III
119THCONGRESS
1
STSESSION S. RES. 126
Calling on the United Nations Security Council to enforce the existing arms
embargo on Darfur and extend it to cover all of Sudan.
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
MARCH12, 2025
Mr. B
OOKER(for himself and Mr. ROUNDS) submitted the following
resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations
RESOLUTION
Calling on the United Nations Security Council to enforce
the existing arms embargo on Darfur and extend it to
cover all of Sudan.
Whereas the conflict between the Rapid Support Forces
(RSF), led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti), and
the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by Abdel Fattah
al-Burhan, that began on April 15, 2023, has resulted in
tens of thousands of Sudanese civilian casualties, and
likely more, 12,500,000 million people forcibly displaced,
and millions of Sudanese people exposed to unspeakable
trauma;
Whereas the violence and genocide taking place in Sudan
against civilians echoes the horrors of the genocide in the
country’s Darfur region that began in the early 2000s;
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Whereas, in July 2004, the United Nations Security Council
adopted resolution United Nations Security Council Reso-
lution 1556 (2004), which imposed an arms embargo
against all non-governmental entities and individuals, in-
cluding the Janjaweed, operating in Darfur, and man-
dated that all states shall take the necessary measures to
prevent their nationals or entities operating from their
respective territories or using their flag vessels or air-
craft, from supplying non-governmental entities or indi-
viduals operating in Darfur arms and related materiel of
all types, including weapons and ammunition, military ve-
hicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment, and spare
parts;
Whereas, in March 2005, the United Nations Security Coun-
cil arms embargo under United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1591 (2005) was expanded to include all bel-
ligerents in Darfur, including the Government of Sudan;
Whereas, in October 2010, United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1945 (2010) was adopted, which strengthened
the arms embargo by deciding that all states shall ensure
that any sale or supply of arms and related materiel to
Sudan not prohibited by United Nations Security Council
Resolutions 1556 (2004) and 1591 (2005) are made con-
ditional upon the necessary end user documentation so
that states may ascertain that any such sale or supply is
conducted consistent with the measures imposed by those
resolutions;
Whereas, on September 11, 2024, the United Nations Secu-
rity Council renewed United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1556 (2004);
Whereas state actors and non-state actors across the Middle
East, Africa, Asia, and Europe are providing weapons
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and material support to the RSF and SAF for operations
in Darfur and across Sudan;
Whereas a September 9, 2024, report from Human Rights
Watch noted that according to the Arms Trade Database,
maintained by the Stockholm International Peace Re-
search Institute (SIPRI), weapons and equipment from
other countries have arrived in Sudan between 2004 and
2023;
Whereas, on January 15, 2024, the United Nations Panel of
Experts on Sudan presented credible reports to the
United Nations Security Council of newly established
supply lines to the RSF through neighboring countries;
Whereas there are credible reports that multiple countries are
supplying weapons and other dual-use items to the SAF;
Whereas a 2024 report by the Department of State-affiliated
Conflict Observatory describes regular cargo plane deliv-
eries of weapons from foreign nations to the RSF in
Darfur via Amdjarass, Chad, and to the SAF via Port
Sudan, Sudan;
Whereas two 2024 reports by Amnesty International and
Human Rights Watch identified defense articles in
Sudan, including 8 kinds of small arms manufactured in
6 different foreign countries, 6 kinds of unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAV) manufactured in 8 different foreign coun-
tries, 5 kinds of ordnances and projectiles manufactured
in 6 different foreign countries, and several other types
of materiel related to weapons manufactured in 7 dif-
ferent foreign countries, which increase the lethality of
the conflict;
Whereas these weapons have been observed both inside and
outside Darfur, including Gedaref, Northern and South-
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ern Kordofan, Khartoum, and El Gezira state, all areas
that are under either SAF or RSF control and where the
fact-finding mission documented atrocities, child recruit-
ment, heavy shelling, or sexual violence;
Whereas a January 16, 2025, Yale Humanitarian Lab report
observed the proliferation of cargo flights to RSF-con-
trolled airports, followed by extensive satellite sightings of
advanced UAV systems used for lethal attacks and sur-
veillance;
Whereas the conflict has led to the partial or complete de-
struction of cities across Sudan, including El Geneina, El
Fasher, El Obeid, Kadugli, Nyala, Wad al-Noura,
Zalingei, and even the capital Khartoum;
Whereas one or both parties to the conflict have participated
in mass atrocities in all of these cities;
Whereas, on February 12, 2025, the RSF attacked the camp
for internally displaced persons in Zamzam, Darfur,
dropping aerial munitions, firing upon crowds, killing hu-
manitarian workers, setting fires, committing atrocities
against camp residents, and driving some to flee on foot;
Whereas the provision of armaments to the RSF and SAF
prolongs this conflict and the needless suffering among
civilians in Sudan;
Whereas both the RSF and SAF have continued to use inter-
net shutdowns as a tool of control and repression, further
isolating and exacerbating the suffering of civilians and
the ongoing humanitarian crisis;
Whereas, on December 6, 2023, Secretary of State Anthony
Blinken determined that the SAF and the RSF have
