38 | | LECTUAL PROPERTY .—The term ‘‘artificial intel-9 |
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| 39 | 39 | | ligence or generative artificial intelligence technology 10 |
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| 40 | 40 | | or intellectual property’’ means technology or intel-11 |
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| 41 | 41 | | lectual property that could be used to contribute to 12 |
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| 42 | 42 | | artificial intelligence or generative artificial intel-13 |
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| 43 | 43 | | ligence capabilities. 14 |
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| 44 | 44 | | (3) C |
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| 45 | 45 | | HINESE ENTITY OF CONCERN .—The term 15 |
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| 46 | 46 | | ‘‘Chinese entity of concern’’ has the meaning given 16 |
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| 47 | 47 | | the term in section 2741 of title 18, United States 17 |
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| 48 | 48 | | Code, as added by section 4. 18 |
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| 49 | 49 | | (4) I |
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| 50 | 50 | | NTEREST.—The term ‘‘interest’’, with re-19 |
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| 51 | 51 | | spect to an entity, includes an interest in the enti-20 |
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| 52 | 52 | | ty— 21 |
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| 53 | 53 | | (A) held directly or indirectly through any 22 |
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| 54 | 54 | | chain of ownership; or 23 |
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| 55 | 55 | | (B) held as a derivative financial instru-24 |
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| 56 | 56 | | ment or other contractual arrangement with the 25 |
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| 58 | 58 | | kjohnson on DSK7ZCZBW3PROD with $$_JOB 3 |
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| 59 | 59 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 60 | 60 | | entity, including any financial instrument or 1 |
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| 61 | 61 | | other contract that seeks to replicate any finan-2 |
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| 62 | 62 | | cial return with respect to the entity or an in-3 |
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| 63 | 63 | | terest in the entity. 4 |
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| 64 | 64 | | (5) M |
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| 65 | 65 | | ILITARY-CIVIL FUSION STRATEGY .—The 5 |
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| 66 | 66 | | term ‘‘military-civil fusion strategy’’ means the 6 |
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| 67 | 67 | | strategy of the Chinese Communist Party aiming to 7 |
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| 68 | 68 | | mobilize non-military resources and expertise for 8 |
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| 69 | 69 | | military application, including the development of 9 |
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| 70 | 70 | | technology, improvements in logistics, and other uses 10 |
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| 71 | 71 | | by the People’s Liberation Army. 11 |
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| 72 | 72 | | (6) I |
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| 73 | 73 | | NTELLECTUAL PROPERTY .—The term ‘‘in-12 |
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| 74 | 74 | | tellectual property’’ means— 13 |
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| 75 | 75 | | (A) any work protected by a copyright 14 |
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| 76 | 76 | | under title 17, United States Code; 15 |
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| 77 | 77 | | (B) any property protected by a patent 16 |
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| 78 | 78 | | granted by the United States Patent and 17 |
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| 79 | 79 | | Trademark Office under title 35, United States 18 |
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| 80 | 80 | | Code; 19 |
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| 81 | 81 | | (C) any word, name, symbol, or device, or 20 |
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| 82 | 82 | | any combination thereof, that is registered as a 21 |
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| 83 | 83 | | trademark with the United States Patent and 22 |
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| 84 | 84 | | Trademark Office under the Act entitled ‘‘An 23 |
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| 85 | 85 | | Act to provide for the registration and protec-24 |
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| 86 | 86 | | tion of trademarks used in commerce, to carry 25 |
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| 88 | 88 | | kjohnson on DSK7ZCZBW3PROD with $$_JOB 4 |
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| 89 | 89 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 90 | 90 | | out the provisions of certain international con-1 |
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| 91 | 91 | | ventions, and for other purposes’’, approved 2 |
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| 92 | 92 | | July 5, 1946 (commonly known as the 3 |
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| 93 | 93 | | ‘‘Lanham Act’’ or the ‘‘Trademark Act of 4 |
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| 94 | 94 | | 1946’’) (15 U.S.C. 1051 et seq.); or 5 |
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| 95 | 95 | | (D) a trade secret (as defined in section 6 |
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| 96 | 96 | | 1839 of title 18, United States Code). 7 |
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| 97 | 97 | | (7) T |
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| 98 | 98 | | ECHNOLOGY.—The term ‘‘technology’’— 8 |
