Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'generation performance'
Page 19 of 53
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services (Part II) Apr 9th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
Some carriers even will not cover general anesthesia
- Health insurance for necessary general anesthesia for these
- exclude general anesthesia when it is necessary for a dental procedure.
- As somebody who has provided general anesthesia for these procedures.
- get general anesthesia access.
Bills:
SB227, SB269, SB407, SB463, SB527, SB547, SB1283, SB1380, SB1383, SB1511, SB1640, SB1784, SB2069
Keywords:
school funding, education reform, state budget, property taxes, equity in education, healthcare policy, vaccines, exemptions, religious beliefs, public health, workplace violence, healthcare facilities, definition expansion, safety regulations, health and safety code, health insurance, anesthesia, pediatric dental services, coverage, medical necessity
Summary:
The meeting of the committee covered critical discussions focused on several key bills aimed at enhancing safety and improving healthcare access for vulnerable populations, particularly seniors and pediatric patients. The members heard testimony in support of SB1283, with Lieutenant Jonathan Blanchard from the Dallas Police Department advocating for the bill as a means to ensure safer environments in senior facilities by instituting criminal history checks for employees. Carmen Tilton from the Texas Assisted Living Association also highlighted the bill's balance between safety and privacy, showing strong support from various stakeholders. Additionally, the committee discussed SB527, which addresses the challenges of obtaining insurance coverage for general anesthesia required for pediatric dental procedures. Experts testified about the urgent need for reform to prevent potential health crises in children and to streamline care access for parents.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- The Chair lays out SB527 by Swertner as pending business, relating to health benefit coverage for general
- SB1643 is very broad and generic, and I don't think that's a great system because it doesn't need to
- lowest score ever in TDI's history; 27.7 percent of consumers were satisfied with the job being performed
- on making sure that there's regulatory oversight on the regulators and ensuring they're properly performing
And in general, I don’t think this is the right solution
Keywords:
Texas Department of Insurance, commission appointments, insurance regulation, oversight, consumer advocacy, insurance rates, property insurance, commercial automobile insurance, rate approval, consumer protection, windstorm insurance, Texas Windstorm Insurance Association, insurance regulation, administrative penalties, coastal counties, insurance regulation, property and casualty insurance, Senate Bill 1643, consumer protection, Texas Department of Insurance
Summary:
The committee meeting held extensive discussions on multiple pieces of legislation focused primarily on insurance and healthcare. A significant portion of the meeting revolved around SB1643, which proposes changes to how property and casualty insurance rates are regulated in Texas by requiring prior approval from the Texas Department of Insurance (TDI) for any rate changes exceeding 10%. Members expressed mixed feelings about this proposal, with concerns that it might lead to increased costs for consumers while discussing the balance between consumer protection and maintaining a competitive insurance market. Witnesses offered testimony both in favor and against the bill, highlighting the importance of thoughtful regulatory frameworks amidst rising insurance costs.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Apr 22nd, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
Five: preparing the next generation.
And I think one thing, just as a general comment to
- Yes, and if I may add, this bill does not require a bond for general contractors; it strictly applies
- The general contractors do have to have bonds required in statute.
- Oh, like just in the general education setting?
Bills:
HB178, HB1551, HB1939, HB2040, HB2354, HB2674, HB3029, HB3460, HB3631, HB3662, HB5201, HB5381
Keywords:
education funding, school district, attendance credit, financial incentive, public school finance, juvenile justice, education, instructional time, alternative education, Texas Legislature, waiver, charter schools, admission policies, enrollment, educational standards, employment policies, homeschooling, education policy, regulation, Texas Education Agency
Summary:
The committee meeting included discussions centered around educational bills, notably focusing on enhancing inclusivity and accountability within Texas public schools. One significant bill was House Bill 2354, aimed at aligning laws governing charter schools with those of traditional public schools, which received favorable testimonies emphasizing its importance for equal treatment of educational institutions. Representative Morales' House Bill 178 provided a platform for advocates to discuss the need for ethnic studies courses to be counted towards social studies credits, which was met with broad support, showcasing a commitment to diverse educational content. Additionally, House Bill 5201 stirred debate regarding construction oversight for school projects, highlighting the ongoing concerns over management failures in large-scale school construction and its implications for taxpayer funds.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine the nomination of Lieutenant General John D. Caine (Retired), to be general and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense. Apr 1st, 2025 at 08:30 am
Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel
Transcript Highlights:
- General, will you cooperate?
- Milley and General C.Q.
- General C.Q.
- I asked General C.Q.
- General Milley promised Chinese generals without the President's knowledge...
