Wisconsin 2023-2024 Regular Session

Wisconsin Assembly Bill AB779 Compare Versions

Only one version of the bill is available at this time.

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3	3	2023 - 2024 LEGISLATURE
4	4	2023 ASSEMBLY BILL 779
5	5	December 8, 2023 - Introduced by Representatives O LDENBURG, PETRYK,
6	6	ARMSTRONG, BEHNKE, CALLAHAN, DITTRICH, DONOVAN, EDMING, GOEBEN,
7	7	GUNDRUM, KITCHENS, KRUG, MACCO, MAXEY, MELOTIK, MOSES, MURPHY,
8	8	MURSAU, NEDWESKI, NOVAK, O'CONNOR, PENTERMAN, RETTINGER, SCHRAA,
9	9	SNYDER, TUSLER and VANDERMEER, cosponsored by Senators FEYEN, BALLWEG,
10	10	COWLES and TESTIN. Referred to Committee on Workforce Development and
11	11	Economic Opportunities.
12	12	*AUTHORS SUBJECT TO CHANGE*
13	13	AN ACT to repeal 106.05 (1) (a) and 106.05 (2) (a) 2.; to renumber 106.05 (1) (b);
14	14	to renumber and amend 38.04 (26), 106.273 (2) (b) and 118.34 (1); to
15	15	consolidate, renumber and amend 106.05 (2) (a) (intro.) and 1.; to amend
16	16	106.05 (title), 106.05 (2) (b) (intro.), 106.05 (2) (c), 106.05 (3) (a), 106.05 (3) (b)
17	17	(intro.) and 118.52 (6) (b); and to create 38.04 (26) (b), 38.40 (2g), 71.07 (11),
18	18	71.10 (4) (eb), 106.01 (3), 106.05 (1) (e) and (f), 106.05 (1) (v), 106.05 (2m),
19	19	106.273 (2) (b) 1. and 118.34 (1) (c) of the statutes; relating to: apprenticeship
20	20	and youth apprenticeship completion awards, career and technical education
21	21	incentive grants and completion awards, technical preparation programs in
22	22	school districts and technical colleges, creating an individual income tax credit
23	23	for completing an apprenticeship program, rejection criteria for part-time open
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36	36	ASSEMBLY BILL 779
37	37	enrollment applications, extending the time limit for emergency rule
38	38	procedures, and providing an exemption from emergency rule procedures.
39	39	Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau
40	40	APPRENTICESHIP AND YOUTH APPRENTICESHIP
41	41	Under current law, any person 16 years of age or older may enter into an
42	42	apprenticeship, which is a contract whereby the person (apprentice) receives from
43	43	his or her employer in consideration for the apprentice's services, instruction in any
44	44	trade, craft, or business. That instruction may include related classroom instruction.
45	45	Apprenticeship programs are operated by sponsors and approved by the Department
46	46	of Workforce Development. In some cases, the sponsor of an apprenticeship program
47	47	is the employer, while in other cases, apprenticeship programs are operated by other
48	48	types of sponsors, such as apprenticeship committees. Current law also provides for
49	49	a youth apprenticeship program, under which DWD develops curricula for several
50	50	specified occupational areas. As established by DWD, a youth apprenticeship is
51	51	available to high school pupils and consists of work for an employer and related
52	52	classroom instruction. The apprenticeship and youth apprenticeship programs are
53	53	administered by DWD. This bill makes various changes related to apprenticeships
54	54	and youth apprenticeships, including the following:
55	55	Skilled wage rate
56	56	Under DWD's current apprenticeship rules, an apprentice contract wage scale
57	57	is deemed adequate when, during the term of training, it averages 60 percent of the
58	58	current journeyworker rate or skilled wage rate. The skilled wage rate is therefore
59	59	used to determine what constitutes an adequate wage scale for apprentices. For
60	60	apprentices in construction who are not covered under a collective bargaining
61	61	agreement, the skilled wage rate is the rate average, calculated as the mean, based
62	62	on the geographical area of the appropriate local apprenticeship committee. For
63	63	apprentices in other (nonconstruction) industry sectors who are not covered under
64	64	a collective bargaining agreement, the skilled wage rate is the rate paid to the
65	65	greatest number of competent journeyworkers in like establishments in the
66	66	community or another rate deemed adequate by DWD. The rate for apprentices who
67	67	are covered under a collective bargaining agreement is determined by the
68	68	agreement.