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| 99 | 99 | | (A) has the meaning given that term in 9 |
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| 100 | 100 | | section 1742 of the Export Control Reform Act 10 |
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| 101 | 101 | | of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801); and 11 |
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| 102 | 102 | | (B) includes— 12 |
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| 103 | 103 | | (i) any semiconductor, circuit board, 13 |
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| 104 | 104 | | operating system, graphics processing unit, 14 |
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| 105 | 105 | | central processing unit, tenor processing 15 |
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| 106 | 106 | | unit, field-programmable gate array, ran-16 |
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| 107 | 107 | | dom access memory, hard drive, solid-state 17 |
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| 108 | 108 | | drive, dataflow architecture, or cloud-com-18 |
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| 109 | 109 | | puting service, that is manufactured, de-19 |
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| 110 | 110 | | signed, developed, supplied, deployed, com-20 |
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| 111 | 111 | | pleted, assembled, restored, converted, or 21 |
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| 112 | 112 | | replicated to function artificial intelligence 22 |
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| 113 | 113 | | or generative artificial intelligence; and 23 |
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| 114 | 114 | | (ii) any other hardware, software, 24 |
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| 115 | 115 | | equipment, device, component, robotic, 25 |
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| 117 | 117 | | kjohnson on DSK7ZCZBW3PROD with $$_JOB 5 |
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| 118 | 118 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 119 | 119 | | computer, processor, network, machine, ac-1 |
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| 120 | 120 | | celerator, circuit, storage, system or sub-2 |
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| 121 | 121 | | system, server, or related good, tool, or 3 |
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| 122 | 122 | | service, that is manufactured, designed, de-4 |
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| 123 | 123 | | veloped, supplied, deployed, completed, as-5 |
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| 124 | 124 | | sembled, restored, converted, or replicated 6 |
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| 125 | 125 | | to function artificial intelligence or genera-7 |
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| 126 | 126 | | tive artificial intelligence. 8 |
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| 127 | 127 | | (8) T |
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| 128 | 128 | | ERMS FROM EXPORT CONTROL REFORM 9 |
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| 129 | 129 | | ACT OF 2018.—The terms ‘‘export’’, ‘‘in-country 10 |
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| 130 | 130 | | transfer’’, and ‘‘reexport’’ have the meanings given 11 |
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| 131 | 131 | | those terms in section 1742 of the Export Control 12 |
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| 132 | 132 | | Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801). 13 |
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| 133 | 133 | | (9) U |
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| 134 | 134 | | NITED STATES PERSON .—The term 14 |
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| 135 | 135 | | ‘‘United States person’’ has the meaning given the 15 |
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| 136 | 136 | | term in section 2741 of title 18, United States Code, 16 |
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| 137 | 137 | | as added by section 4. 17 |
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| 138 | 138 | | SEC. 3. PROHIBITIONS ON IMPORT AND EXPORT OF ARTIFI-18 |
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| 139 | 139 | | CIAL INTELLIGENCE OR GENERATIVE ARTIFI-19 |
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| 140 | 140 | | CIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY OR INTEL-20 |
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| 141 | 141 | | LECTUAL PROPERTY. 21 |
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| 142 | 142 | | (a) P |
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| 143 | 143 | | ROHIBITION ONIMPORTATION.—On and after 22 |
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| 144 | 144 | | the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment 23 |
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| 145 | 145 | | of this Act, the importation into the United States of arti-24 |
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| 146 | 146 | | ficial intelligence or generative artificial intelligence tech-25 |
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| 148 | 148 | | kjohnson on DSK7ZCZBW3PROD with $$_JOB 6 |
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| 149 | 149 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 150 | 150 | | nology or intellectual property developed or produced in 1 |
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| 151 | 151 | | the People’s Republic of China is prohibited. 2 |
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| 152 | 152 | | (b) P |
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| 153 | 153 | | ROHIBITION ON EXPORT.—On and after the 3 |
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| 154 | 154 | | date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of 4 |
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| 155 | 155 | | this Act, the export, reexport, or in-country transfer of 5 |
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| 156 | 156 | | artificial intelligence or generative artificial intelligence 6 |
