Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'ad valorem tax exemption'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Licensing & Administrative Procedures Mar 11th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Licensing & Administrative Procedures Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- are not going to end up being distributed into retail where someone could possibly cheat on their taxes
- That includes excise taxes and license fees; $255 million of that is from excise taxes, and then $56
- Excise taxes are collected there, and those auditors ensure that distributors and the wholesalers that
- are paying excise taxes are doing so correctly.
- Solely for working with the courier, we will also be adding that.
Keywords:
House Bill 11, House Bill 3579, lottery ticket couriers, modernization, human trafficking, regulatory oversight
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on legislative discussions surrounding House Bills 11 and 3579, with a significant emphasis on regulatory measures concerning lottery ticket couriers and modernization of licensing systems for the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation. Various committee members engaged in lively debates, particularly around the implications of using couriers within the lottery framework, as this raised concerns about regulatory gaps and the need for clearer oversight. Additionally, there was mention of the agency’s efforts to combat human trafficking through updated regulations and enforcement actions, indicating a priority agenda for the session.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- This was a bill that was vetoed at the end due to the turmoil surrounding the property tax bills.
- There are even motions and court orders in the various sections of the bill to be added.
- ...property tax dispute when so many unrelated bills were
Keywords:
probate court, statutory judge, reimbursement, court costs, court proceedings, probate court, statutory judge, reimbursement, court costs, judicial assignments, probate court, judge assignment, cost reimbursement, judicial expenses, estate management, probate court, judge assignment, cost reimbursement, statutory requirement, court expenses
Summary:
The Committee meeting involved significant discussions around several bills concerning property law and contractor protections. Notably, Senate Bill 1975 and Senate Bill 1734 were at the forefront, where SB1975 focused on protecting Texas contractors from being forced to litigate in foreign jurisdictions, ensuring local disputes are resolved within Texas. The testimony highlighted the need for such protections due to the previous challenges encountered by local contractors when large out-of-state entities imposed unfavorable contractual terms. The bill passed without any opposition during the committee session, highlighting its urgent importance for the local construction community.
In addition, the committee addressed Senate Bill 1734, which aims to provide property owners with a systematic approach to remedy deed fraud. This discussion included public testimonies shedding light on the recent rise in fraudulent deeds, emphasizing the need for legislative measures to streamline the rectification process. The public's input, especially from those in the title insurance industry, offered critical insights into the practical implications of the bill. The committee's deliberations were comprehensive and featured no substantial challenges to any of the bills, leading to a productive session overall.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- taxes, and fees paid by the oil and natural gas industries.
- span marker="37" data-time="216"> Per fiscal year, in general revenue from the gas utility pipeline tax
- The thought was kind of strange because we have severance taxes that are directly related.
- Section three on page five, item number one, sporting goods sales tax. Recommendations include.
- And we are adding this...
Bills:
SB1
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, water infrastructure, Railroad Commission, Senate Bill 30, Senate Bill 8, budget recommendations, public testimony, water funding, climate change, dedicated revenue stream
Summary:
The meeting included a comprehensive discussion on various upcoming budget recommendations impacting the Railroad Commission and water funding allocations. Significant dialogue focused on Senate Bill 30, which addresses water funding appropriations crucial for developing and maintaining the state's water infrastructure amidst growing demand. Testimonies from various stakeholders emphasized the urgency of addressing water resource issues in Texas, given the state's increasing population and the forthcoming infrastructure needs. Additionally, climate change impacts and funding challenges were heavily underscored by the participants, showcasing a collective concern over future water supply and management.
The committee also reviewed the implications of Senate Bill 8 and Senate Joint Resolution 75 regarding the creation of new funds and programs for water management and development. Importantly, the potential for a dedicated revenue stream was raised, echoing the sentiment that a historic investment in water infrastructure is critical. The meeting adjourned with plans for a follow-up to further evaluate and confirm budget appropriations, reflecting a strong commitment to tackle Texas's pressing water challenges.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Environmental Regulation Apr 3rd, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Environmental Regulation Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Concrete is put down, you're adding water to it constantly
- This has the added benefit of supporting small business development.
