II
119THCONGRESS
1
STSESSION S. 579
To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide for a research,
development, and demonstration program, and for other purposes.
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
FEBRUARY13, 2025
Mr. D
URBIN(for himself, Mr. DAINES, Mr. SCHUMER, Ms. MURKOWSKI, Mr.
Y
OUNG, and Mr. PADILLA) introduced the following bill; which was read
twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
A BILL
To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide
for a research, development, and demonstration program,
and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Department of Energy 4
Quantum Leadership Act of 2025’’. 5
SEC. 2. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION 6
SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM. 7
Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 8
(15 U.S.C. 8851) is amended— 9
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(1) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the 1
following: 2
‘‘(a) I
NGENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 3
carry out a research, development, and demonstration pro-4
gram on quantum information science, engineering, and 5
technology.’’; 6
(2) in subsection (b)— 7
(A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘‘, engi-8
neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 9
(B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘‘, engi-10
neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 11
(C) by striking paragraph (3) and insert-12
ing the following: 13
‘‘(3) provide research experiences and training 14
for additional undergraduate and graduate students 15
in quantum information science, engineering, and 16
technology, including in the fields specified in para-17
graph (4);’’; 18
(D) by redesignating paragraphs (3) 19
through (5) as paragraphs (5) through (7), re-20
spectively; 21
(E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the 22
following: 23
‘‘(3) operate National Quantum Information 24
Science Research Centers under section 402 to ac-25
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celerate and scale scientific and technical break-1
throughs in quantum information science, engineer-2
ing, and technology, and maintain state-of-the-art 3
infrastructure for quantum researchers and industry 4
partners; 5
‘‘(4) conduct cooperative basic and applied re-6
search with industry, National Laboratories, institu-7
tions of higher education, and other research institu-8
tions to facilitate the development, demonstration, 9
and commercial application of quantum information 10
science, engineering, and technology priorities, as de-11
termined by the Secretary of Energy, including in 12
the fields of— 13
‘‘(A) quantum information theory; 14
‘‘(B) quantum physics; 15
‘‘(C) quantum computational science, in-16
cluding hardware and software, machine learn-17
ing, and data science; 18
‘‘(D) applied mathematics and algorithm 19
development; 20
‘‘(E) quantum communications and net-21
working, including hardware and software for 22
quantum communications and networking; 23
‘‘(F) quantum sensing, imaging, and detec-24
tion; 25
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‘‘(G) materials science and engineering; 1
‘‘(H) quantum modeling and simulation, 2
including molecular modeling; 3
‘‘(I) near- and long-term application devel-4
opment, as determined by the Secretary of En-5
ergy; 6
‘‘(J) quantum chemistry; 7
‘‘(K) quantum biology; 8
‘‘(L) superconductive and high-perform-9
ance microelectronics; and 10
‘‘(M) quantum security technologies;’’; 11
(F) in paragraph (6) (as so redesignated), 12
in subparagraph (F), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the 13
end; 14
(G) in paragraph (7) (as so redesig-15
nated)— 16
(i) by striking ‘‘and’’ before ‘‘poten-17
tial’’; and 18
(ii) by striking the period at the end 19
and inserting ‘‘, and other relevant stake-20
holders, as determined by the Secretary of 21
Energy; and’’; and 22
(H) by adding at the end the following: 23
‘‘(8) leverage the collective body of knowledge 24
and data, including experience and resources from 25
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existing Federal research activities and commercially 1
available quantum computing hardware and soft-2
ware, to the extent practicable.’’; and 3
(3) by adding at the end the following: 4
‘‘(c) I
NDUSTRYOUTREACH.—In carrying out the pro-5
gram under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall 6
engage with the quantum technology industry and pro-7
mote commercialization of applications of quantum tech-8
nology relevant to the activities of the Department of En-9
ergy by— 10
‘‘(1) educating— 11
‘‘(A) the energy industry on near-term and 12
commercially available quantum technologies; 13
and 14
‘‘(B) the quantum industry on potential 15
energy applications; 16
‘‘(2) accelerating the advancements of United 17
States quantum computing, communications, net-18
working, sensing, and security capabilities to protect 19
