Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'Texas Parks and Wildlife'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Apr 8th, 2025 at 10:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Speaker, members, I want to take a moment and welcome my friends from my hometown, Palestine, Texas.
- on their lives to serve you and the blessed state of Texas.
- He was widely respected as one of the most accomplished trial attorneys in Central Texas and remained
- Speaker, members, I want to take a moment and welcome my friends from my hometown, Palestine, Texas.
- There are 244 county treasurers in Texas and two-thirds of them serve our rural counties.
Keywords:
open meetings, public notice, transparency, government efficiency, taxpayer impact, water infrastructure, bonds, economically distressed areas, financial assistance, water supply, public information, government transparency, civil penalty, recordkeeping, election reports, prosecutor salary, state funding, judicial district, government employees, salary cap
Summary:
During this committee meeting, a range of bills were discussed, focusing primarily on public safety and community health issues. There were significant conversations surrounding HB3159, where members raised concerns about its implications for local law enforcement practices. The bill drew various opinions from committee members, with some supporting its approach to funding police training, while others questioned its efficacy in addressing community needs. Additionally, there was an emphasis on testimony from community representatives, who expressed both support and opposition, enriching the discourse around the proposed legislation.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education May 13th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- of Student Engage in Advancing Texas, and yourself.
- Akintola and I'm a student from Aledo, Texas.
- and the gender diversity that defines Texas.
- I am also a resident of Texas and a proud father of a one-year-old.
- The law, as we know, requires all states to identify and address educational disparities, and the Texas
Keywords:
parental rights, education, social transitioning, diversity, equity, inclusion, school policy, student clubs, residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, school boards, transparency, public meetings, attendance, recording, grade point average, education
Summary:
This meeting primarily focused on the discussions surrounding SB12 and SB1191. SB12, which relates to parental rights and public education, was met with significant opposition from various witnesses who expressed concerns over its provisions related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in schools. Testimonies from educators, parents, and students highlighted the bill's potential to censor important discussions about race, gender identity, and systemic inequalities, which they believe are essential for a well-rounded education. The committee allowed ample public testimony, where individuals articulated both support and opposition to the bill, indicating the contentious atmosphere surrounding educational policy in Texas. Similarly, SB1191 aimed at standardizing GPA calculations for high school students, received explanations from sponsors, but did not escape scrutiny as members questioned its implementation impact across districts.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- $19 billion last year with Texas-based firms, Texas-headquartered firms, and investing in Texas corporations
- Austin and Texas Tech to train more educators of students who are blind and deaf-blind.
- I'm the new executive director of the Texas Alliance of Boys and Girls Clubs across Texas.
- You're here to serve Texas and every man, woman, and child within.
- And in doing so, we invest in Texas' future.
Bills:
SB1
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, legislation, policy issues, committee meetings, public testimony, pending bills
Summary:
The meeting covered a wide range of topics, focusing primarily on pending legislation and various policy issues facing the committee. Discussions were notably animated surrounding several bills, with members expressing both support and concern over their implications. Witness testimonies were heard, shedding light on different perspectives regarding the legislation in question, indicating a robust public interest and engagement in the topics discussed. Members collaborated to address constituents' concerns while seeking solutions that align with the committee's objectives.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- More than 1,600 insurers do property and casualty business in Texas.
- and liability, and residual carriers like the Texas Windstorm Insurance Association and the Texas Fair
- Examples are organizations like the Texas Municipal League and the Texas Association of Counties.
- My name is Jessica Kras, and I am the Vice President of Legal and Compliance with the Texas Windstorm
- up about half of the market for wind and hail insurance on the Texas coast.
Summary:
The meeting involved extensive discussions on various topics, although specific bills or motions were not highlighted. The members engaged in a dialogue surrounding the financial aspects of policies under review, particularly referencing rate components and reserves. Questions were raised regarding the allocation of premiums and the implications for future budgets, but no concrete resolutions were made. The Chair, after guiding the discussion, indicated the conclusion of the agenda and called for any additional business before moving to adjourn.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- mitigation funding to date and has built over 30,000 housing units for Texas.
- Because we said yes, and our Texas delegation in Congress got the funding.
- In West Texas that John Kelly and you and Tony Wingedale
- Most of that is dealt with through the TCEQ and the Texas Water Development Board.
- the highest elderly population, and the two most accident-prone professions all work in Texas.
Bills:
SB1
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, GLO, GCPD, Alamo preservation, budget recommendations, disaster recovery, environmental protection, cybersecurity
Summary:
The meeting centered around significant budget recommendations for the General Land Office (GLO) and the Gulf Coast Protection District (GCPD). The GLO presented a request for $2.7 billion in funding for the 26-27 biennium, highlighting a 57% reduction from the previous biennium. Critical discussions included necessary funding for the Alamo preservation, with a request for $150 million to address inflation-induced cost increases in renovation measures. The GLO emphasized the importance of these funds to protect the Alamo as a cultural landmark and to manage unexpected surprises in construction, such as the need for a new roof and structural reinforcements. Several members expressed their support for this initiative, citing the importance of preserving Texas history.