- Then on rural areas, I'm assuming under number seven on the exemptions where it's regulated by the Railroad
Keywords:
environmental enforcement, legislative oversight, inspection, concrete plants, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, environmental product declaration, grant program, ready-mixed concrete, manufacturers, sustainability, solid waste, landfill permits, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, environmental regulation, population density, municipal waste management, environmental quality, administrative hearings, regulatory compliance, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily focused on several key bills aimed at addressing environmental concerns and regulatory frameworks affecting communities across Texas. A significant portion of the discussion revolved around House Bill 573, which aims to enhance the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality's (TCEQ) ability to respond to concrete batch plant inspection requests, effectively prioritizing community health concerns. Concerns regarding dust and air pollution from these plants were raised frequently, highlighting the challenges faced by constituents living nearby. Additionally, House Bill 1499 introduced a grant program to help small concrete batch plants improve their environmental impact, reflecting the committee’s commitment to sustainable development while balancing economic growth.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- When we look at adding all the different beds that we are going to be adding in mental health, some are
- If that modifier was not added, then the bill would not have passed an automated review.
- Okay, and you're adding 40. Oh, I'm sorry, 509, not 409. You're adding 40 a year, basically.
- And when we increased the wage, they ended up eating the FACA tax.
- In addition to the 700 that they've added, they've also basically...
Bills:
SB1
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, child welfare, kinship care, community-based care, foster care, Senator Alvarado, Senator Hinojosa, legislative budget
Summary:
The meeting focused on various topics related to child welfare, particularly emphasizing the importance of kinship placements in the foster care system. Senators Alvarado and Hinojosa engaged in a detailed discussion regarding the benefits of kinship care, highlighting better outcomes for children and the financial implications for the state. They emphasized a need for continued investments in kinship care as a strategy to improve child welfare outcomes, encouraging the legislature to consider this approach moving forward. Additionally, the committee reviewed community-based care programs, which aim to keep children in their communities to promote stability and familial connections.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Land & Resource Management Mar 6th, 2025 at 08:03 am
House Land & Resource Management Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- producing thousands of jobs and commercial activity, in addition to generating millions of dollars in state tax
- wastewater utilities, and drive housing costs down so that it isn't front-loaded, but rather paid as a tax
- data-time="3168"> As Scott detailed earlier, supply really is the issue, measuring that balance between adding
- There are reasonable ways that we can work together to make sure we're adding more supply as quickly
Keywords:
housing affordability, Texas population growth, regulatory burdens, development processes, land use, supply shortage, collaboration, testimony, legislative measures
Summary:
The Committee on Land and Resource Management convened to address pressing issues surrounding housing affordability in Texas. Central to the discussions was the testimony of various stakeholders, including housing developers, local officials, and advocates who highlighted an acute shortage of over 300,000 homes due to rapid population growth. The committee explored legislative measures aimed at reducing regulatory burdens that contribute significantly to housing costs, particularly related to the development and construction processes. A theme of collaboration with local governments and state agencies was a pivotal point, emphasizing the need for an organized approach to address housing supply while balancing local infrastructural concerns.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- And so then what would you like added to that that didn't happen?
- What we would like to see added to that that did not happen is a...
- , TV ads, and things like that.
- That's, you know, I think this guy is going to raise your taxes.
- We don't have $50,000 to hire my best friend to make your ads. He works for y'all making ads.