69	69	The bill provides that the skilled wage rate for apprentices in all industries who
70	70	are not covered under a collective bargaining agreement is the average rate paid to
71	71	competent journeyworkers in like establishments in the area, as determined by the
72	72	sponsor. The bill maintains the wage scale requirement described above and the
73	73	requirement that, in determining the skilled wage rate for apprentices whose
74	74	employment is governed by a collective bargaining agreement, the rate specified in
75	75	the collective bargaining agreement applies.
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81	81	Apprenticeship completion awards
82	82	Current law provides for an apprenticeship completion award program
83	83	(ACAP), administered by DWD, under which apprentices and their sponsors may
84	84	receive reimbursement for tuition costs charged to an apprentice to participate in the
85	85	classroom instruction for the apprenticeship. Apprenticeship completion awards are
86	86	limited to 25 percent of the cost of tuition incurred by the apprentice or sponsor or
87	87	$1,000, whichever is less, except that DWD may, if funding is not available to fully
88	88	fund awards, reduce the reimbursement percentage or deny applications for
89	89	completion awards that would otherwise qualify. The bill does all of the following
90	90	with respect to the ACAP:
91	91	1. Expands the ACAP to allow reimbursement for additional costs.
92	92	2. Eliminates the availability of apprenticeship sponsors to receive
93	93	reimbursements under the ACAP. Under the bill, therefore, only apprentices may
94	94	receive reimbursement for costs under the ACAP.
95	95	3. Creates a youth apprenticeship completion award program (YACAP) under
96	96	which youth apprentices may receive reimbursement for various specified costs.
97	97	Youth apprenticeship completion awards are limited to 25 percent of eligible costs
98	98	incurred by the youth apprentice or $500, whichever is less, for a given year of youth
99	99	apprenticeship, subject to a maximum of two awards for a total maximum of $1,000,
100	100	except that DWD may reduce the reimbursement percentage or deny applications as
101	101	under current law for the ACAP. The YACAP is limited to youth apprenticeships in
102	102	the area of architecture and construction.
103	103	Apprenticeship tax credit
104	104	The bill allows an individual enrolled in an apprenticeship program to claim an
105	105	income tax credit of $500 for the taxable year in which the individual completes the
106	106	program.
107	107	HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION—COURSES AND PROGRAMMING
108	108	Career and technical education incentive grants and completion awards
109	109	Current law requires DWD to annually confer with the Department of Public
110	110	Instruction and the Technical College System to identify industries and occupations
111	111	within this state that face workforce shortages or shortages of adequately trained,
112	112	entry-level workers. DWD is required to approve industry-recognized certification
113	113	programs designed to 1) mitigate workforce shortages in the aforementioned
114	114	industries and occupations and 2) prepare individuals for occupations as fire
115	115	fighters, emergency medical responders, or emergency medical services
116	116	practitioners. Current law also requires DWD to award incentive grants to school
117	117	districts with these industry-recognized certification programs and requires DWD
118	118	to annually award completion awards to students in the amount of $500 for each
119	119	industry-recognized certification program approved by DWD to prepare individuals
120	120	for occupations as fire fighters, emergency medical responders, or emergency
121	121	medical services practitioners. The bill adds programs in construction work to the
122	122	list of industry-recognized certification programs for which DWD must approve
123	123	programs. This change applies for purposes of eligibility for both the incentive
124	124	grants available to school districts and the completion awards available to students. - 4 -2023 - 2024 Legislature LRB-2324/1
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126	126	ASSEMBLY BILL 779
127	127	Apprenticeship courses and technical preparation programs
128	128	Current law requires each school board, in cooperation with a technical college
129	129	district board, to establish a technical preparation program in each public high
130	130	school in the school district. The program must consist of a sequence of courses,
131	131	approved by the Technical College System Board, designed to allow high school
132	132	pupils to gain advanced standing in the technical college district's associate degree
133	133	program upon graduation from high school. The TCS Board must annually publish
134	134	a list of these approved courses that indicates the schools in which each course is
135	135	taught and the credit equivalency available in each technical college district for each
136	136	course. There is also a separate statutory requirement that the TCS Board provide
137	137	a technical preparation program that includes the school district technical
138	138	preparation program and further requires the TCS Board to plan, coordinate,
139	139	administer, and implement its technical preparation program.