and optimize the energy sector; 20
‘‘(3) advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 21
manufacturing capabilities, and associated simula-22
tions or modeling capabilities; 23
‘‘(4) facilitating commercialization of quantum 24
technologies from National Laboratories and engag-25
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ing with the Quantum Economic Development Con-1
sortium and other organizations, as applicable, to 2
transition component technologies that advance the 3
development of a quantum supply chain; and 4
‘‘(5) to the extent practicable, ensuring industry 5
partner access, especially for small- and medium- 6
sized businesses, to specialized quantum instrumen-7
tation, equipment, testbeds, and other infrastructure 8
to design, prototype, and test novel quantum hard-9
ware and streamline user access to reduce costs and 10
other administrative burdens. 11
‘‘(d) H
IGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTINGSTRATEGIC 12
P
LAN.— 13
‘‘(1) I
N GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 14
the date of enactment of this subsection, the Sec-15
retary of Energy shall submit to Congress a 10-year 16
strategic plan to guide Federal programs in design-17
ing, expanding, and procuring hybrid, energy-effi-18
cient high-performance computing systems capable 19
of integrating with a diverse set of accelerators, in-20
cluding quantum, artificial intelligence, and machine 21
learning accelerators, to enable the computing facili-22
ties of the Department of Energy to advance na-23
tional computing resources. 24
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‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—The strategic plan under 1
paragraph (1) shall include the following: 2
‘‘(A) A conceptual plan to leverage capa-3
bilities and infrastructure from the exascale 4
computing program, as the Secretary of Energy 5
determines necessary. 6
‘‘(B) A plan to minimize disruptions to the 7
advanced scientific computing workforce. 8
‘‘(C) A consideration of a diversity of 9
quantum computing modalities. 10
‘‘(D) A plan to integrate cloud access of 11
commercially available quantum hardware and 12
software to complement on-premises high-per-13
formance computing systems and resources con-14
sistent with the QUEST program established 15
under section 404. 16
‘‘(e) E
ARLY-STAGEQUANTUMHIGH-PERFORMANCE 17
C
OMPUTINGRESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENTPROGRAM.— 18
‘‘(1) D
EFINITION OF QUANTUM HIGH -PERFORM-19
ANCE COMPUTING .—In this subsection, the term 20
‘quantum high-performance computing’ means the 21
use of classical high-performance computing systems 22
with quantum processing units and hybrid quantum- 23
classical algorithms to leverage the strength of com-24
putational architectures and solve complex problems. 25
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‘‘(2) PROGRAM.—The Secretary of Energy shall 1
establish an early-stage research and development 2
program in quantum high-performance computing— 3
‘‘(A) to inform the 10-year strategic plan 4
described in subsection (d)(1); and 5
‘‘(B) to build the necessary scientific com-6
puting workforce to fulfill the objectives of that 7
plan. 8
‘‘(3) A
CTIVITIES.—The program established 9
under paragraph (2) shall— 10
‘‘(A) support early-stage quantum super-11
computing testbeds and prototypes; and 12
‘‘(B) connect early-stage quantum high- 13
performance computing projects to the Centers 14
funded under this Act. 15
‘‘(4) F
UNDING.—Of funds made available under 16
subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use 17
not more than $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 18
2026 through 2030 to carry out the activities under 19
this subsection. 20
‘‘(f) S
UPPLYCHAINSTUDY.—Not later than 1 year 21
after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Sec-22
retary of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of 23
Commerce, shall conduct a study on quantum science, en-24
gineering, and technology supply chain needs, including— 25
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‘‘(1) identifying hurdles to growth in the quan-1
tum industry by leveraging the expertise of relevant 2
stakeholders in academia and industry, including the 3
Quantum Economic Development Consortium; and 4
‘‘(2) making recommendations on how to 5
strengthen the domestic supply of materials and 6
technologies necessary for the development of a ro-7
bust manufacturing base and workforce. 8
‘‘(g) T
RAINEESHIPPROGRAM.— 9
‘‘(1) I
N GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 10
shall establish a university-led traineeship pro-11
gram— 12
‘‘(A) to address workforce development 13
needs in quantum information science, engi-14
neering, and technology; and 15
‘‘(B) that will focus on supporting in-16
creased participation, workforce development, 17
and research experiences for underrepresented 18
undergraduate and graduate students. 19
‘‘(2) F