Keywords:
national security, military readiness, Kane nomination, defense budget, China threats, Russia, collaboration, modernization
Summary:
The meeting centered on the nomination of retired Lieutenant General Dan Kane for Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, delving into various security concerns and the strategic environment facing the U.S. today. Testimonies highlighted the growing threats from adversaries such as China and Russia, with discussions around the necessity of maintaining and modernizing military capabilities to address these challenges. The need for agility in military operations and enhancing collaboration among various defense agencies was underscored. Further, concerns were raised regarding the defense budget and the importance of a strong national defense strategy were prevalent throughout the discussions. The committee members collectively emphasized the need for superior readiness and modernization to keep pace with global threats.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs May 7th, 2025 at 10:05 am
House Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="3546"> They are explicitly barred from enforcing unrelated criminal laws or engaging in general
- officers still will retain authority to act on felonies, breach of the peace, and emergencies under general
- In the early 2000s, TxDOT performed 90% of DPS's maintenance.
- DPS has one mechanic that performs 16 aircraft inspections annually, which equates to approximately $250,000
- By DPS performing their own maintenance, it would take a large burden from TxDOT and allow them to focus
Keywords:
criminal history, background checks, government code, licensing, information access, rural law enforcement, child care grants, community support, law enforcement retention, advisory committee, motorcycle profiling, law enforcement, discrimination, civil rights, police policy, complaint procedure, motorcycle profiling, law enforcement, police policy, civil rights
Summary:
The meeting primarily focused on the discussion and voting of various bills, with significant attention given to HB2082, which addresses the definition of short barrel firearms, and HB5528, related to the establishment of the Texas Law Enforcement Crisis Prevention Task Force. Chairman Heffner led the meeting, facilitating discussions that included debates on several bills and their implications. Notably, HB3626 concerning coroners' state benefits saw a unanimous vote supporting its passage. Public testimony highlighted the impacts of these legislative efforts, particularly in relation to law enforcement's operational effectiveness and community safety initiatives.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Apr 8th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- In Texas, transition planning generally doesn't start until age 14.
- Research shows high-performing districts are more likely to protect their outstanding students, but <
- ...for my generation, and I'm here in support of HB 1290.
- first generation that has a shorter lifespan in America.
- Therefore, they would no longer generate funding.
Bills:
HB367, HB497, HB549, HB983, HB1188, HB1290, HB1368, HB2243, HB2310, HB2849, HB3099, HB3546, HB3629, HB3627
Keywords:
education, absences, severe illness, life-threatening, school policy, verification, healthcare, healthcare, insurance, affordability, coverage, patient rights, school health, respiratory distress, airway clearance devices, medication training, public health, special education, intellectual disabilities, developmental disabilities
Summary:
The committee meeting featured a comprehensive discussion primarily focused on HB1188, which seeks to establish an early connection for families of children diagnosed with intellectual and developmental disabilities to local IDD authorities. Multiple testimonies highlighted the urgent need for such a system, emphasizing how it could transform the experience of families by providing critical information and resources at the moment of diagnosis rather than at a later age. Representative Emanuel passionately presented the bill, underlining its potential to make a significant positive impact in the lives of families across Texas. Additionally, there were discussions regarding other bills related to education and child services, including HB123 and HB2310, with emphasis on the importance of early intervention and support for young children with disabilities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- created a list of cancers that firefighters have a higher prevalence of being diagnosed with than the general
- 574" data-time="3438"> a compensable injury in the line of duty based on the person's inability to perform
- This bill prohibits the city from firing you before you are able to fully recover and perform your duties
- Currently, firefighters are covered for 11 different cancers that they contract more often than the general
Keywords:
peace officers, firefighters, employment protection, worker's compensation, job security, maximum medical improvement, government employment, firefighter cancer benefits, emergency medical technicians, compensation claims, cancer exposures, firefighting hazards, workforce training, rural development, grant program, job-specific training, Texas Workforce Commission, child care, single-parent, workforce training
Summary:
The meeting of the committee involved critical discussions surrounding several pieces of legislation aimed at supporting first responders, enhancing worker rights, and improving child care access. Notably, House Bill 4144 was presented, which aims to provide supplemental income benefits to firefighters and police officers diagnosed with critical illnesses post-retirement. Testimony from a representative of the Texas State Association of Firefighters emphasized the importance of extending benefits to those affected by job-related diseases, particularly cancers prevalent among firefighters. The bill stirred affirmative discussions, with a consensus on its necessity in providing comprehensive support to first responders.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 12th, 2025 at 10:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- their forebearers: mothers and fathers, grandparents, and Generations
- Her impact will be felt for generations to come. May she rest in power, and her legacy live on.