140	140	Under the bill, the TCS Board must annually publish a list of courses offered
141	141	to high school students that meet all of the following criteria: 1) the course is offered
142	142	to adults in an approved apprenticeship program; 2) the course has a technical
143	143	college district course number; and 3) the course is taught by school district faculty,
144	144	by technical college faculty, or by industry professionals who teach the course to
145	145	adults in an approved apprenticeship program (TCS-listed apprenticeship courses).
146	146	The TCS Board must facilitate dual enrollment programs between school boards and
147	147	technical college district boards for TCS-listed apprenticeship courses and must
148	148	ensure that an individual's successful completion of a TCS-listed apprenticeship
149	149	course allows the individual to receive technical college course credit while in high
150	150	school. These TCS-listed apprenticeship courses must also be included in the TCS
151	151	Board's and school district's technical preparation programs.
152	152	Part-time open enrollment; undue financial burden
153	153	Currently, under the part-time open enrollment program, a pupil enrolled in
154	154	grades nine to 12 in a public school may attend public school in a school district other
155	155	than the pupil's resident school district (a nonresident school district) to take up to
156	156	two courses offered by the nonresident school district. Current law requires a pupil's
157	157	resident school district to pay the nonresident school district an amount equal to the
158	158	cost of providing the course to the pupil, as determined by the Department of Public
159	159	Instruction. Under current law, a pupil's resident school board may prohibit the
160	160	pupil from attending a course in a nonresident school district if the cost of the course
161	161	would impose an undue financial burden on the school district. The bill specifies
162	162	that, when making a determination about whether a course imposes an undue
163	163	financial burden, a school district must use a consistent methodology that does not
164	164	consider the content of the course and evaluate whether paying the cost of the course
165	165	will impair the school district's operations. - 5 -2023 - 2024 Legislature
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168	168	ASSEMBLY BILL 779
169	169	For further information see the state and local fiscal estimate, which will be
170	170	printed as an appendix to this bill.
171	171	The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do
172	172	enact as follows:
173	173	SECTION 1. 38.04 (26) of the statutes is renumbered 38.04 (26) (intro.) and
174	174	amended to read:
175	175	38.04 (26) TECHNICAL PREPARATION PROGRAMS. (intro.) In consultation with the
176	176	state superintendent of public instruction, the board shall approve courses for
177	177	technical preparation programs under s. 118.34 (1) (b). By July 1, 1994, and annually
178	178	thereafter Annually by July 1, the board shall publish a list of the all of the following:
179	179	(a) The approved courses that indicates under s. 118.34 (1) (b), indicating the
180	180	high schools in which each course is taught and the credit equivalency available in
181	181	each technical college district for each course.
182	182	SECTION 2. 38.04 (26) (b) of the statutes is created to read:
183	183	38.04 (26) (b) Courses offered to high school students that meet all of the
184	184	following criteria:
185	185	1. The course is offered to adults in an approved apprenticeship program, as
186	186	defined in s. 106.001 (4).
187	187	2. The course has a technical college district course number.
188	188	3. The course is taught by school district faculty, by technical college faculty,
189	189	or by industry professionals who teach the course to adults in an approved
190	190	apprenticeship program, as defined in s. 106.001 (4).
191	191	SECTION 3. 38.40 (2g) of the statutes is created to read:
192	192	38.40 (2g) APPRENTICESHIP COURSES. (a) In this subsection, “apprenticeship
193	193	courses” means those courses identified under s. 38.04 (26) (b).
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216	216	SECTION 3 ASSEMBLY BILL 779
217	217	(b) The board shall facilitate dual enrollment programs between school boards
218	218	and technical college district boards for apprenticeship courses.
219	219	(c) The board shall ensure that an individual's successful completion of an
220	220	apprenticeship course allows the individual to receive technical college course credit
221	221	while in high school.
222	222	SECTION 4. 71.07 (11) of the statutes is created to read:
223	223	71.07 (11) ELIGIBLE APPRENTICESHIP EXPENSES CREDIT. (a) Definitions. In this
224	224	subsection:
225	225	1. “Apprentice” has the meaning given in s. 106.001 (1).