UNDING.—Of funds made available under 20
subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use 21
not more than $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 22
2026 through 2030 to carry out the activities under 23
this subsection. 24
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‘‘(h) COORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES.—In carrying 1
out this section, the Secretary of Energy shall, to the max-2
imum extent practicable, coordinate with the Director of 3
the National Science Foundation, the Director of the Na-4
tional Institute of Standards and Technology, the Admin-5
istrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-6
tration, the Director of the Defense Advanced Research 7
Projects Agency, and the heads of other relevant Federal 8
departments and agencies to ensure that programs and 9
activities carried out under this section complement and 10
do not duplicate existing efforts across the Federal govern-11
ment. 12
‘‘(i) F
UNDING.— 13
‘‘(1) I
N GENERAL.—Of amounts authorized to 14
be appropriated for the Department of Energy, the 15
Secretary of Energy shall use not more than 16
$175,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 17
2030 to carry out activities under this section. 18
‘‘(2) R
ESTRICTIONS.— 19
‘‘(A) C
ONFUCIUS INSTITUTE.—None of the 20
funds made available under this subsection may 21
be obligated to or expended by an institution of 22
higher education that maintains a contract or 23
other agreement with a Confucius Institute or 24
any successor of a Confucius Institute. 25
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‘‘(B) FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND ENTITIES 1
OF CONCERN.— 2
‘‘(i) D
EFINITIONS.—In this subpara-3
graph: 4
‘‘(I) F
OREIGN COUNTRY OF CON -5
CERN.—The term ‘foreign country of 6
concern’ means— 7
‘‘(aa) a covered nation (as 8
defined in section 4872(d) of title 9
10, United States Code); and 10
‘‘(bb) any other country that 11
the Secretary of Energy, in con-12
sultation with the Secretary of 13
Defense, the Secretary of State, 14
and the Director of National In-15
telligence, determines to be en-16
gaged in conduct that is detri-17
mental to the national security or 18
foreign policy of the United 19
States. 20
‘‘(II) F
OREIGN ENTITY OF CON -21
CERN.—The term ‘foreign entity of 22
concern’ means a foreign entity 23
that— 24
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‘‘(aa) is designated as a for-1
eign terrorist organization by the 2
Secretary of State under section 3
219(a) of the Immigration and 4
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 5
1189(a)); 6
‘‘(bb) is included on the list 7
of specially designated nationals 8
and blocked persons maintained 9
by the Office of Foreign Assets 10
Control of the Department of the 11
Treasury; 12
‘‘(cc) is owned by, controlled 13
by, or subject to the jurisdiction 14
or direction of a government of a 15
foreign country that is a covered 16
nation (as defined in section 17
4872(d) of title 10, United 18
States Code); 19
‘‘(dd) is alleged by the At-20
torney General to have been in-21
volved in activities for which a 22
conviction was obtained under— 23
‘‘(AA) chapter 37 of 24
title 18, United States Code 25
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(commonly known as the 1
‘Espionage Act’); 2
‘‘(BB) section 951 or 3
1030 of title 18, United 4
States Code; 5
‘‘(CC) chapter 90 of 6
title 18, United States Code 7
(commonly known as the 8
‘Economic Espionage Act of 9
1996’); 10
‘‘(DD) the Arms Ex-11
port Control Act (22 U.S.C. 12
2751 et seq.); 13
‘‘(EE) section 224, 14
225, 226, 227, or 236 of the 15
Atomic Energy Act of 1954 16
(42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 17
2276, 2277, 2284); 18
‘‘(FF) the Export Con-19
trol Reform Act of 2018 (50 20
U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or 21
‘‘(GG) the International 22
Emergency Economic Pow-23
ers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et 24
seq.); or 25
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‘‘(ee) is determined by the 1
Secretary of Energy, in consulta-2
tion with the Secretary of De-3
fense and the Director of Na-4
tional Intelligence, to be engaged 5
in unauthorized conduct that is 6
detrimental to the national secu-7
rity or foreign policy of the 8
United States. 9
‘‘(ii) R
ESTRICTION.—None of the 10
funds made available under this subsection 11
may be obligated or expended to promote, 12
establish, or finance quantum research ac-13
tivities between a United States entity and 14
a foreign country of concern or a foreign 15
entity of concern.’’. 16
SEC. 3. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY 17
PROGRAM. 18
The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by 19
inserting after section 401 (15 U.S.C. 8851) the following: 20
‘‘SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRU-21
MENTATION AND FOUNDRY PROGRAM. 22
‘‘(a) I
NGENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 23
