Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'awareness month'
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TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Are you aware of any... y'all and we've got a lot of other people coming up to testify.
- Are you aware of the city ever reaching...
Nothing I'm aware of.
You're not aware of any of that?
I'm not aware of the documents you have, sir.
Keywords:
railroad, train, collision, information disclosure, safety, driver's license, reporting, off-highway vehicles, public land, safety certificate, transportation, Parks and Wildlife Code, tolls, county revenue, civil penalty, ad valorem tax, transportation funding, public safety, infrastructure, toll road authority
Summary:
The meeting involved significant discussions around several bills focused on public safety and infrastructure, particularly involving the Texas Toll Road Authority. A prominent topic was SB2722 and its implications for funding essential services at the local level. Various members expressed concerns that the bill could undermine local budgets and infrastructure projects, potentially redirecting funds intended for critical transport services to cover emergency responses without proper oversight. Fire and police representatives emphasized the importance of toll revenue being used for its intended purposes rather than being diverted to address fiscal mismanagement within the city.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Intergovernmental Affairs May 13th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Intergovernmental Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Months ago, we were here for what we call Golden Triangle
- > Claim against it under this subchapter not later than three months
- We keep talking about 90 days; they say three months.
- You're talking $50 million a month.
- $50 million or more a month.
Keywords:
municipal management district, bonds, assessments, property taxes, economic development, eminent domain, special district, Senate Bill 2858, local government, enforcement mechanisms, public safety, due process, city council, urban counties
Summary:
The committee convened to discuss Senate Bill 2858, which aims to provide stronger enforcement mechanisms for compliance with state laws by local governments. The bill was met with significant opposition from various stakeholders including city council members and representatives from urban counties. They raised concerns that the provisions threaten local autonomy and could lead to severe financial penalties without due process. Specific testimonies highlighted the potential disruption to local budgets and public safety services due to immediate withholding of funds pending litigation outcomes. As such, the supporting and opposing views were thoroughly debated, reflecting the tension between state authority and local governance.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
For a month? What's that? For several months.
- Roughly take six months to complete the kind of finalization
- Roughly six months.
- Eighty to six months. Thank you, sir.
Bills:
HB2007, HB2462, HB2621, HB2921, HB3187, HB3331, HB3332, HJR144, HB3514, HB3528, HB3539, HB3563, HB3720, HB3726, HB3751, HB3859, HB3947, HB4148, HB4164, HB4337, HB4346, HB4368, HB4706, HB4916, HB4950, HB4967, HB5177, HB5603
Keywords:
commercial signs, county approval, transportation code, regulations, road signage, high occupancy vehicle lane, pregnant operators, transportation, parental rights, motor vehicle regulations, live video feed, transportation, state agency, transparency, public safety, confidentiality, personal information, local government, airport data, public records
Summary:
The committee meeting involved robust discussions focusing on three key bills: HB791, HB1729, and HB2876. HB791, presented by Representative Gortez, quickly passed through the committee with no objections, relating to approval for Central Catholic High School. Next, HB1729, which concerns term limits for commissioners of the free board, also saw no discussion before being moved favorably to the full House. The final bill discussed, HB2876, was pulled back from subcommittee and addressed amendments to a comprehensive development agreement aimed at enhancing portions of State Highway 130. The chair demonstrated an intent to expedite these measures, highlighting a commitment to advancing local infrastructure projects efficiently.
Additionally, public testimony was not on the agenda for this meeting, indicating a focus on internal discussions. Members expressed gratitude for the cooperation shown during the session, suggesting a positive working environment. As the meeting adjourned, it was noted that the upcoming agenda would include numerous bills, ensuring ongoing legislative activity in the following weeks.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Higher Education Mar 4th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Higher Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
And there's a vineyard, just so you're aware.
We are aware that some legislators...
- However, I'm not aware of any Texas public institutions using them.
I am not aware of any.
- We can certainly check, but I am not currently aware of any withdrawals.