226	226	2. “Apprenticeship program” has the meaning given in s. 106.001 (4).
227	227	3. “Claimant” means an individual who is an apprentice enrolled in an
228	228	apprenticeship program and who files a claim under this subsection.
229	229	(b) Filing claims. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023, and
230	230	subject to the limitations under this subsection, a claimant may claim as a credit
231	231	against the tax imposed under s. 71.02 $500 for the taxable year in which the
232	232	claimant successfully completes an apprenticeship program.
233	233	(c) Limitations. No credit may be allowed under this subsection unless it is
234	234	claimed within the time period under s. 71.75 (2).
235	235	(d) Administration. Subsection (9e) (d), to the extent that it applies to the credit
236	236	under that subsection, applies to the credit under this subsection.
237	237	SECTION 5. 71.10 (4) (eb) of the statutes is created to read:
238	238	71.10 (4) (eb) Eligible apprenticeship expenses credit under s. 71.07 (11).
239	239	SECTION 6. 106.01 (3) of the statutes is created to read:
240	240	106.01 (3) SKILLED WAGE RATE. (a) An apprentice contract wage scale shall be
241	241	deemed adequate when, during the term of training, it averages 60 percent of the
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269	269	SECTION 6
270	270	ASSEMBLY BILL 779
271	271	current journeyworker rate or skilled wage rate. The apprentice contract shall
272	272	provide for a graduated scale, progressing in periods as approved by the department.
273	273	(b) In determining the journeyworker or skilled wage rate under par. (a), for
274	274	all industries:
275	275	1. For apprentices whose employment is governed by a collective bargaining
276	276	agreement, the rate specified in the collective bargaining agreement applies.
277	277	2. For apprentices whose employment is not governed by a collective
278	278	bargaining agreement, the skilled wage rate is the average rate paid to competent
279	279	journeyworkers in like establishments in the area, as determined by the sponsor.
280	280	SECTION 7. 106.05 (title) of the statutes is amended to read:
281	281	106.05 (title) Apprenticeship and youth apprenticeship completion
282	282	award program programs.
283	283	SECTION 8. 106.05 (1) (a) of the statutes is repealed.
284	284	SECTION 9. 106.05 (1) (b) of the statutes is renumbered 106.05 (1) (t).
285	285	SECTION 10. 106.05 (1) (e) and (f) of the statutes are created to read:
286	286	106.05 (1) (e) “Eligible apprenticeship expenses” means any of the following
287	287	costs incurred by an apprentice in connection with the apprenticeship:
288	288	1. Tools, books and instructional guides, and other materials, including
289	289	personal protective equipment, that are used in the apprentice's trade, craft, or
290	290	business.
291	291	2. Tuition costs.
292	292	3. Travel costs, including mileage reimbursement, costs related to mass transit,
293	293	parking costs, and taxicab and transportation network company ride fares.
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318	318	SECTION 10 ASSEMBLY BILL 779
319	319	(f) “Eligible youth apprenticeship expenses” means any of the following
320	320	incurred by a youth apprentice in connection with the youth apprenticeship
321	321	program:
322	322	1. Tools, books and instructional guides, and other materials, including
323	323	personal protective equipment, that are used in the youth apprentice's youth
324	324	apprenticeship program.
325	325	2. Travel costs, including mileage reimbursement, costs related to mass transit,
326	326	parking costs, and taxicab and transportation network company ride fares.
327	327	SECTION 11. 106.05 (1) (v) of the statutes is created to read:
328	328	106.05 (1) (v) “Youth apprenticeship program” means a program undertaken
329	329	by a youth apprentice under the youth apprenticeship program under s. 106.13.
330	330	SECTION 12. 106.05 (2) (a) (intro.) and 1. of the statutes are consolidated,
331	331	renumbered 106.05 (2) (a) and amended to read:
332	332	106.05 (2) (a) The department shall administer an apprenticeship completion
333	333	award program as provided in this section subsection to partially reimburse tuition
334	334	costs eligible apprenticeship expenses that are incurred by any of the following: 1.
335	335	An an apprentice who has successfully completed part or all of the requirements of
336	336	his or her apprenticeship program as provided in par. (b) 1. and 2. and who is
337	337	employed in the trade, occupation, or business in which he or she is being trained
338	338	under the apprenticeship program.