establish an instrumentation and infrastructure program 24
to carry out the following: 25
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‘‘(1) Maintain United States leadership in 1
quantum information science, engineering, and tech-2
nology. 3
‘‘(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains. 4
‘‘(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific 5
community. 6
‘‘(4) Support activities carried out under sec-7
tions 401, 402, 403, and 404. 8
‘‘(b) P
ROGRAMCOMPONENTS.—In carrying out the 9
program under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy 10
shall— 11
‘‘(1) develop, design, build, purchase, and com-12
mercialize specialized equipment, laboratory infra-13
structure, and state-of-the-art instrumentation to 14
advance quantum engineering research and the de-15
velopment of quantum component technologies at a 16
scale sufficient to meet the needs of the scientific 17
community and enable commercialization of quan-18
tum technology; 19
‘‘(2) leverage the capabilities of National Lab-20
oratories and Nanoscale Science Research Centers, 21
including facilities and experts that research and de-22
velop novel quantum materials and devices; and 23
‘‘(3) consider the technologies and end-use ap-24
plications that have significant economic potential, 25
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as determined by the Secretary, based on consulta-1
tion with relevant stakeholders in academia and in-2
dustry, including the Quantum Economic Develop-3
ment Consortium. 4
‘‘(c) Q
UANTUMFOUNDRIES.—In carrying out the 5
program under subsection (a), and in coordination with 6
institutions of higher education and industry, the Sec-7
retary of Energy shall support the development of quan-8
tum foundries focused on meeting the device, hardware, 9
software, and materials needs of the scientific community 10
and the quantum supply chain. 11
‘‘(d) C
ONSULTATION.—In carrying out the program 12
under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall consult 13
with the following entities to identify the instrumentation, 14
equipment, infrastructure, and materials needed to sup-15
port the objectives of that program: 16
‘‘(1) The National Institute of Standards and 17
Technology. 18
‘‘(2) The National Science Foundation. 19
‘‘(3) The National Aeronautics and Space Ad-20
ministration. 21
‘‘(4) Any other relevant Federal agency. 22
‘‘(5) The National Laboratories. 23
‘‘(6) National Quantum Information Science 24
Research Centers. 25
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‘‘(7) Industry stakeholders. 1
‘‘(8) Institutions of higher education. 2
‘‘(9) Any other research institution. 3
‘‘(e) F
UNDING.—Of amounts authorized to be appro-4
priated for the Department of Energy, the Secretary of 5
Energy shall use not more than $50,000,000 for each of 6
fiscal years 2026 through 2030 to carry out this section.’’. 7
SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RE-8
SEARCH CENTERS. 9
Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 10
(15 U.S.C. 8852) is amended— 11
(1) in subsection (a)— 12
(A) in paragraph (1)— 13
(i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 14
(ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech-15
nology and to support research conducted 16
under section 401’’ and inserting ‘‘science, 17
engineering, and technology, expand capac-18
ity for the domestic quantum workforce, 19
and support research conducted under sec-20
tions 401, 403, and 404’’; and 21
(B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting 22
‘‘that may include 1 or more commercial enti-23
ties’’ after ‘‘collaborations’’; 24
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(2) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘and should 1
be inclusive of the variety of viable quantum tech-2
nologies, as appropriate’’ before the period at the 3
end; 4
(3) in subsection (c)— 5
(A) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 6
(B) by inserting ‘‘, engineering, and tech-7
nology, accelerating quantum workforce devel-8
opment,’’ after ‘‘science’’; 9
(4) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) 10
and inserting the following: 11
‘‘(2) R
ENEWAL.—Each Center established 12
under this section may be renewed for an additional 13
period of 5 years following a successful, merit-based 14
review and approval by the Director.’’; and 15
(5) in subsection (f), in the first sentence— 16
(A) by striking ‘‘$25,000,000’’ and insert-17
ing ‘‘$35,000,000’’; and 18
(B) by striking ‘‘2019 through 2023’’ and 19
inserting ‘‘2026 through 2030’’. 20
SEC. 5. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK IN-21
FRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-22
MENT PROGRAM. 23
Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 24
(15 U.S.C. 8853) is amended— 25
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(1) in subsection (a)— 1
(A) in paragraph (4)— 2
(i) by inserting ‘‘, including’’ after 3
‘‘networking’’; and 4