- by General Ronnie D.
- Since joining the institution in 2015, he has served in a number of prominent roles, including General
- Bush, the band performed at the Inaugural Ball in Washington, D.C.
Summary:
The meeting of the committee addressed a broad range of topics with significant attention paid to HB1554 and HB1569. HB1554, presented by Caprigliano, involved discussions on the authority of political subdivisions to utilize public funds for legal services for unlawfully present individuals, which stirred a debate among committee members regarding state resources and responsibilities. In contrast, HB1569, which concerns prohibitive measures on non-consensual medical procedures for minors with intersex traits, generated compelling testimony from advocacy groups and health professionals, stressing the bill’s implications on patient rights and medical ethics. Overall, the committee dedicated time to hearing from both proponents and opponents of these bills, ensuring a thorough examination of the issues at hand.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Additionally, Texas Attorney General Opinion, J.S.
- Generals.
- I have generalized anxiety disorder.
- Generally, I want to thank the three of you for the excellent feedback.
- I'm a children's author, a fifth-generation Texan, and a parent, and...
Keywords:
parental rights, education, social transitioning, diversity, equity, inclusion, school policy, student clubs, school district, grievance procedure, public education, diversity and inclusion, funding penalties, school libraries, library advisory councils, parental rights, library materials, educational content, challenging materials, parental rights
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on various bills primarily aimed at enhancing parental rights within the educational system. Notable discussions included Senate Bill 204, which mandates the creation of a user-friendly handbook for parents detailing their rights regarding their children's education, and Senate Bill 609, designed to hold school districts accountable to parents and ensure transparency in educational practices. A significant amount of public testimony was offered both for and against these measures, reflecting the contentious nature of the subject matter. Senators emphasized the importance of parental involvement and education reform, fostering a robust dialogue among committee members and constituents alike. The meeting concluded with a commitment to address all bills thoroughly and attentively.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine the nomination of Elbridge Colby, of the District of Columbia, to be Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. Mar 4th, 2025 at 08:30 am
Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel
Transcript Highlights:
- And unveiled what may be the world's first sixth-generation
- He comes from a life of service, but also from a family of service going back many generations.
- General Mattis, who I respect immensely as a former Secretary of Defense and as a Marine, stated, "If
General Cavoli has said that, and many others have
- But generally, I think these reciprocal steps fit into this sort of logic of arms control.
Keywords:
defense, geopolitical tensions, military readiness, China, Russia, U.S. military, Indo-Pacific, alliance, procurement
Summary:
The meeting focused on critical defense and security matters, particularly concerning the ongoing geopolitical tensions involving China and Russia. There were discussions surrounding U.S. military readiness, with significant emphasis on the potential threats posed by China in the Indo-Pacific region. Members expressed concerns about America's military capabilities in relation to the growing Chinese fleet and the importance of maintaining strong alliances with nations like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Additionally, the notion of prioritizing the defense industrial base was highlighted, emphasizing the need for effective procurement and modernization efforts to counter adversarial threats. Furthermore, notable commentary included a reference to President Zelensky's remarks regarding peace negotiations with Ukraine, expressing a willingness for further cooperation with the U.S.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- In the early 2000s, TxDOT performed 90% of DPS's maintenance.
DPS has one mechanic that performs 16 aircraft inspections
With DPS performing their own maintenance, it would take
- That covers the services that are performed.
- First, I'm just going to note that we have a general objection to creating lists.
Keywords:
SB2201, intelligence databases, organized crime, civil liberties, law enforcement, SB2200, SB2199, committee discussions, Senator Birdwell
Summary:
The meeting of the committee centered around several significant legislative proposals, notably focusing on SB2201, which aims to enhance intelligence databases to tackle organized crime, including street gangs and terrorist organizations. Senator Birdwell led the discussions by emphasizing the need for strong measures to adapt to the evolving landscape of criminal activity in Texas and proposed key amendments designed to strengthen accountability for law enforcement. Members engaged in detailed conversations with testimonies supporting the bill's intention to safeguard civil liberties while bolstering law enforcement's ability to manage public safety concerns effectively. Additionally, SB2200 and SB2199 were discussed and subsequently passed favorably to the full Senate following committee substitutions that addressed minor drafting corrections and compliance with federal standards.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- General revenue, there's no match on federal funds, nothing.
- General, whilst you're recognized, you may begin.
- Well, 40% of our students are first generation; 70%...
- students, so they're first-generation Texans, more or less.
- None of our academic buildings have generators; we have...