Keywords:
HB8, community colleges, higher education, workforce development, dual credit programs, economic growth, student success
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on the transformative impact of House Bill 8, which restructured community college funding to emphasize outcomes that align with workforce needs. Dr. Brenda Kays highlighted the importance of community colleges in building Texas's economy, discussing successful partnerships that have emerged from the new framework provided by the bill. Testimonies from various representatives underscored the effectiveness of dual credit initiatives and workforce training, pointing out that increased enrollment and program development directly address regional skill gaps in high-demand fields such as healthcare and technical trades. The discussions revealed a commitment to ensuring that community colleges adapt to changing economic landscapes by equipping students with the skills necessary for sustainable employment.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Apr 14th, 2025 at 09:04 am
House Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm going to opt back in in three months or in two months, or maybe with a lower percentage.
- So now each month, as the pizza shop is making their pizza...
- of whatever they make each month.
- The bank doesn't care that the small business has only made $100 that month.
- The payments are $3,800 a week, so $16,000 a month, we'll call it.
Bills:
HB245, HB700, HB2783, HB3526, HB3900, HB4061, HB4124, HB4166, HB4395, HB4534, HB4609, HB4641, HB4736, HB4738, HB4739, HB4945, HB5015, HJR175
Keywords:
military service, retirement, law enforcement, custodial officer, Employees Retirement System, commercial financing, brokers, registration, disclosures, finance, consumer protection, fees, deferred compensation, automatic participation, county employees, payroll deductions, retirement plans, fiscal transparency, local government, bond issuance
Summary:
The meeting involved extensive discussions around several house bills, with notable emphasis on HB700, which aims to increase transparency in the merchant cash advance (MCA) sector. Representative McQueen provided a detailed explanation of the issues small business owners face due to aggressive tactics and lack of regulation in this area. The committee also examined HB4609, which focuses on updating the Texas Municipal Retirement System (TMRS) benefits to provide clearer options for cities regarding cost-of-living adjustments (COLA), allowing cities to offer retirement benefits in a more flexible and informed manner. Additionally, the meeting featured a strong public testimony segment, where witnesses voiced their support and concerns, especially regarding the implications of digital currencies framed in HB703.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Municipalities were told a month ago to bring us language.
- He introduced his capital markets package last month, on
- And again, razor-thin margins of whether you make it or not on a month-to-month basis.
- I did an NPR interview on Market Watch this morning about the first time in Texas last month.
- So that's in one month in a neighborhood with about 3,500 homes.
Bills:
SB264, SB542, SB924, SB1008, SB1029, SB1036, SB1057, SB1058, SB1185, SB1202, SB1358, SB1364, SB1376, SB1569, SB1664, SB1697, SJR50
Keywords:
property owners' association, water conservation, residential watering restriction, fines, drought management, video services, regulation, public right-of-way, franchise authority, telecommunications, food safety, regulations, permitting, local authority, food service industry, used vehicles, advertising regulations, dealerships, consumer protection, vehicle identification
Summary:
The committee meeting was marked by a series of discussions regarding several bills aimed at improving local regulations, particularly around food service operations. Members discussed the challenges of regulatory inconsistencies affecting restaurants and the food industry, emphasizing how Senate Bill 1008 could alleviate some financial burdens. Various stakeholders, including representatives from the Texas Restaurant Association, testified in support of this bill, highlighting the need for clearer and more predictable regulations. The discussions included provisions that would cap local permit fees, preventing duplicate charges that hinder small businesses' operations. Notably, there was strong bipartisan support demonstrated as numerous bills were reported favorably with unanimous votes.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources Apr 23rd, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="0">Representative Romero, we have not received an application for this project; we're just aware
- data-time="1692">Representative Romero, we have not received an application for this project; we're just aware
- span marker="448" data-time="2682"> Because currently in the Rio Grande Valley, as you're very well aware
Bills:
HB1523, HB2109, HB2694, HB3525, HB3898, HB4646, HB5188, HB5219, HB5320, HB5651, HB5655, HB5659, HB5662, HB5672
Keywords:
aquifer conservation, Class V injection well, environmental regulation, groundwater protection, municipal water supply, temporary prohibition, water management, reservoir construction, state water plan, Texas Water Code, environmental impact, Brazoria Drainage District, commissioners, elections, vacancies, resignation, brackish water, desalination, Texas Water Development Board, financial assistance
Summary:
In this meeting, the committee engaged in extensive discussions surrounding House Bill 1523, which addresses the City of Austin's Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) project. Representative Gerdes laid out substantial concerns regarding the potential risks posed to local aquifers, as he emphasized the lack of transparency and community engagement by the City of Austin. Testimonies from members of the Lost Pines Groundwater Conservation District supported the bill, citing worries about adverse chemical reactions and the implications for groundwater as crucial reasons for opposing the project. Conversely, representatives from the City of Austin expressed the necessity of the ASR project for regional water supply planning and addressed the purported benefits it would provide.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Justice (Part II) Apr 8th, 2025
Senate Criminal Justice Committee
Transcript Highlights:
I've only been county attorney for a few months now.