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| 157 | 157 | | technology or intellectual property to or within the Peo-7 |
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| 158 | 158 | | ple’s Republic of China is prohibited. 8 |
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| 159 | 159 | | (c) P |
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| 160 | 160 | | ENALTIES.— 9 |
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| 161 | 161 | | (1) C |
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| 162 | 162 | | RIMINAL.—A person who willfully com-10 |
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| 163 | 163 | | mits, willfully attempts to commit, or willfully con-11 |
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| 164 | 164 | | spires to commit, or aids and abets in the commis-12 |
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| 165 | 165 | | sion of, the violation of a prohibition under sub-13 |
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| 166 | 166 | | section (a) or (b) shall be subject to the criminal 14 |
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| 167 | 167 | | penalties set forth in subsection (b) of section 1760 15 |
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| 168 | 168 | | of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 16 |
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| 169 | 169 | | U.S.C. 4819) to the same extent as a person who 17 |
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| 170 | 170 | | willfully commits, willfully attempts to commit, or 18 |
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| 171 | 171 | | willfully conspires to commit, or aids and abets in 19 |
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| 172 | 172 | | the commission of an unlawful act described in sub-20 |
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| 173 | 173 | | section (a) of that section. 21 |
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| 174 | 174 | | (2) C |
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| 175 | 175 | | IVIL.—A person who violates a prohibition 22 |
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| 176 | 176 | | under subsection (a) or (b) or any regulation, order, 23 |
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| 177 | 177 | | or license issued to carry out any such prohibition 24 |
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| 178 | 178 | | shall be subject to a civil penalty set forth in section 25 |
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| 180 | 180 | | kjohnson on DSK7ZCZBW3PROD with $$_JOB 7 |
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| 181 | 181 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 182 | 182 | | 1760(c) of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 1 |
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| 183 | 183 | | (50 U.S.C. 4819(c)) for each such violation to the 2 |
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| 184 | 184 | | same extent as a person who commits a violation de-3 |
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| 185 | 185 | | scribed in that section. 4 |
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| 186 | 186 | | (d) R |
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| 187 | 187 | | EGULATIONS.—Not later than 90 days after the 5 |
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| 188 | 188 | | date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Commerce 6 |
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| 189 | 189 | | shall issue regulations implementing this section. 7 |
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| 190 | 190 | | SEC. 4. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH AND DEVEL-8 |
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| 191 | 191 | | OPMENT. 9 |
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| 192 | 192 | | (a) I |
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| 193 | 193 | | NGENERAL.—Part I of title 18, United States 10 |
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| 194 | 194 | | Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: 11 |
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| 195 | 195 | | ‘‘CHAPTER 124—RESEARCH AND DEVEL-12 |
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| 196 | 196 | | OPMENT THAT BENEFITS THE PEO-13 |
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| 197 | 197 | | PLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 14 |
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| 198 | 198 | | ‘‘§ 2741. Definitions 15 |
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| 199 | 199 | | ‘‘In this chapter: 16 |
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| 200 | 200 | | ‘‘(1) A |
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| 201 | 201 | | RTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE .—The term 17 |
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| 202 | 202 | | ‘artificial intelligence’— 18 |
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| 203 | 203 | | ‘‘(A) has the meaning given the term in 19 |
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| 204 | 204 | | section 238(g) of the John S. McCain National 20 |
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| 205 | 205 | | Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 21 |
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| 206 | 206 | | (10 U.S.C. note prec. 4061; Public Law 115– 22 |
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| 207 | 207 | | 232); and 23 |
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| 208 | 208 | | ‘‘(B) includes— 24 |
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| 211 | 211 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 212 | 212 | | ‘‘(i) an artificial or automated sys-1 |
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| 213 | 213 | | tem— 2 |
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| 214 | 214 | | ‘‘(I) that performs tasks under 3 |
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| 215 | 215 | | varying and unpredictable cir-4 |
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| 216 | 216 | | cumstances without significant human 5 |