Keywords:
voter ID, citizenship proof, provisional ballot, election security, Texas, voting rights, deep fakes, misleading videos, election integrity, criminal offense, digital misinformation, deep fakes, misleading videos, election integrity, criminal offense, digital misinformation, Texas, misleading videos, deep fake, election integrity
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several key legislative bills relating to election integrity and voter registration. Notable discussions were held around HB817, HB1478, and HB1661, which addressed issues such as the termination of majority votes, compliance with voter registration laws, and penalties related to election supplies. Throughout the meeting, various representatives vocalized their opinions, alongside public testimonies that provided diverse perspectives on the bills being considered. The chair led the proceedings efficiently, allowing for a balance of viewpoints while ensuring that legislative business was conducted promptly. Overall, the atmosphere was characterized by active engagement from members of the committee, with many bills being reported favorably to the full House for consideration.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- SB 1197 fixes this issue by adding spaceports to the protections already afforded to other critical infrastructure
- SB 1197 fixes this issue by adding spaceports to the protections
- Navigating bureaucracy, understanding regulations, taxes, and licensing is challenging without private
- span marker="445" data-time="2664"> ...This group of people represents membership that has real value added
Keywords:
veteran-owned businesses, state contracting, historically underutilized business, economic opportunity, small business, veteran-owned businesses, historically underutilized business, state contracting, economic development, small business, veterans, small business, state contracting, historically underutilized business, certification, veteran-owned businesses, historically underutilized business, state contracting, economic opportunity, Texas legislation
Summary:
The meeting of the Committee on Veteran Affairs addressed several significant bills aimed at supporting veterans and their businesses. Among the bills discussed was SB390, which seeks to expand the definition of historically underutilized businesses to include all veteran-owned businesses, regardless of disability status. This change aims to create a more equitable economic landscape for veterans and to foster their participation in state procurement opportunities. The committee heard strong testimony supporting this initiative, emphasizing the importance of providing veterans with fair chances in business development.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services Apr 15th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- /span>
We believe that there needs to be more parameters added
- That's what we're adding in here. Okay.
- We have had that added to our statute.
- It prohibits fluoride from being added to a public water supply for the purpose of fluoridation.
- We actually started adding fluoride to the water because we compared.
Keywords:
pharmacist, vaccine administration, COVID-19, exclusive authority, healthcare, Medicaid, provider enrollment, credentialing, healthcare, administrative burden, Texas Health and Human Services, senior retirement communities, emergency response, residential safety, contract provisions, health and safety regulations, medical staff privileges, hospital administration, healthcare regulation, Texas Health and Safety Code
Summary:
The committee meeting showcased extensive discussions surrounding multiple bills, predominantly focusing on the health sector and legislative processes. Senator Cook presented Senate Bill 1310, emphasizing the need for independent living facilities to develop disaster response plans to better protect vulnerable residents during emergencies. This bill sparked discussions on the importance of balancing regulatory oversight with compliance implementation, showcasing testimonies from stakeholders who supported the proactive measures outlined in the bill. Together, the members evaluated the relevance of continuing legislation aimed at strengthening emergency preparedness for Texas' senior population, illustrating a palpable concern for their welfare and safety.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
It's a growing economy, ranking second in sales tax per
- It's a growing economy, ranking second in sales tax per person
- It's a growing economy, ranking second in sales tax.
- Among Texas cities with over 100,000 residents, McAllen was ranked highly in 2024, with low property tax
- I want to thank Senators Campbell, Zaffirini, and Gutierrez for adding their congratulations.
Keywords:
Houston East End, Chamber of Commerce, East End Day, economic development, community involvement, scholarships, business events, McAllen, celebration, community pride, cultural events, economic growth, McAllen Day, celebration, community recognition, South Texas, local pride, Wise County Day, celebration, community recognition
Summary:
The meeting focused on several resolutions, notably including House resolutions which recognized the academic achievements of the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) and its merging with the UT Health Science Center at San Antonio. Senator Menendez and others praised the benefits of the merger, highlighting its potential for advancing research and education in Texas. Furthermore, various senators acknowledged the presence of community leaders and representatives, emphasizing the importance of local contributions to state development.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Business and Commerce (Part II) Feb 18th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- span marker="22" data-time="126"> of Bitcoin, since, as you all rightly pointed out, it is voluntary taxes
- blessed with a thriving economy, we must prepare for future downturns that could negatively impact tax
- 20, sorry, 10 percent added sugars.