- It was the fourth jury trial setting, a timely discovery request had been made many months before, and
- Seventeen months after Christine Morton was murdered.
- $88 statewide, and if you use $30 a month, that's over it
- It's $88 change, so it's $2,500 a month just to hold the person. Community supervision is much less.
Bills:
SB552, SB1099, SB1124, SB1208, SB1372, SB1506, SB1667, SB1804, SB1806, SB1870, SB1936, SB1937, SB2180, SB2405, SB2569, SB2570, SB1646
Keywords:
community supervision, criminal justice, illegal alien, deferred adjudication, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, criminal procedure, discovery, defendant rights, evidence disclosure, justice system, crime laboratory, access, defense counsel, criminal proceedings, discovery, parole reform, inmate release, Board of Pardons and Paroles, recidivism, criminal justice
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was marked by critical discussions surrounding several bills focused on enhancing public safety and addressing criminal activities. Notably, Senate Bill 1208 sparked significant debate as several members expressed concerns regarding its implications for free speech and civil rights. Testimonies from various public participants highlighted fears that the increased penalties could infringe on First Amendment rights by deterring individuals from holding law enforcement accountable. The committee also tackled Senate Bill 1646, aiming to combat copper theft, which has surged significantly across Texas, affecting essential infrastructure and emergency services.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- issue that impacted certain state employees hired between approximately 2003 and 2015, when a three-month
- During that time, if an employee left state employment or changed positions during the three-month waiting
- While ERS currently allows individuals to purchase service credit for one such three-month waiting period
- The second change is changing the reference from quarter or month to a quarter, month, or year.
- The second change is changing the reference from quarter or month to quarter, month, or year.
Keywords:
Texas Future Fund, investment review board, economic stabilization, innovative technology, national defense, retirement, service credit, Employees Retirement System of Texas, employee benefits, pension reform, salary supplement, county judges, judicial functions, state law, government compensation, public retirement systems, municipality pensions, firefighters, police officers, retirement age
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several house bills, notably those concerning environmental conservation, tax incentives for local businesses, and public safety. Key discussions revolved around HB3486, which introduces a sales and use tax incentive for restaurants purchasing Texas farm-raised oysters. Testimonies highlighted the importance of supporting local oyster farming to mitigate the decline of natural oyster reefs, and several witnesses praised the initiative for its potential environmental benefits. HB2688 also received attention, where representatives emphasized its role in enhancing public safety through improved support for police officers, echoing the community's need for stable recruitment and retention strategies in law enforcement.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Apr 14th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Members, just so you're all aware, right now today, any active
- As lawmakers, I'm certain you're all aware that state law cannot preempt federal law, and this bill is
- marker="979" data-time="5868"> So I will, you know, admit I'm speaking on the original bill, but my awareness
- 1276" data-time="7650"> and safe if they don't know if there are extra weapons that they need to be aware
- Are you aware of that?