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| 217 | 217 | | oversight; 6 |
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| 218 | 218 | | ‘‘(II) that can learn from experi-7 |
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| 219 | 219 | | ence and improve performance when 8 |
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| 220 | 220 | | exposed to data sets; 9 |
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| 221 | 221 | | ‘‘(III) developed in computer 10 |
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| 222 | 222 | | software, physical hardware, or an-11 |
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| 223 | 223 | | other context that solves tasks requir-12 |
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| 224 | 224 | | ing human-like perception, cognition, 13 |
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| 225 | 225 | | planning, learning, communication, or 14 |
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| 226 | 226 | | physical action; 15 |
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| 227 | 227 | | ‘‘(IV) designed to think or act 16 |
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| 228 | 228 | | like a human, including through cog-17 |
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| 229 | 229 | | nitive architectures or neural net-18 |
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| 230 | 230 | | works; 19 |
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| 231 | 231 | | ‘‘(V) that has or is derived from 20 |
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| 232 | 232 | | a set of techniques, including machine 21 |
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| 233 | 233 | | learning, statistics, or other data 22 |
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| 234 | 234 | | processing or artificial intelligence 23 |
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| 235 | 235 | | techniques, that is designed to approx-24 |
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| 236 | 236 | | imate a cognitive task; 25 |
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| 239 | 239 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 240 | 240 | | ‘‘(VI) designed to act rationally, 1 |
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| 241 | 241 | | including through an intelligent soft-2 |
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| 242 | 242 | | ware agent or embodied robot that 3 |
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| 243 | 243 | | achieves goals using perception, plan-4 |
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| 244 | 244 | | ning, reasoning, learning, commu-5 |
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| 245 | 245 | | nicating, decision-making, and acting; 6 |
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| 246 | 246 | | or 7 |
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| 247 | 247 | | ‘‘(VII) that is intended to or ca-8 |
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| 248 | 248 | | pable of interacting with humans, de-9 |
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| 249 | 249 | | tecting human emotions, determining 10 |
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| 250 | 250 | | associations with social categories 11 |
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| 251 | 251 | | based on biometric data, or generating 12 |
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| 252 | 252 | | or manipulating image, audio, video, 13 |
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| 253 | 253 | | or related material; and 14 |
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| 254 | 254 | | ‘‘(ii) any other artificial or automated 15 |
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| 255 | 255 | | system, software, or process that uses com-16 |
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| 256 | 256 | | putation as whole or part of a system to 17 |
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| 257 | 257 | | determine outcomes, make or aid decisions, 18 |
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| 258 | 258 | | inform policy implementation, collect data 19 |
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| 259 | 259 | | or observations, or otherwise interact with 20 |
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| 260 | 260 | | humans or communities of humans. 21 |
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| 261 | 261 | | ‘‘(2) C |
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| 262 | 262 | | ONTROL.—The term ‘control’ has the 22 |
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| 263 | 263 | | meaning given the term in section 800.208 of title 23 |
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| 264 | 264 | | 31, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the 24 |
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| 265 | 265 | | date of enactment of this Act). 25 |
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| 268 | 268 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 269 | 269 | | ‘‘(3) CORPORATION.—The term ‘corporation’— 1 |
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| 270 | 270 | | ‘‘(A) means an entity with the business 2 |
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| 271 | 271 | | structure of a corporation, a company, a limited 3 |
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| 272 | 272 | | liability company, a limited partnership, a busi-4 |
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| 273 | 273 | | ness trust, a business association, or another 5 |
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| 274 | 274 | | similar entity; and 6 |
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| 275 | 275 | | ‘‘(B) includes any subsidiary or branch of 7 |
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| 276 | 276 | | an entity described in subparagraph (A) tied to 8 |
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| 277 | 277 | | an entity described in subparagraph (A) 9 |
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| 278 | 278 | | through a series of contracts. 10 |
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| 279 | 279 | | ‘‘(4) D |