Bills:
SB1
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, TDEM, disaster response, Keeping Texas Prepared, funding requests, emergency management, federal aid, public safety
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was marked by an in-depth discussion on various funding requests and program expansions across agencies. Notably, the Texas Division of Emergency Management (TDEM) presented its plans to enhance disaster readiness and response capability, emphasizing an increase in funding to support initiatives under the Keeping Texas Prepared program. The discussion also involved the significance of leveraging federal funds for disaster recovery and the importance of precise tracking of these funds. Key stakeholders, including representatives from various state agencies, were called upon to detail their funding requirements and the anticipated impact of their requests on public safety and community resilience.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Environmental Regulation Apr 3rd, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Environmental Regulation Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Regarding waste management, I support reducing waste generation.
- Regarding waste management, I support reducing waste generation.
- So that's a generalization of the issue.
- I'm General Counsel for Joe Materials.
- Generation, power generation purposes.
Keywords:
environmental enforcement, legislative oversight, inspection, concrete plants, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, environmental product declaration, grant program, ready-mixed concrete, manufacturers, sustainability, solid waste, landfill permits, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, environmental regulation, population density, municipal waste management, environmental quality, administrative hearings, regulatory compliance, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily focused on several key bills aimed at addressing environmental concerns and regulatory frameworks affecting communities across Texas. A significant portion of the discussion revolved around House Bill 573, which aims to enhance the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality's (TCEQ) ability to respond to concrete batch plant inspection requests, effectively prioritizing community health concerns. Concerns regarding dust and air pollution from these plants were raised frequently, highlighting the challenges faced by constituents living nearby. Additionally, House Bill 1499 introduced a grant program to help small concrete batch plants improve their environmental impact, reflecting the committee’s commitment to sustainable development while balancing economic growth.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
Senate Special Committee on Congressional Redistricting Aug 17th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Second, it should perform better for Republicans, and this map does perform.
- That's my generous assessment, is that you're...
- I'm a sixth-generation Texan and a student at the University of Houston.
- It is generally a Republican organization.
- I drew it based on what would better perform for the...
Keywords:
redistricting, Senate Bill 4, public testimony, Texas legislature, partisan gain, minority representation, Senator King
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Special Committee on Congressional Redistricting focused primarily on Senate Bill 4, which has sparked considerable public debate due to its implications on redistricting following the recent census. Senator King laid out the intent and details of SB4, which aims to make significant adjustments that critics argue will disenfranchise minority populations in Texas. Throughout the meeting, concerned citizens shared their testimonies, voicing opposition to the bill primarily on grounds that it manipulates district lines for partisan gain rather than community representation. The emotional testimonies of witnesses highlighted the serious concerns of many about representation in the Texas legislature going forward.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Higher Education Apr 8th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Higher Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- This molten salt does generate energy.
- It's just the way that public education, or education in general, is changing.
- It's difficult to disaggregate that just from general demographic shifts within the state.
- The truth of the matter is, it's picked up as part of the same general process.
- The good news with our health-related institutions is that they can help generate funds.
Keywords:
higher education, funding, financial allocation, state budget, Texas A&M University, University of Houston, education funding, medical education, osteopathic medicine, higher education, healthcare workforce, Tarleton State University, industry-recognized credentials, higher education, workforce development, career opportunities, feasibility study, student fees, university funding, student union
Summary:
The meeting of the committee addressed multiple bills aimed at improving educational structures and policies in Texas. Key discussions revolved around HB1233, presented by Representative Howard, focusing on integrating industry-recognized credentials into degree programs to better equip students for the workforce. Additionally, HB3148 sparked significant debate as it proposed limiting automatic admissions based on class rank, addressing concerns about equitable access to education across diverse populations. Furthermore, the committee discussed HB4361, aiming to enhance campus safety through standardized emergency procedures, highlighting the importance of clear communication in higher education settings.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Mar 6th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Now, when we created ASAHI, that sort of a general goes to every...
- And again, something that I hear from taxpayers generally, a frustration that...
- That's the number that I don't have handy, but in general...
- Ever since I've gotten mine, yes, my students were performing okay.
- The process of certification can vary based on performance.
Bills:
HB2
Keywords:
public education, teacher compensation, certification, funding, school finance, educator rights, education funding, charter schools, staff compensation, state aid, retention allotment, educational funding, HB2, special education, mental health services, charter schools, public testimony
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on legislation related to educational funding and support for students with disabilities. Testimonies were heard regarding HB2, which aims to enhance special education funding and improve the overall educational environment for students. Advocates stressed the importance of investing in mental health services within schools, emphasizing that a holistic approach to student welfare is essential for fostering a safe learning environment. Concerns were raised about charter school funding and the lack of accountability in financial expenditures related to such institutions. Additional discussions highlighted the urgent need for updated policies that reflect current economic realities in education, especially regarding the basic allotment for school funding.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm a seventh-generation Texan.