Bills:
HB259, HB1128, HB1337, HB1506, HB1794, HB2215, HB2470, HB2771, HB2882, HB2993, HB3053, HB3428, HB3669, HB3789, HB3924, HB4201, HB4675
Keywords:
healthcare, insurance, patient rights, medical expenses, access to care, affordability, legislation, firearms, penal code, regulation, short-barrel firearms, ammunition, legislation, firearms, gun control, public safety, short-barrel firearms, Texas law, firearms, gun control
Summary:
The committee meeting featured a rigorous discussion on several bills, most notably House Bill 4201, which aims to expand firearm carry rights for licensed individuals on government-owned properties, including schools. The proponent of the bill, Representative Schatzlein, emphasized the importance of safeguarding the Second Amendment rights of law-abiding Texans. However, multiple witnesses testified against the bill, arguing that it could lead to increased risks, particularly in sensitive locations like educational institutions, where the presence of firearms could exacerbate safety concerns. Testimonies from representatives of various organizations, including Texas Gun Sense and Moms Demand Action, highlighted the potential dangers such legislation could introduce, and many witnesses shared personal stories that reinforced their opposition to the bill.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships Apr 22nd, 2025 at 02:04 pm
House S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships
Transcript Highlights:
- So they order $230 a month, approximately, as child support.
- month.
- After six months goes by, mom moves to get the case transferred to the...
- And then I had custody of her for another 10 and a half months.
- We've got about six months to do that. There are no teeth...
Keywords:
fatherhood, family support, fatherlessness, community engagement, youth development, social policy, male role models, fatherhood, child development, fatherlessness, policy reform, community engagement, role models, mental health, fatherhood, parenting, child development, family support, single-parent homes, role models
Summary:
During the meeting of the committee, several key bills were debated, most notably HB3281, which addresses the grounds for terminating parental rights. The discussion revolved around significant concerns presented by various members regarding the language change in the bill that requires serious bodily injury for termination, a shift that many find troubling. Witnesses also testified, with some advocating for amendments to ensure child safety, emphasizing the importance of a balanced approach without unintended consequences. Additionally, HB4696 was introduced, focused on improving access to protective orders through remote testimony, further engaging committee members and experts on the necessity of such reforms for survivors of domestic violence.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on State-Federal Relations May 1st, 2025 at 08:05 am
House S/C on State-Federal Relations
Transcript Highlights:
- Are you aware of what particular projects or...
- Are you aware of whether Texas is one of those states that's pushing that back?
Keywords:
border municipalities, agreements, funding eligibility, infrastructure, intergovernmental cooperation, REAL ID, travel document, border crossing, Texas, U.S. citizens, Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, defense innovation, national security, Texas, U.S. Army Futures Command, military technology, economic growth, HB3484, HCR112, border municipalities
Summary:
During the meeting, the committee addressed significant legislative topics, focusing on HB3484 and HCR112. HB3484 was presented by Chairman Van Dever, who detailed the challenges faced by border cities like Texarkana in accessing funding for facilities located across state lines. The discussion included testimonies from community members highlighting the necessity of operational agreements between neighboring municipalities to streamline resource management and funding eligibility. This bill aims to ensure that infrastructure projects serving both Texarkana, Texas and its Arkansas counterpart are recognized adequately for funding purposes. The testimony emphasized the benefits of cooperative projects such as wastewater treatment plants and how these arrangements have historically contributed to the well-being of residents in both regions. HCR112, presented by Representative Perez, urged Congress to accept state-issued Real ID cards for U.S. citizens reentering the country, streamlining identification processes at border crossings. The resolution sparked dialogue about the practical impacts of federal ID compliance on daily border interactions and the potential economic benefits for border communities.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
Press Conference: Senator Nathan JohnsonRegarding legislative proposals to regulate hemp-derived THC products and to decriminalize adult-use cannabis. Joined by Senator Molly Cook, and others. Jul 30th, 2025
Texas Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Thank you, Senator Johnson, for this opportunity and your remarks, bringing awareness to the fact that
- The governor has done an excellent job of raising public awareness of what the true problems are.