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| 280 | 280 | | EVELOPMENT.—The term ‘development’ 11 |
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| 281 | 281 | | means creative and systematic work that draws upon 12 |
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| 282 | 282 | | knowledge gained from research and practical expe-13 |
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| 283 | 283 | | rience, which— 14 |
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| 284 | 284 | | ‘‘(A) is directed toward the production of 15 |
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| 285 | 285 | | new products or processes or improving existing 16 |
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| 286 | 286 | | products or processes; and 17 |
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| 287 | 287 | | ‘‘(B) like research, results in gaining addi-18 |
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| 288 | 288 | | tional knowledge. 19 |
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| 289 | 289 | | ‘‘(5) E |
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| 290 | 290 | | NTITY OF CONCERN .—The term ‘entity 20 |
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| 291 | 291 | | of concern’ means— 21 |
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| 292 | 292 | | ‘‘(A) an institution of education, including 22 |
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| 293 | 293 | | a college and university, organized under the 23 |
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| 294 | 294 | | laws of the People’s Republic of China; 24 |
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| 298 | 298 | | ‘‘(B) a research institution, research lab, 1 |
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| 299 | 299 | | or research and development center organized 2 |
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| 300 | 300 | | under the laws of the People’s Republic of 3 |
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| 301 | 301 | | China; 4 |
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| 302 | 302 | | ‘‘(C) any corporation— 5 |
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| 303 | 303 | | ‘‘(i) that is organized under the laws 6 |
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| 304 | 304 | | of the People’s Republic of China; 7 |
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| 305 | 305 | | ‘‘(ii) that is headquartered in the Peo-8 |
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| 306 | 306 | | ple’s Republic of China; 9 |
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| 307 | 307 | | ‘‘(iii) that has its principal place of 10 |
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| 308 | 308 | | business in the People’s Republic of China; 11 |
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| 309 | 309 | | or 12 |
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| 310 | 310 | | ‘‘(iv) the equity securities of which are 13 |
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| 311 | 311 | | primarily traded on not less than 1 ex-14 |
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| 312 | 312 | | change based within the People’s Republic 15 |
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| 313 | 313 | | of China; and 16 |
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| 314 | 314 | | ‘‘(D) the Government of the People’s Re-17 |
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| 315 | 315 | | public of China (as defined in section 204 of 18 |
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| 316 | 316 | | the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 (22 19 |
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| 317 | 317 | | U.S.C. 6903)) and any governmental depart-20 |
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| 318 | 318 | | ment, agency, ministry, research institution, re-21 |
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| 319 | 319 | | search lab, research and development center, or 22 |
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| 320 | 320 | | any other entity, subdivision, or affiliate of the 23 |
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| 321 | 321 | | People’s Republic of China, the Chinese Com-24 |
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| 322 | 322 | | munist Party, or the People’s Liberation Army. 25 |
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| 325 | 325 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 326 | 326 | | ‘‘(6) FEDERAL AGENCY .—The term ‘Federal 1 |
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| 327 | 327 | | agency’ means a department, an independent estab-2 |
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| 328 | 328 | | lishment, a commission, an administration, an au-3 |
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| 329 | 329 | | thority, a board or bureau of the United States, a 4 |
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| 330 | 330 | | corporation in which the United States has a propri-5 |
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| 331 | 331 | | etary interest, or any other agency of the executive 6 |
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| 332 | 332 | | branch of the Federal Government. 7 |
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| 333 | 333 | | ‘‘(7) F |
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| 334 | 334 | | EDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE .—The 8 |
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| 335 | 335 | | term ‘Federal financial assistance’ means a grant, 9 |
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| 336 | 336 | | loan, or contribution provided by the Federal Gov-10 |
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| 337 | 337 | | ernment. 11 |
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| 338 | 338 | | ‘‘(8) G |
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| 339 | 339 | | ENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTEL -12 |
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| 340 | 340 | | LIGENCE.—The term ‘generative artificial intel-13 |
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| 341 | 341 | | ligence’ means an artificial intelligence system that 14 |