- We are in favor of the bill for Texas, for cryptocurrency being added to the U.S.
And so it's adding that resilience and removing single
Keywords:
clean up bills, licensing, Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, public safety, professional integrity, massage therapy, electrician licensing
Summary:
The committee meeting included extensive discussions on a variety of bills, predominantly focusing on cleanup legislation aimed at aligning Texas laws with current practices and standards within various professional fields. Notable bills discussed included SB703, which addressed licensing consequences for massage establishments to close loopholes in existing law, and SB764, which related to improving procedures for electrician's licensing appeals. Several members expressed support for these measures, highlighting their importance in maintaining professional integrity and public safety. Public testimonies were received, offering insights and support from professionals in the fields impacted by these legislative changes.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- > In the 86th legislative session, we passed and signed into law the prohibition of local and state tax
- Abortion tax dollars should not facilitate travel to another
- I urge you to support Senate Bill 33 to prevent this abysmal use of tax dollars.
- But cities haven't stopped trying to use tax dollars to fund abortion.
- But to get to the bottom of things, I'm tired of my tax dollars going to persons who flout...
Keywords:
electric power, interconnection, utilities, ERCOT, large load customers, water supply, sewer service, demand management, Senate Bill 33, Senate Bill 11, abortion, taxpayer funding, healthcare access, government overreach, local control
Summary:
The committee meeting was centered around the discussion of two key bills: SB33 and SB11. SB33 received significant attention as it aimed to close loopholes related to local government funding for abortion travel, which several representatives argued was an overreach of governmental power. Testimonies from supporters highlighted the need for this bill to clarify taxpayer protections, while opponents raised concerns about infringing on local autonomy and access to healthcare. The discussion featured passionate inputs from various stakeholders, emphasizing the societal implications of legislations regarding reproductive rights and healthcare services. At the conclusion of deliberations, both bills were left pending, indicating that further consideration is required before moving forward.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine the nominations of Reed Rubinstein, of Maryland, to be Legal Adviser, Mike Huckabee, of Arkansas, to be Ambassador to the State of Israel, and Kevin Cabrera, of Florida, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Panama, all of the Depar Mar 25th, 2025 at 09:00 am
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- span marker="153" data-time="1824"> Transformation will change Arkansas, leaving a legacy of lower taxes
- I've always supported reforming government and ensuring our tax dollars are spent wisely.
- Palestinian villages, should they be subject to full examination under the Leahy law, or should Israel be exempted
Summary:
The committee meeting was focused on various key issues, including the implications of recent violence in the Middle East and U.S. foreign policy in relation to Israel and Panama. Members discussed the need for diplomatic efforts between the U.S. and Israeli officials following the recent attack by Hamas. Governor Huckabee emphasized the importance of maintaining a strong U.S.-Israel relationship and reiterated the need for accountability for terrorist organizations involved in violent acts against civilians. Senators shared their concerns regarding the ramifications of U.S. actions in Panama and the presence of Chinese influence, highlighting the significance of the Panama Canal in terms of trade and security.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Finance (Part I) Jan 28th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
Then turning to page 6, Item 6 is the **Google ad tech
- And then at the bottom of page 12, **Rider 39** is an added contingency rider pertaining to victims of
- The poll tax is what you called it. The poll tax. The poll tax.
Keywords:
Attorney General, budget recommendations, funding swaps, salary increases, Landowner's Compensation Program, public testimony, law enforcement
Summary:
The meeting focused on the budget recommendations for the Office of the Attorney General (OAG), where key issues included the proposed decrease of $163.9 million for the 2024-25 biennium and various methodology swaps for funding. Attorney General Paxton discussed ongoing litigation expenditures and emphasized the need for continued investments in agency staffing to address rising demands within law enforcement. Notably, he requested a 6% salary increase for 2026 and 2027 to retain talented personnel amidst competitive job markets. Public testimony highlighted community awareness challenges regarding the Landowner's Compensation Program, indicating a need for enhanced outreach efforts.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Appropriations - S/C on Articles I, IV, & V Feb 27th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Appropriations - S/C on Articles I, IV, & V
Transcript Highlights:
- by the American National Standards Institute, the National Accrediting Board has specified that exemption
- The agency has requested an exemption from this restriction.