Keywords:
hemp, consumable products, cannabinoids, licensing, regulations, election law, attorney general, prosecution, voter integrity, law enforcement, lobbying, public funds, political subdivisions, government transparency, taxpayer protection, THC regulation, public health, hemp-derived THC, decriminalization, public testimony
Summary:
The meeting focused on the pressing issue of THC regulation in Texas, led by several key legislators including Senator Johnson who emphasized the need for a comprehensive regulatory framework for THC products. Key topics included the unregulated sale of hemp-derived THC, its negative impact on public health, especially among children, and the disproportionate incarceration rates for minor marijuana offenses. Senators discussed the need for reforms to create a safer, more enforceable regulatory environment as public sentiment increasingly favors regulation over prohibition. Numerous public testimonies highlighted personal experiences and the necessity of changing current laws to reflect public safety and health concerns.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Feb 27th, 2025 at 10:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Members, I am so grateful to be here to recognize the month of Ramadan, the ninth month in the Islamic
- This month is observed by Muslims worldwide.
- Overall, this blessed month serves as a reminder to practice
- May this month bring us peace and reflection.
- to be a child's father to pay retroactive child support beginning on the first day of the calendar month
Keywords:
Senator Judith Zaffirini, Texas Senate, public service, education, legislation, honor, mentorship
Summary:
The meeting focused on honoring Senator Judith Zaffirini for her exceptional service to the state of Texas, marking her as the first female dean of the Texas Senate. Various members spoke of her achievements, highlighting her dedication to public service and her significant impact on the community and education, particularly for students with disabilities. The atmosphere was filled with camaraderie and deep respect, as colleagues shared personal anecdotes and affirmed her role as a mentor and leader.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Higher Education May 13th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Higher Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- uniform and accessible method for institutions to provide essential information, enhancing student awareness
- There is a need for better outreach and awareness of these
Keywords:
sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, stalking, higher education, student safety, orientation policies, health physics, higher education, workforce development, nuclear energy, radiological safety, scholarship, education, Texas Leadership Scholars Program, higher education, student funding, transparency, higher education, degree requirements
Summary:
The Committee on Higher Education convened to discuss several significant pieces of legislation aimed at enhancing educational outcomes and access in Texas. A notable discussion was around SB2431, which seeks to improve access to foreign language courses through study abroad programs, as demand for such skills continues to grow in various industries. Additionally, SB2786 was presented, aimed at exempting certain public officers from assessment requirements under the Texas Success Initiative, to better accommodate their professional training and development needs. The meeting showcased a range of witnesses and testimonies in support of these initiatives, reflecting the committee's commitment to addressing educational barriers for students and professionals alike.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Local Government (Part I) May 26th, 2025
Senate Local Government Committee
Transcript Highlights:
So we'd be saving a couple of months at this point.
- We want an industrial site ready within 12 to 18 months, but Fort Bend County cannot deliver one in less
- than 36 months.
- Sites that could be user-ready in a year to 18 months.
- If we have a hotel operator that is shut down for a month or two, they're going to miss their mortgage
Keywords:
Lake Houston, dredging, maintenance district, flood control, environment, public works, industrial development, county development districts, bonds, economic incentives, sales tax, human trafficking, hotel regulation, occupancy certificate, municipal authority, law enforcement, human trafficking, municipal powers, House Bill 5509, due process
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Local Government convened to discuss various important bills, primarily focusing on housing and local governance issues. Significant discussions included House Bill 5509, aimed at enhancing municipal powers against human trafficking by allowing the suspension of hotel occupancy certificates when crimes are suspected. The committee thoroughly reviewed the proposed committee substitutes for several bills, stressing stakeholder input and the importance of due process in legislative changes. Additionally, public testimony highlighted community support for the new amendments designed to ensure safety and welfare, particularly concerning vulnerable populations. House Bill 5663, addressing vital infrastructure needs and associated funding, also received a favorable recommendation from the committee, advancing its path through legislative scrutiny.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services Mar 12th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- both have rare antigens in their blood, making it challenging to always find a match for them every month
For the past 18 months, the girls have gotten their
- I will admit it took several months before their spark and blood levels came back up, but once it did
- Please vote yes so that we can continue getting our special blood every month and for years to come.