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| 342 | 342 | | is capable of generating novel text, video, images, 15 |
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| 343 | 343 | | audio, or other media based on prompts or other 16 |
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| 344 | 344 | | forms of data provided by an individual. 17 |
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| 345 | 345 | | ‘‘(9) P |
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| 346 | 346 | | EOPLES’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA .—The 18 |
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| 347 | 347 | | term ‘People’s Republic of China’ includes Hong 19 |
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| 348 | 348 | | Kong and Macau. 20 |
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| 349 | 349 | | ‘‘(10) R |
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| 350 | 350 | | ESEARCH.—The term ‘research’— 21 |
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| 351 | 351 | | ‘‘(A) means a systematic study directed to-22 |
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| 352 | 352 | | ward fuller scientific knowledge or under-23 |
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| 353 | 353 | | standing of a subject studied; and 24 |
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| 356 | 356 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 357 | 357 | | ‘‘(B) includes activities involving the train-1 |
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| 358 | 358 | | ing of individuals in research techniques if such 2 |
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| 359 | 359 | | activities— 3 |
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| 360 | 360 | | ‘‘(i) use the same facilities as other 4 |
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| 361 | 361 | | research and development activities; and 5 |
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| 362 | 362 | | ‘‘(ii) are not included in the instruc-6 |
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| 363 | 363 | | tion function. 7 |
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| 364 | 364 | | ‘‘(11) R |
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| 365 | 365 | | ESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT .—The 8 |
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| 366 | 366 | | term ‘research and development’ means a basic or 9 |
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| 367 | 367 | | applied research activity and a development activity. 10 |
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| 368 | 368 | | ‘‘(12) S |
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| 369 | 369 | | TATE.—The term ‘State’ means each of 11 |
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| 370 | 370 | | the several States of the United States. 12 |
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| 371 | 371 | | ‘‘(13) T |
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| 372 | 372 | | ERRITORY.—The term ‘territory’ 13 |
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| 373 | 373 | | means— 14 |
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| 374 | 374 | | ‘‘(A) the District of Columbia; 15 |
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| 375 | 375 | | ‘‘(B) the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; 16 |
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| 376 | 376 | | ‘‘(C) the United States Virgin Islands; 17 |
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| 377 | 377 | | ‘‘(D) Guam; 18 |
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| 378 | 378 | | ‘‘(E) the Commonwealth of the Northern 19 |
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| 379 | 379 | | Mariana Islands; and 20 |
|---|
| 380 | 380 | | ‘‘(F) American Samoa. 21 |
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| 381 | 381 | | ‘‘(14) U |
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| 382 | 382 | | NITED STATES PERSON .—The term 22 |
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| 383 | 383 | | ‘United States person’— 23 |
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| 384 | 384 | | ‘‘(A) has the meaning given the term in 24 |
|---|
| 385 | 385 | | section 1711 of the National Defense Author-25 |
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| 388 | 388 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 389 | 389 | | ization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 (22 U.S.C. 1 |
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| 390 | 390 | | 6010); and 2 |
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| 391 | 391 | | ‘‘(B) includes— 3 |
|---|
| 392 | 392 | | ‘‘(i) a corporation that is incorporated 4 |
|---|
| 393 | 393 | | or organized under Federal law or the laws 5 |
|---|
| 394 | 394 | | of a State or territory; 6 |
|---|
| 395 | 395 | | ‘‘(ii) an institution of education, in-7 |
|---|
| 396 | 396 | | cluding a college and university, organized 8 |
|---|
| 397 | 397 | | under Federal law or the laws of a State 9 |
|---|
| 398 | 398 | | or territory; 10 |
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| 399 | 399 | | ‘‘(iii) a research institution organized 11 |
|---|
| 400 | 400 | | under Federal law or the laws of a State 12 |
|---|
| 401 | 401 | | or territory; 13 |
|---|
| 402 | 402 | | ‘‘(iv) a person that is— 14 |
|---|
| 403 | 403 | | ‘‘(I) a protected individual (as 15 |
|---|
| 404 | 404 | | defined in section 274B(a)(3) of the 16 |
|---|
| 405 | 405 | | Immigration and Nationality Act (8 17 |
|---|
| 406 | 406 | | U.S.C. 1324b(a)(3), wherever located 18 |
|---|
| 407 | 407 | | or employed; and 19 |
|---|
| 408 | 408 | | ‘‘(II) an alien who has been ad-20 |
|---|
| 409 | 409 | | mitted to the United States as a law-21 |
|---|
| 410 | 410 | | ful permanent resident; and 22 |
|---|
| 411 | 411 | | ‘‘(v) a person or corporation con-23 |
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| 412 | 412 | | trolled by an individual or entity described 24 |
|---|
| 413 | 413 | | in this paragraph. 25 |
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| 416 | 416 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 417 | 417 | | ‘‘§ 2742. Unlawful acts 1 |
|---|
| 418 | 418 | | ‘‘(a) R |
|---|