- And all of the reporting that goes along with it is going to be generated that day.
- In eliminating that four-day gap, we're generating one report with all results for that location.
- I mean, three days is general.
- I serve as General Counsel and Director of Policy for the Texas Conservative Coalition.
Keywords:
election officials, confidentiality, personal information, government transparency, public safety, spirit beverages, alcoholic beverages, Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code, distribution, taxation, firearms, local regulation, archery equipment, weapons, public safety, voter registration, statewide list, county requirements, election integrity, computer services contracts
Summary:
The meeting of the State Affairs Committee involved deliberations on a series of significant bills addressing issues such as election procedures, mental health crises, and the interplay between homelessness and public safety. Notably, Senator Parker presented Senate Bill 2487, focusing on creating infrastructure for mental health crisis management in urban areas, emphasizing the need for crisis service centers. Testimonies were heard from various stakeholders about the impact of mental health on homelessness, with supporters advocating for more comprehensive care while opposing viewpoints cautioned against conflating mental illness with criminal behavior. Another prominent discussion was around Senate Bill 2876, which proposed increasing penalties for rioting, specifically targeting those who conceal their identities. This stirred public outcry as civil rights advocates raised concerns about potential profiling and freedom of expression.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- All offenders have the same general rules and conditions of parole that they must comply with.
- In addition to the general rules and conditions, what the parole panel does when they elect to release
We do have LBB performance measures that we submit.
- They come to us generally with a...
- Our staff closely monitors the performance of these vendors to ensure compliance and effectiveness.
Keywords:
Texas Department of Criminal Justice, rehabilitation programs, budget cuts, recidivism, inmate education, employment training
Summary:
The House Committee on Corrections convened to discuss various operational issues and concerns surrounding the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Notably, Executive Director Brian Collier highlighted ongoing initiatives to enhance inmate rehabilitation services, including job training programs aimed at reducing recidivism rates. While the session was not dedicated to voting on bills, the committee reviewed the budget cuts impacting correctional facilities, which raised questions regarding the potential effects on facility operations and inmate management. Concerns were also aired about maintaining standards for educational programs within the correctional framework.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Aug 22nd, 2025 at 10:08 am
House Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Automatically generated reports related to officer performance and attendance provide a good starting
- As a result, reports related to an early warning system, including performance evaluations, are crucial
- In an officer's performance or attendance evaluations, this can be problematic.
- Until such a scenario, we would like to keep attendance and performance-related reports confidential.
- Currently, the only thing that's redacted per the Attorney General, and he's only going off of 552, is
Bills:
SB15
Keywords:
law enforcement, department file, employee records, misconduct, confidentiality, Texas occupations code, SB15, law enforcement, transparency, public accountability, misconduct, Uvalde shooting, confidentiality
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around the discussion of SB15, which aims to standardize record-keeping protocols for law enforcement agencies across the state. It received a mixed reception from committee members and witnesses, with significant concern raised regarding its potential to obscure misconduct and limit public transparency. Public testimony included strong dissent from individuals and organizations advocating for greater accountability in policing, who argued that the bill could enable law enforcement agencies to suppress critical information under the guise of confidentiality. Significant dialogue pertained to the implications of the bill in light of recent events that highlighted the need for transparency in police conduct, particularly in controversial cases such as the Uvalde school shooting. Ultimately, the bill was passed out of committee with minimal opposition.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine the nominations of Stephen Vaden, of Tennessee, to be Deputy Secretary, and Tyler Clarkson, of Virginia, to be General Counsel, both of the Department of Agriculture. Apr 8th, 2025 at 09:00 am
Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Tyler Clarkson to be General Counsel of the United States Department of Agriculture.
- Deputy General Counsel, and Acting General Counsel at USDA and is well-prepared.
- As General Counsel, Mr.
- General Counsel.
- in the Office of the General Counsel.
Keywords:
USDA, nominations, Judge Vaden, Tyler Clarkson, agriculture policy, rural America, tariffs, farmer advocacy
Summary:
The meeting focused on the nominations of Judge Stephen Alexander Vaden for Deputy Secretary of Agriculture and Mr. Tyler Clarkson for General Counsel at the USDA. Members expressed concerns regarding the challenges farmers and ranchers face, especially in navigating the impacts of recent tariffs imposed by the President. Significant attention was given to how these nominations could influence agriculture policy and support rural communities amidst economic uncertainty. The committee emphasized the necessity for strong leadership in the USDA to advocate for farmer needs and ensure the proper implementation of assistance programs.