committed war crimes and that the RSF and its allies
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have committed crimes against humanity and ethnic
cleansing;
Whereas, on January 7, 2025, the Secretary of State deter-
mined that the RSF is committing genocide;
Whereas, in January 2025, the Department of Treasury
sanctioned Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti) and
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan for ‘‘destabilizing Sudan and un-
dermining the goal of a democratic transition’’;
Whereas, in September 2024, the Independent International
Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, authorized by the
United Nations Human Rights Council, reported that it
had found reasonable grounds to believe that both the
SAF and the RSF have committed war crimes and the
RSF and allied militias have committed crimes against
humanity;
Whereas the fact-finding mission has documented the use of
explosives with wide area effects in densely populated
areas, particularly in Khartoum and Darfur, that has re-
sulted in deaths, injuries, extensive destruction of homes,
hospitals, schools and other critical infrastructure, and
the fact-finding mission has found that the SAF and the
RSF have failed to take sufficient measures to minimize
the impact of attacks on civilians;
Whereas the supply and provision of weapons to parties in-
volved in crimes against humanity and other atrocities
could implicate state and non-state actors supplying
weapons used in such atrocities;
Whereas, while no reliable fatality figures exist, according to
the United States Special Envoy for Sudan, as many as
150,000 people may have died in the first year of the
war, and according to advanced statistical estimates from
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researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Trop-
ical Medicine, at least 60,000 people have died in Khar-
toum state alone;
Whereas, a Cholera outbreak declared in August 2024 has
garnered more than 550,000 cases and over 1,500 deaths
across multiple states in Sudan;
Whereas women and children have been subjected to torture
and extreme sexual violence in Darfur, Northern and
Southern Kordofan, Khartoum, and El Gezira states;
Whereas, in March 2025, UNICEF reports indicated more
than 220 cases of child rape since the start of 2024;
Whereas the fact-finding mission reports that children are
being forcibly recruited, trained, and armed by the SAF
in Khartoum, River Nile, Kassala, Gedaref, Sennar, and
Red Sea states, and by the RSF in the Darfur,
Kordofan, and Khartoum states;
Whereas the draft resolution contained in document S/2024/
826, submitted to the United Nations Security Council
on November 18, 2024, by Sierra Leone and the United
Kingdom, and calling for a nationwide ceasefire, in-
creased protection of civilians and the unhindered flow of
humanitarian aid across Sudan and garnered support
from 14 out of 15 United Nations Security Council mem-
bers;
Whereas only one individual has ever been sanctioned for vio-
lating the Darfur arms embargo pursuant to United Na-
tions Security Council Resolution 1591 (2005); and
Whereas the fact-finding mission has recommended that the
United Nations arms embargo be expanded to cover the
entire country: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the Senate— 1
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(1) condemns the atrocities committed by all 1
warring parties in Sudan; 2
(2) condemns the genocide by the RSF and al-3
lied militias against the Masalit people and other 4
non-Arab ethnic groups in Darfur; 5
(3) calls for an immediate end to the war and 6
all violence and atrocities in Sudan; 7
(4) calls on the United Nations Security Coun-8
cil— 9
(A) to expand the Darfur arms embargo to 10
apply to all territory and actors within the 11
internationally recognized borders of Sudan; 12
(B) to expand the Darfur arms embargo to 13
include dual-use equipment under the list of 14
prohibited material; 15
(C) to establish a more stringent sanctions 16
enforcement regime to ensure actors violating 17
the current Darfur arms embargo are held ac-18
countable; and 19
(D) to establish a mechanism for unfet-20
tered delivery of humanitarian aid and a mech-21
anism to protect civilians; 22
(5) calls on the United Nations General Assem-23
bly to pass a resolution that calls for a nationwide 24
ceasefire, recognizes the atrocities taking place in 25
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Sudan, and calls for a more effective and inclusive 1
arms embargo on Sudan, unfettered delivery of hu-2
manitarian aid across Sudan, and a mechanism to 3
protect civilians; and 4
(6) calls on the United States Government— 5
(A) to increase support for civil society and 6
local organizations that are monitoring and doc-7
umenting atrocities and weapons deliveries into 8
Sudan as well as delivering humanitarian re-9
sources to vulnerable communities; 10
(B) to increase and develop improved 11
mechanisms for monitoring and documenting 12
atrocities and weapons supply chains into and 13
across Sudan; 14
(C) to resume funding and implementation 15
of United States foreign assistance to the fam-16
ine-stricken and war-torn areas of Sudan; 17
(D) to develop mechanisms for psycho-18
social support for women, men, and children 19
who are victims of conflict related sexual vio-20
lence; and 21
(E) to press the United Nations, the Afri-22
can Union, and other allies and partners— 23
(i) to condemn the atrocities taking 24
place in Sudan; 25
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(ii) to call for a more effective and in-1
clusive arms embargo on Sudan; 2
(iii) to work to ensure unfettered de-3
livery of humanitarian aid across Sudan; 4
(iv) to support a mechanism to pro-5
tect civilians; 6
(v) to use their influence to pressure 7
the SAF and RSF to end this conflict; and 8
(vi) to exert pressure on external ac-9
tors to adhere to the arms embargo in 10
Sudan. 11
Æ
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