(ii) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 5
(B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe-6
riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 7
(C) by adding at the end the following: 8
‘‘(6) as applicable, leverage a diversity of mo-9
dalities and commercially available quantum hard-10
ware and software; and 11
‘‘(7) develop education and training pathways 12
related to quantum network infrastructure invest-13
ments, aligned with existing programmatic invest-14
ments by the Department of Energy.’’; 15
(2) in subsection (b)— 16
(A) in paragraph (1)— 17
(i) by redesignating subparagraphs 18
(C) and (D) as subparagraphs (D) and 19
(E), respectively; and 20
(ii) by inserting after subparagraph 21
(B) the following: 22
‘‘(C) the Administrator of the National 23
Aeronautics and Space Administration and the 24
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head of any other relevant Federal agency, as 1
determined by the Secretary;’’; 2
(B) in paragraph (2)— 3
(i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 4
‘‘ground-to-space and’’ before ‘‘space-to- 5
ground’’; 6
(ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking 7
‘‘photon-based’’ and inserting ‘‘all applica-8
ble modalities of’’; 9
(iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting 10
‘‘, quantum sensors,’’ after ‘‘quantum re-11
peaters’’; 12
(iv) in subparagraph (G)— 13
(I) by inserting ‘‘data centers,’’ 14
after ‘‘repeaters,’’; and 15
(II) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 16
(v) in subparagraph (H)— 17
(I) by striking ‘‘the quantum 18
technology stack’’ and inserting 19
‘‘quantum technology modality 20
stacks’’; and 21
(II) by striking ‘‘National Lab-22
oratories in’’ and inserting ‘‘National 23
Laboratories such as’’; and 24
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(vi) by adding at the end the fol-1
lowing: 2
‘‘(I) development of quantum network and 3
entanglement distribution protocols or applica-4
tions, including development of network stack 5
protocols and protocols enabling integration 6
with existing technologies or infrastructure; and 7
‘‘(J) development of high-efficiency room- 8
temperature photon detectors for quantum 9
photonic applications, including quantum net-10
working and communications;’’; 11
(C) in paragraph (4)— 12
(i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 13
(ii) by striking ‘‘material’’ and insert-14
ing ‘‘materials’’; and 15
(D) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘funda-16
mental’’; and 17
(3) in subsection (d), by striking ‘‘basic re-18
search’’ and inserting ‘‘research, development, and 19
demonstration’’. 20
SEC. 6. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPAN-21
SION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRO-22
GRAM. 23
Section 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 24
(15 U.S.C. 8854) is amended— 25
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(1) in subsection (a)— 1
(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), 2
by striking ‘‘and quantum computing clouds’’ 3
and inserting ‘‘, software, and cloud-based 4
quantum computing’’; 5
(B) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 6
the end; 7
(C) in paragraph (4), by striking the pe-8
riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 9
(D) by adding at the end the following: 10
‘‘(5) to enable development of software and ap-11
plications, including estimation of resources needed 12
to scale applications; and 13
‘‘(6) to develop near-term quantum applications 14
to solve public and private sector problems.’’; 15
(2) in subsection (b)— 16
(A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 17
the end; 18
(B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe-19
riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 20
(C) by adding at the end the following: 21
‘‘(6) enable users to develop algorithms, soft-22
ware tools, simulators, and applications for quantum 23
systems using cloud-based quantum computers; and 24
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•S 579 IS
‘‘(7) partner with appropriate public- and pri-1
vate-sector entities to develop training and education 2
opportunities on prototype and early-stage devices to 3
support commercial applications.’’; 4
(3) in subsection (c)— 5
(A) by redesignating paragraphs (4) 6
through (8) as paragraphs (5) through (9), re-7
spectively; and 8
(B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the 9
following: 10
‘‘(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-11
ministration;’’; and 12
(4) in subsection (e)— 13
(A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 14
the end; 15
(B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe-16
riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 17
(C) by adding at the end the following: 18
‘‘(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 19
‘‘(7) $39,900,000 for fiscal year 2029; and 20
‘‘(8) $41,895,000 for fiscal year 2030.’’. 21
Æ
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