339	339	SECTION 13. 106.05 (2) (a) 2. of the statutes is repealed.
340	340	SECTION 14. 106.05 (2) (b) (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:
341	341	106.05 (2) (b) (intro.) Subject to par. (c) and sub. (3), from the appropriation
342	342	under s. 20.445 (1) (dr), the department may provide to an apprentice described in
343	343	par. (a) 1. or the apprentice's sponsor a completion award equal to 25 percent of the
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371	371	SECTION 14
372	372	ASSEMBLY BILL 779
373	373	cost of tuition eligible apprenticeship expenses that are incurred by the apprentice
374	374	or sponsor or $1,000, whichever is less. If the department provides a completion
375	375	award under this subsection, the department shall pay the award as follows:
376	376	SECTION 15. 106.05 (2) (c) of the statutes is amended to read:
377	377	106.05 (2) (c) The total amount of a completion award that the department may
378	378	pay to an apprentice and his or her sponsor may not exceed 25 percent of the cost of
379	379	tuition eligible apprenticeship expenses that are incurred by the apprentice and
380	380	sponsor or $1,000, whichever is less.
381	381	SECTION 16. 106.05 (2m) of the statutes is created to read:
382	382	106.05 (2m) YOUTH APPRENTICESHIP COMPLETION AWARDS. (a) The department
383	383	shall, subject to par. (am), administer a youth apprenticeship completion award
384	384	program as provided in this subsection to partially reimburse eligible youth
385	385	apprenticeship expenses that are incurred by a youth apprentice who has
386	386	successfully completed part or all of the requirements of his or her youth
387	387	apprenticeship program as provided in par. (b).
388	388	(am) A completion award under par. (b) shall be available only with respect to
389	389	a youth apprenticeship program for an occupational area specified in s. 106.13 (2m)
390	390	(b).
391	391	(b) Subject to par. (c) and sub. (3), the department may, upon the successful
392	392	completion of all requirements of one year of a youth apprenticeship program,
393	393	provide to a youth apprentice a completion award. An award shall be equal to 25
394	394	percent of the eligible youth apprenticeship expenses that are incurred by the youth
395	395	apprentice for that year or $500, whichever is less.
396	396	(c) 1. The total amount of a completion award that the department may pay to
397	397	a youth apprentice for one year of a youth apprenticeship program may not exceed
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424	424	SECTION 16 ASSEMBLY BILL 779
425	425	25 percent of the eligible youth apprenticeship expenses that are incurred by the
426	426	youth apprentice or $500, whichever is less.
427	427	2. The department may not provide completion awards under par. (b) to a youth
428	428	apprentice for more than 2 years of participation in a youth apprenticeship program
429	429	by the youth apprentice, and the total amount of completion awards that the
430	430	department may provide to a youth apprentice may not exceed 25 percent of the
431	431	eligible youth apprenticeship expenses that are incurred by the youth apprentice for
432	432	those years or $1,000, whichever is less.
433	433	SECTION 17. 106.05 (3) (a) of the statutes is amended to read:
434	434	106.05 (3) (a) If the amount of funds to be distributed under sub. (2) exceeds
435	435	the amount available in the appropriation under s. 20.445 (1) (dr) for completion
436	436	awards under sub. (2), the department may reduce the reimbursement percentage
437	437	or deny applications for completion awards that would otherwise qualify under sub.
438	438	(2). In that case, the department shall determine the reimbursement percentage and
439	439	eligibility on the basis of the dates on which apprentices and sponsors become eligible
440	440	for completion awards.
441	441	SECTION 18. 106.05 (3) (a) of the statutes, as affected by 2023 Wisconsin Act ....
442	442	(this act), is amended to read:
443	443	106.05 (3) (a) If the amount of funds to be distributed under sub. subs. (2) and
444	444	(2m) exceeds the amount available in the appropriation under s. 20.445 (1) (dr) for
445	445	completion awards under sub. subs. (2) and (2m), the department may reduce the
446	446	reimbursement percentage or deny applications for completion awards that would
447	447	otherwise qualify under sub. subs. (2) and (2m). In that case, the department shall
448	448	determine the reimbursement percentage and eligibility on the basis of the dates on
449	449	which apprentices become eligible for completion awards.