| 419 | 419 | | ESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.—A United 2 |
|---|
| 420 | 420 | | States person may not intentionally conduct, attempt or 3 |
|---|
| 421 | 421 | | conspire to conduct, or aid and abet in conducting re-4 |
|---|
| 422 | 422 | | search or development of artificial intelligence or genera-5 |
|---|
| 423 | 423 | | tive artificial intelligence— 6 |
|---|
| 424 | 424 | | ‘‘(1) within the People’s Republic of China; 7 |
|---|
| 425 | 425 | | ‘‘(2) for an entity of concern; 8 |
|---|
| 426 | 426 | | ‘‘(3) on behalf of an entity of concern; 9 |
|---|
| 427 | 427 | | ‘‘(4) in collaboration with an entity of concern; 10 |
|---|
| 428 | 428 | | ‘‘(5) for a national of the People’s Republic of 11 |
|---|
| 429 | 429 | | China working for or on behalf of an entity of con-12 |
|---|
| 430 | 430 | | cern; 13 |
|---|
| 431 | 431 | | ‘‘(6) on behalf of a national of the People’s Re-14 |
|---|
| 432 | 432 | | public of China working for or on behalf of an entity 15 |
|---|
| 433 | 433 | | of concern; or 16 |
|---|
| 434 | 434 | | ‘‘(7) in collaboration with a national of the Peo-17 |
|---|
| 435 | 435 | | ple’s Republic of China working for, or on behalf of, 18 |
|---|
| 436 | 436 | | an entity of concern. 19 |
|---|
| 437 | 437 | | ‘‘(b) T |
|---|
| 438 | 438 | | RANSFER OF RESEARCH.—A United States 20 |
|---|
| 439 | 439 | | person may not intentionally transfer, attempt or conspire 21 |
|---|
| 440 | 440 | | to transfer, or aid and abet in transferring information 22 |
|---|
| 441 | 441 | | relating to research of artificial intelligence or generative 23 |
|---|
| 442 | 442 | | artificial intelligence— 24 |
|---|
| 443 | 443 | | ‘‘(1) within the People’s Republic of China; 25 |
|---|
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| 446 | 446 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 447 | 447 | | ‘‘(2) directly to or from the People’s Republic 1 |
|---|
| 448 | 448 | | of China; 2 |
|---|
| 449 | 449 | | ‘‘(3) for an entity of concern; 3 |
|---|
| 450 | 450 | | ‘‘(4) on behalf of an entity of concern; 4 |
|---|
| 451 | 451 | | ‘‘(5) directly to or from an entity of concern; 5 |
|---|
| 452 | 452 | | ‘‘(6) for a national of the People’s Republic of 6 |
|---|
| 453 | 453 | | China working for or on behalf of an entity of con-7 |
|---|
| 454 | 454 | | cern; 8 |
|---|
| 455 | 455 | | ‘‘(7) on behalf of a national of the People’s Re-9 |
|---|
| 456 | 456 | | public of China working for or on behalf of an entity 10 |
|---|
| 457 | 457 | | of concern; or 11 |
|---|
| 458 | 458 | | ‘‘(8) directly to or from a national of the Peo-12 |
|---|
| 459 | 459 | | ple’s Republic of China working for or on behalf of 13 |
|---|
| 460 | 460 | | an entity of concern. 14 |
|---|
| 461 | 461 | | ‘‘§ 2743. Penalties 15 |
|---|
| 462 | 462 | | ‘‘(a) F |
|---|
| 463 | 463 | | INES; FORFEITURE.— 16 |
|---|
| 464 | 464 | | ‘‘(1) E |
|---|
| 465 | 465 | | NTITIES.— 17 |
|---|
| 466 | 466 | | ‘‘(A) I |
|---|
| 467 | 467 | | N GENERAL.—A United States per-18 |
|---|
| 468 | 468 | | son that violates section 2742 that is not an in-19 |
|---|
| 469 | 469 | | dividual shall— 20 |
|---|
| 470 | 470 | | ‘‘(i) be fined not more than 21 |
|---|
| 471 | 471 | | $100,000,000; and 22 |
|---|
| 472 | 472 | | ‘‘(ii) forfeit any license, contract, sub-23 |
|---|
| 473 | 473 | | contract, grant, or public benefit awarded 24 |
|---|
| 474 | 474 | | by any Federal agency. 25 |
|---|
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| 477 | 477 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 478 | 478 | | ‘‘(B) ASSOCIATES OF ENTITIES.—An offi-1 |
|---|
| 479 | 479 | | cer, director, partner, agent, or employee that 2 |
|---|
| 480 | 480 | | violates section 2742 shall— 3 |
|---|
| 481 | 481 | | ‘‘(i) be fined not more than 4 |
|---|
| 482 | 482 | | $1,000,000; and 5 |
|---|
| 483 | 483 | | ‘‘(ii) forfeit any license, contract, sub-6 |
|---|
| 484 | 484 | | contract, grant, or public benefit awarded 7 |
|---|
| 485 | 485 | | by any Federal agency. 8 |
|---|
| 486 | 486 | | ‘‘(2) I |
|---|
| 487 | 487 | | NDIVIDUALS.—A United States person 9 |
|---|
| 488 | 488 | | who is an individual that violates section 2742 10 |
|---|
| 489 | 489 | | shall— 11 |
|---|
| 490 | 490 | | ‘‘(A) be fined not more than $1,000,000; 12 |
|---|
| 491 | 491 | | and 13 |
|---|
| 492 | 492 | | ‘‘(B) forfeit any license, contract, sub-14 |
|---|
| 493 | 493 | | contract, grant, or public benefit awarded by 15 |
|---|
| 494 | 494 | | any Federal agency. 16 |
|---|
| 495 | 495 | | ‘‘(b) I |
|---|
| 496 | 496 | | NELIGIBILITY FORFEDERALFINANCIALAS-17 |
|---|
| 497 | 497 | | SISTANCE.—A United States person that violates section 18 |
|---|
| 498 | 498 | | 2742 shall be ineligible to receive Federal financial assist-19 |
|---|
| 499 | 499 | | ance during the 5-year period beginning on the date on 20 |
|---|
| 500 | 500 | | which a penalty is imposed under subsection (a). 21 |
|---|
| 501 | 501 | | ‘‘(c) C |
|---|
| 502 | 502 | | IVILPENALTIES.— 22 |
|---|
| 503 | 503 | | ‘‘(1) C |
|---|
| 504 | 504 | | IVIL ACTION.—With respect to a United 23 |
|---|
| 505 | 505 | | States person that violates section 2742, the United 24 |
|---|
| 506 | 506 | | States may bring a civil action against the United 25 |
|---|
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| 509 | 509 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 510 | 510 | | States person in any district court of the United 1 |
|---|
| 511 | 511 | | States in which the United States person resides, is 2 |
|---|
| 512 | 512 | | found, or has an agent, without respect to the 3 |
|---|
| 513 | 513 | | amount in controversy. 4 |
|---|
| 514 | 514 | | ‘‘(2) D |
|---|
| 515 | 515 | | AMAGES.—In a civil suit brought under 5 |
|---|
| 516 | 516 | | paragraph (1) against a United States person, the 6 |
|---|
| 517 | 517 | | United States shall be entitled— 7 |
|---|
| 518 | 518 | | ‘‘(A) to— 8 |
|---|
| 519 | 519 | | ‘‘(i) relief in equity to restrain and 9 |
|---|
| 520 | 520 | | prevent a violation or threat of violation of 10 |
|---|
| 521 | 521 | | section 2742; and 11 |
|---|
| 522 | 522 | | ‘‘(ii) other appropriate equitable relief; 12 |
|---|
| 523 | 523 | | ‘‘(B) to relief in damages for— 13 |
|---|
| 524 | 524 | | ‘‘(i) punitive and nominal damages; 14 |
|---|