Keywords:
Texas Forensic Science Commission, funding, specialty courts, case management, fee increases, public testimony, best practices
Summary:
The meeting of the committee centered around various crucial topics, with notable discussions on funding for the Texas Forensic Science Commission and considerations for improving specialty court case management systems. Specific attention was given to the challenges posed by inconsistency in reporting systems that hinder the agency's ability to deliver best practices. Various members expressed concerns regarding the agency's funding requests and the implications of potential fee increases for court reporters. Public testimonies brought forward contrasting views on the efficacy of current systems and necessary reforms.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Their taxes in the economy, land ownership is essential for business investment. HB 1740.
- So it's important that we actually have meaningful capacity added to our grid.
- Texans rightfully expect that their hard-earned tax dollars...
So why should tax dollars...
- I pay property taxes in Randall County and Travis County.
Bills:
HB256, HB1554, HB1743, HB2308, HB2351, HB2858, HB3676, HB3784, HB4312, HB4552, HB4823, HB4852, HB5007, HB5010, HB5520, HB5524, HCR19, HB1308
Keywords:
immigration, legal services, public money, government authority, unlawfully present, foreign ownership, agricultural land, real property, arms embargo, state regulations, foreign ownership, agricultural land, property rights, national security, real estate, border security, illegal immigration, Texas Commission, migrant workers, state plan
Summary:
The meeting of the committee involved extensive discussions surrounding several bills focused on immigration, border security, and campaign finance reform. Notably, House Bill 1554 was presented to address the use of public funds for legal services for individuals unlawfully present in the U.S., sparking significant opposition from several witnesses who voiced concerns about racial discrimination and the implications for immigrant communities. Other key bills discussed included House Bill 4823, the Campaign Finance Transparency Act, which aims to enhance reporting processes for political contributions, and House Bill 3676, related to energy policy. The committee heard from various stakeholders, both in support of and against the proposed legislation, reflecting a diverse range of opinions on these critical issues.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs Feb 24th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- In 2019, the legislature added authorization to Texas Water Code Chapter 13 for the Public Utility Commission
- deficiencies are identified, additional time may be required for supplementation and review, potentially adding
- Adding a deadline by which the PUC must issue a decision
- marker="634" data-time="3798">which was an important bill that needed to pass, but only after property tax
- petition from Travis and Williamson counties,
which were added
Keywords:
Senate Committee, Water and Agriculture, SB384, Operation Game Thief, poaching, legislative measures, public support, funding
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Water and Agriculture and Rural Affairs convened under the leadership of Chairman Kelly Hancock, who opened the meeting with a prayer in remembrance of Chairman Perry, who was absent due to a personal loss. The session focused on the discussions surrounding SB384, which aims to support the longstanding initiative known as Operation Game Thief. Senator Flores presented the bill, emphasizing its essential role in the fight against poaching through public support. The operation has a successful track record of convictions but is currently dependent on donations and merchandise sales for funding. The committee aimed to vote on multiple bills during this session, contingent on achieving a quorum. Notably, discussions also revolved around fiscal notes on two bills that were set aside for later consideration, indicating the committee's intention to carefully manage their legislative decisions. The meeting showcased a productive atmosphere, with committee members actively engaged in the review and potential advancement of key legislative measures.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Culture, Recreation & Tourism May 14th, 2025 at 09:05 am
House Culture, Recreation & Tourism Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="1242"> So, instead of just not having anything, I said, well, maybe we need to make an exemption
- When we go out of state, they have exemptions in their state.