- Usually not a month, but right.
Keywords:
Senate Committee, health care, blood donations, patient safety, genetic privacy, SB125, SB315, autologous donations
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Health and Human Services focused primarily on several key bills aimed at improving health care regulations and patient rights. Notably, Senator Hall introduced SB125, aiming to allow for direct and autologous blood donations, which sparked passionate debates among committee members and invited witnesses. Concerns were raised regarding the bill's implications for patient safety and the feasibility of the proposed 72-hour notice period for hospitals. Testimonies highlighted personal experiences, including that of the Lehrer family, advocating for the bill based on their children's health needs and the challenges faced due to current regulations. Conversely, several representatives from blood centers expressed opposition, cautioning that the bill could burden the blood donation system and adversely impact the quality of care for patients with special needs.
Additionally, SB315 was present to address genetic privacy issues, aiming to grant Texans property rights over their DNA and genetic information. This bill also brought forth discussions about the ethical implications of genetic testing and data privacy in light of technological advancements. As the meeting progressed, representatives underscored the importance of balancing legislative intentions with practical outcomes, initiating further discussions on amendments and committee substitutes that would refine the proposed laws.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Senate Committee on Education K-16 Apr 3rd, 2025 at 09:00 am
Senate Education K-16 Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- change that language up and we make sure that ERS receives full contributions for the applicable months
- University of Houston System and the University of Houston-Victoria over the past two and a half months
- that if I had a customer call me to get their oil changed, and I told them it was going to take two months
- The selected month for this fee waiver is October, giving
- are in those two months, so free college application time
Bills:
SB530, SB757, SB769, SB1085, SB1241, SB1242, SB1409, SB1878, SB2138, SB2314, SB2231, SB2361, SB2431, SJR59
Keywords:
accreditation, postsecondary education, Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, baccalaureate degrees, junior colleges, program delivery, faculty recruitment, higher education, performance standards, student loan debt, degree programs, funding, higher education, students with disabilities, accessibility, enrollment, report, Texas State Technical College System, land acquisition, facilities development
Summary:
The meeting focused on significant education reform, particularly the transition of the University of Houston-Victoria into the Texas A&M system. Senator Kohlkorst led the discussions, highlighting the historical context of the partnership and the challenges ahead in transitioning governance, especially regarding accreditation and technical support. Community leaders expressed their support, emphasizing the need for alignment with regional industry needs to enhance educational programs that would ultimately benefit both students and the local economy. Notably, testimony from James Hallmark and Dwayne Crocker highlighted both the potential growth for the region and the collaborative spirit of the involved institutions in implementing this transition.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine District Judges, focusing on exploring legislative solutions to the bipartisan problem of universal injunctions. Apr 2nd, 2025 at 09:15 am
Senate Judiciary Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- span>
For a number of years, but particularly the last few months
- And my Democratic colleagues probably like them right now, even though they criticized them a few months
- And how many nationwide injunctions have been issued in the last two months alone?
- There have been more nationwide injunctions in the past two months against President Trump than in the
- There have been more nationwide injunctions against President Trump in the last two months than both
Keywords:
universal injunctions, legislative reforms, judicial authority, executive power, balance of power, judicial overreach
Summary:
During this meeting, the committee focused on the implications of universal injunctions, which have become a significant concern in recent years. The discussion centered around various legislative proposals aimed at addressing the perceived overreach of district judges who issue nationwide injunctions that affect policies across the entire country. Several members expressed the belief that such injunctions undermine judicial authority and disrupt the balance of power between the judiciary and executive branches. Expert witnesses testified about the historical context of universal injunctions and the necessity for reforms that would limit the power of courts to grant remedies benefitting non-parties.