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477	477	SECTION 19
478	478	ASSEMBLY BILL 779
479	479	SECTION 19. 106.05 (3) (b) (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:
480	480	106.05 (3) (b) (intro.) The department may provide a completion award under
481	481	sub. (2) or (2m) to a person who is delinquent in child support or maintenance
482	482	payments or who owes past support, medical expenses, or birth expenses, as
483	483	established by appearance of the person's name on the statewide support lien docket
484	484	under s. 49.854 (2) (b), only if the person provides the department with one of the
485	485	following:
486	486	SECTION 20. 106.273 (2) (b) of the statutes is renumbered 106.273 (2) (b) (intro.)
487	487	and amended to read:
488	488	106.273 (2) (b) (intro.) Prepare individuals for occupations as fire any of the
489	489	following:
490	490	2. Fire fighters, emergency.
491	491	3. Emergency medical responders, as defined in s. 256.01 (4p), or emergency.
492	492	4. Emergency medical services practitioners, as defined in s. 256.01 (5).
493	493	SECTION 21. 106.273 (2) (b) 1. of the statutes is created to read:
494	494	106.273 (2) (b) 1. Construction workers. In this subdivision, “construction
495	495	worker” means an individual engaged in the construction of roads, bridges,
496	496	highways, sewers, water mains, utilities, public buildings, factories, housing, or
497	497	similar construction projects.
498	498	SECTION 22. 118.34 (1) of the statutes is renumbered 118.34 (1) (a) and
499	499	amended to read:
500	500	118.34 (1) (a) In cooperation with a technical college district board, each school
501	501	board shall establish a technical preparation program in each public high school
502	502	located in the school district.
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528	528	SECTION 22 ASSEMBLY BILL 779
529	529	(b) The program under par. (a) shall consist of a sequence of courses, approved
530	530	by the technical college system board under s. 38.04 (26), designed to allow high
531	531	school pupils to gain advanced standing in the technical college district's associate
532	532	degree program upon graduation from high school.
533	533	SECTION 23. 118.34 (1) (c) of the statutes is created to read:
534	534	118.34 (1) (c) Courses identified under s. 38.04 (26) (b) shall be included in the
535	535	applicable school district's technical preparation program.
536	536	SECTION 24. 118.52 (6) (b) of the statutes is amended to read:
537	537	118.52 (6) (b) Undue financial burden. The school board of a pupil's resident
538	538	school district may reject an application to attend a course in a public school in a
539	539	nonresident school district if the cost of the course would impose upon the resident
540	540	school district an undue financial burden in light of the resident school district's total
541	541	economic circumstances, including its revenue limit under subch. VII of ch. 121, its
542	542	ability to pay tuition costs for the pupil, and the per pupil cost for children continuing
543	543	to be served by the resident school district. In determining whether the cost of a
544	544	course imposes an undue financial burden, a resident school district shall use a
545	545	consistent methodology that does not consider the content of the course and shall
546	546	evaluate whether paying the cost of the course will impair the operations of the
547	547	resident school district.
548	548	SECTION 25.0Nonstatutory provisions.
549	549	(1) The department of workforce development may promulgate emergency
550	550	rules under s. 227.24 that are necessary to implement this act. Notwithstanding s.
551	551	227.24 (1) (c) and (2), emergency rules promulgated under this subsection remain in
552	552	effect for 2 years, or until the date on which permanent rules take effect, whichever
553	553	is sooner. Notwithstanding s. 227.24 (1) (a) and (3), the department is not required
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581	581	SECTION 25
582	582	ASSEMBLY BILL 779
583	583	to provide evidence that promulgating a rule under this subsection as an emergency
584	584	rule is necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health, safety, or welfare
585	585	and is not required to provide a finding of emergency for a rule promulgated under
586	586	this subsection.
587	587	SECTION 26.0Effective dates. This act takes effect on the day after publication,
588	588	except as follows:
589	589	(1) The treatment of ss. 106.05 (title), (1) (e) 1. and 3., (f), and (v), (2m), and (3)
590	590	(a) (by SECTION 18) and (b) (intro.) and 106.273 (2) (b) 1. takes effect on the 2nd day
591	591	after publication of the 2023 biennial budget act or on the day after publication,
592	592	whichever is later.
593	593	(END)
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