| 525 | 525 | | ‘‘(ii) three times the amount of dam-15 |
|---|
| 526 | 526 | | ages sustained by the United States as a 16 |
|---|
| 527 | 527 | | result of the violation; and 17 |
|---|
| 528 | 528 | | ‘‘(iii) three times the cost of the civil 18 |
|---|
| 529 | 529 | | action, including reasonable attorney’s 19 |
|---|
| 530 | 530 | | fees; 20 |
|---|
| 531 | 531 | | ‘‘(C) to a civil fine of not more than 21 |
|---|
| 532 | 532 | | $100,000,000 if the United States person is not 22 |
|---|
| 533 | 533 | | an individual; and 23 |
|---|
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| 536 | 536 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 537 | 537 | | ‘‘(D) to a civil fine of not more than 1 |
|---|
| 538 | 538 | | $1,000,000 if the United States person is an 2 |
|---|
| 539 | 539 | | individual’’. 3 |
|---|
| 540 | 540 | | (b) C |
|---|
| 541 | 541 | | ITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION CON-4 |
|---|
| 542 | 542 | | SEQUENCES.—Section 101(a)(43) of the Immigration and 5 |
|---|
| 543 | 543 | | Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43)) is amended— 6 |
|---|
| 544 | 544 | | (1) in subparagraph (T), by striking ‘‘; and’’ at 7 |
|---|
| 545 | 545 | | the end; 8 |
|---|
| 546 | 546 | | (2) by redesignating subparagraph (U) as sub-9 |
|---|
| 547 | 547 | | paragraph (V); and 10 |
|---|
| 548 | 548 | | (3) by inserting after subparagraph (T) the fol-11 |
|---|
| 549 | 549 | | lowing: 12 |
|---|
| 550 | 550 | | ‘‘(U) an offense described in section 2742 13 |
|---|
| 551 | 551 | | of title 18, United States Code (relating to re-14 |
|---|
| 552 | 552 | | search and development on behalf of the Peo-15 |
|---|
| 553 | 553 | | ple’s Republic of China); and’’. 16 |
|---|
| 554 | 554 | | (c) C |
|---|
| 555 | 555 | | LERICALAMENDMENT.—The table of sections 17 |
|---|
| 556 | 556 | | for part I of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 18 |
|---|
| 557 | 557 | | adding at the end the following: 19 |
|---|
| 558 | 558 | | ‘‘CHAPTER124—RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON BEHALF OF THE |
|---|
| 559 | 559 | | P |
|---|
| 560 | 560 | | EOPLE’SREPUBLIC OFCHINA |
|---|
| 561 | 561 | | ‘‘2741. Definitions. |
|---|
| 562 | 562 | | ‘‘2742. Unlawful acts. |
|---|
| 563 | 563 | | ‘‘2743. Penalties.’’. |
|---|
| 564 | 564 | | (d) REGULATIONS.—The Attorney General, in con-20 |
|---|
| 565 | 565 | | sultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of 21 |
|---|
| 566 | 566 | | Commerce, the Secretary of Education, the Director of 22 |
|---|
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| 569 | 569 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 570 | 570 | | National Intelligence, and the Director of the Federal Bu-1 |
|---|
| 571 | 571 | | reau of Investigation, shall— 2 |
|---|
| 572 | 572 | | (1) promulgate regulations to enforce the prohi-3 |
|---|
| 573 | 573 | | bitions under section 2742 of title 18, United States 4 |
|---|
| 574 | 574 | | Code, as added by this Act; and 5 |
|---|
| 575 | 575 | | (2) coordinate with the heads of other Federal 6 |
|---|
| 576 | 576 | | agencies to ensure the enforcement of the prohibi-7 |
|---|
| 577 | 577 | | tions described in paragraph (1). 8 |
|---|
| 578 | 578 | | SEC. 5. PROHIBITION ON UNITED STATES PERSONS HOLD-9 |
|---|
| 579 | 579 | | ING AN INTEREST IN OR PROVIDING FINANC-10 |
|---|
| 580 | 580 | | ING TO CHINESE ENTITIES INVOLVED IN AR-11 |
|---|
| 581 | 581 | | TIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH AND DE-12 |
|---|
| 582 | 582 | | VELOPMENT. 13 |
|---|
| 583 | 583 | | (a) I |
|---|
| 584 | 584 | | NGENERAL.—On and after the date that is one 14 |
|---|
| 585 | 585 | | year after the date of the enactment of this Act, a United 15 |
|---|
| 586 | 586 | | States person is prohibited from knowingly holding or 16 |
|---|
| 587 | 587 | | managing an interest in, or lending money or extending 17 |
|---|
| 588 | 588 | | credit to, a Chinese entity of concern that— 18 |
|---|
| 589 | 589 | | (1)(A) conducts research or development relat-19 |
|---|
| 590 | 590 | | ing to artificial intelligence or generative artificial 20 |
|---|
| 591 | 591 | | intelligence; or 21 |
|---|
| 592 | 592 | | (B) produces goods, including hardware and 22 |
|---|
| 593 | 593 | | software, that incorporate research or development 23 |
|---|
| 594 | 594 | | relating to artificial intelligence or generative artifi-24 |
|---|
| 595 | 595 | | cial intelligence; and 25 |
|---|
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| 598 | 598 | | •S 321 IS |
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| 599 | 599 | | (2)(A) assists in the implementation of the mili-1 |
|---|
| 600 | 600 | | tary-civil fusion strategy of the People’s Republic of 2 |
|---|
| 601 | 601 | | China; 3 |
|---|
| 602 | 602 | | (B) assists in the development of surveillance 4 |
|---|
| 603 | 603 | | capabilities; or 5 |
|---|
| 604 | 604 | | (C) is implicated in human rights abuses. 6 |
|---|
| 605 | 605 | | (b) I |
|---|
| 606 | 606 | | MPLEMENTATION; PENALTIES.— 7 |
|---|
| 607 | 607 | | (1) I |
|---|
| 608 | 608 | | MPLEMENTATION.—The President may ex-8 |
|---|
| 609 | 609 | | ercise the authorities provided to the President 9 |
|---|
| 610 | 610 | | under sections 203 and 205 of the International 10 |
|---|
| 611 | 611 | | Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 11 |
|---|
| 612 | 612 | | and 1704) to the extent necessary to carry out this 12 |
|---|
| 613 | 613 | | section. 13 |
|---|
| 614 | 614 | | (2) P |
|---|
| 615 | 615 | | ENALTIES.—A person that violates, at-14 |
|---|
| 616 | 616 | | tempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a 15 |
|---|
| 617 | 617 | | violation of this section or any regulation, license, or 16 |
|---|
| 618 | 618 | | order issued to carry out this section shall be subject 17 |
|---|
| 619 | 619 | | to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) 18 |
|---|
| 620 | 620 | | of section 206 of the International Emergency Eco-19 |
|---|
| 621 | 621 | | nomic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) to the same ex-20 |
|---|
| 622 | 622 | | tent as a person that commits an unlawful act de-21 |
|---|
| 623 | 623 | | scribed in subsection (a) of that section. 22 |
|---|
| 624 | 624 | | Æ |
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