- I talked to Brian Hughes's office and I said there's got to be a way that we can get an exemption to
Keywords:
Unplug Texas Day, digital detox, family activities, outdoor recreation, community engagement, patriotism, town designation, community engagement, Trophy Club, Texas Town of Patriotism, SB217, SB2232, SB2801, Unplugged Texas Day, outdoor engagement, public testimony, hunting license regulations, field trials, Friedman Cemetery Program
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily focused on reviewing several bills, including SB217, which establishes the historic Friedman Cemetery program, and SB2232, which seeks to designate October 21st as Unplugged Texas Day. The latter bill sparked notable discussions regarding the importance of reducing screen time and encouraging outdoor activities among Texans. Chairperson Metcalfe initiated the agenda, and the public testimony featured passionate arguments for the need for outdoor engagement, emphasizing mental well-being and community bonding. Overall, the bills were met with unanimous support within the committee, advancing toward favorable recommendations for full house votes.
Additionally, members voiced concerns about regulations surrounding field trials, as presented in SB2801, which proposes changes to the requirement for hunting licenses during dog field trials. Testimony from various stakeholders showcased a strong desire to facilitate participation in these events while raising awareness of the associated challenges. The meeting concluded with several bills advancing for further considerations, demonstrating a collaborative effort toward legislation that supports both cultural and outdoor initiatives in Texas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Senate Committee on Education K-16 Mar 25th, 2025 at 08:00 am
Senate Education K-16 Committee
Transcript Highlights:
SB 1871 prohibits a district from exempting themselves
All too often, districts have exemptions from having
- of the bill that I do disagree with is the removal of Chapter 37 from the District of Innovation exemption
- However, I believe it is important for the districts to have a DOI exemption.
- 988" data-time="5922"> Some of the reasons why we are asking for the local innovation plan not to exempt
Bills:
SB27, SB226, SB326, SB570, SB605, SB870, SB991, SB1871, SB1872, SB1873, SB1874, SB1924, SB1925
Keywords:
residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, antisemitism, student conduct, education, disciplinary actions, Texas Education Code, school marshal, handgun, open carry, school safety, Texas Education Code, mental health, telehealth, public schools, discipline management, student support
Summary:
The meeting was centered on reviewing several Senate bills focusing on school safety and discipline, primarily Senate Bills 870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, and 1924. Senator Perry emphasized the urgent need for reform in school discipline policies due to increasing incidents of violence and classroom disruptions. The committee acknowledged testimonies from various educators and public witnesses who supported the proposed bills, highlighting their significance in ensuring a safer learning environment. Key discussions revolved around the ability of teachers to maintain classroom discipline, the implications of disciplinary actions, and the support necessary for students with behavioral issues.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Senate Bill 1871 prohibits a district from exempting themselves.
- All too often, districts have exemptions from having a campus behavior coordinator.
- By eliminating Chapter 37 from the DOI exemption, we risk undermining local control, which is vital to
- Grandview ISD did not utilize the District of Innovation exemption.
- 988" data-time="5922"> Some of the reasons why we are asking for the local innovation plan not to exempt
Bills:
SB27, SB226, SB326, SB570, SB605, SB870, SB991, SB1871, SB1872, SB1873, SB1874, SB1924, SB1925
Keywords:
residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, antisemitism, student conduct, education, disciplinary actions, Texas Education Code, school marshal, handgun, open carry, school safety, Texas Education Code, mental health, telehealth, public schools, discipline management, student support
Summary:
The meeting focused on several significant bills pertaining to school discipline and safety, highlighting the issues faced by teachers due to increased student misbehavior and a perceived lack of administrative support. Key discussions were held around Senate Bill 1924, which aims to restore authority to local police and school district officers to issue misdemeanor citations for school offenses. This bill was met with both support and opposition, illustrating the ongoing debate about how best to maintain safety in schools without causing unnecessary criminalization of students. Witnesses included educators and administrators who provided testimonies on the real-life impacts of classroom disruptions on learning environments. Recommendations for improvements to the bills included calls for flexibility in discipline measures and better support for teachers dealing with disruptive behavior.