Further discussions addressed the funding for the GCPD and other critical projects aimed at enhancing disaster preparedness and ensuring environmental protection. The proposals included funds for coastal erosion response efforts and cybersecurity enhancements. A notable consensus emerged around the need for efficient use of taxpayer funds for ongoing environmental initiatives and disaster recovery efforts. With significant public interest and testimony on these issues, overall, the meeting captured a comprehensive perspective on the state’s budgetary priorities, emphasizing a collaborative effort among legislators to protect both cultural and environmental resources.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services (Part II) Feb 26th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm Holly Evilizer, I'm a registered and licensed dietitian and I'm here on behalf of the Texas Academy
- I'm a physician in Austin and I'm here representing the Texas Medical Association and the Texas Pediatric
- My name is Sheila Hemphill with Texas Right to Know, and I'm for SB25.
- Monge, we'll start with you and then Sharon, representing the Texas Pediatric Society and the Texas Medical
- Well, how better than to take our Texas manufacturers of food, products, and beverages and have it be
Summary:
The committee convened to discuss SB25, receiving public testimonies from various stakeholders. Significant discussions centered around the implications of the bill, with multiple witnesses voicing their support and concerns. The atmosphere was engaging, with committee members actively questioning the witnesses to clarify their positions and gain deeper insights into the potential impact of the legislation. Chairman's leadership facilitated a structured dialogue that allowed for both support and opposition viewpoints to be expressed.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Feb 20th, 2025 at 10:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
Pledges of Allegiance to the United States and Texas
- The university has evolved and thrived within the Texas A&M system since 1917.
- cultural powerhouse, Baytown embodies that vision, the resilience and spirit of Texas.
- hear from various agencies, including the Texas Education Agency and the Texas Division of Emergency
- Some of the largest AAPI communities in Texas can be found in Harris County, Collin County, and Fort
Keywords:
education reform, healthcare access, environmental regulations, public testimony, funding mechanisms
Summary:
The meeting encompassed extensive deliberations on various bills and their implications on public policy. Members voiced their opinions on key issues including education reform, healthcare access, and environmental regulations. Notably, debates arose around HB123, where representatives expressed concerns about funding mechanisms, with some advocating for a more equitable distribution of resources. Public testimonies were also heard, bringing different perspectives to the table and illustrating the diversity of opinions on the proposed legislation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Testifying on behalf of Ground Game Texas and yourself, and
- My name is Katina Voellinger, and I'm here on behalf of Ground Game Texas and myself.
- That process is through the courts and outlined in Texas law.
- The Texas Women and Child Protection Act.
- and the Texas Trigger Law.
Keywords:
biological sex, government information, definitions, sex-based distinctions, public health, flags, display, state law, municipalities, government buildings, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, private civil right of action, destruction of property, qui tam action, Committee meeting, abortion, drug trafficking, local government policies
Summary:
The meeting of the committee brought forward several bills, including notable discussions on HB5082 and HB5510. During the meeting, concerns regarding local governments' ability to adopt decriminalization policies were addressed, particularly as these have led to legal actions involving the state. Witness testimonies presented both support and opposition to the bills, with strong sentiments expressed on both sides. Representative Leach advocated for stricter regulations on abortion drug trafficking and the need for better protections for women. An emotional debate ensued addressing the implications of these regulations on women's health and rights. Additionally, the committee debated the repercussions of the bills on local governance and public health outcomes.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Licensing & Administrative Procedures May 6th, 2025 at 10:05 am
House Licensing & Administrative Procedures Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- HB 1800 also instructs the Texas Commission of Licensing and Regulation to establish a rule for the appropriate
- He died on April 22nd, born and raised in Plano, Texas.
- We have consistently supported this approach in Texas and across the country because it formalizes consumer
- I'm the Director of Public Policy and General Counsel for the Baptist General Convention of Texas.
- , and I came to Texas.
Keywords:
permit issuance, regulatory framework, business operations, efficiency, application process, lottery, gambling, internet gaming, mobile application, criminal offenses, lottery regulations, occupational licensing, fraud prevention, criminal background checks, lottery couriers, swimming safety, child protection, licensing, criminal background check, occupational regulation
Summary:
The meeting of the committee primarily focused on discussing various bills, including HB1800, which aims to establish safety standards for swim schools. The bill was introduced by Ms. Garcia, who shared a heart-wrenching personal story about her son, Mitchell, who drowned during a swim program due to inadequate safety protocols. This led to strong public testimony both supporting and opposing the bill, with many witnesses emphasizing the need for stringent regulations to protect children in swim schools. In contrast, some representatives voiced concerns about over-regulating well-established programs that already have safety measures in place.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Party of Texas, and yourself, and you're here to fight for
- The chair calls Daniel McCarthy with LP Texas and himself.
- You're representing the Libertarian Party of Texas, and you're here to testify for the bill?
- you are representing, it says LP Texas Rep and Hopkins County Chair, and yourself, and you are testifying
- Thank you so much for being here and for your testimony and for all you've done working with the Texas
Keywords:
voting access, polling place, disability, caretaker provisions, ballot delivery, election code, ballot by mail, election code, voting, mail delivery, election integrity, filing fee, nomination, convention, election, candidate, voting by mail, assisted living, nursing facilities, legal guardian
Summary:
The meeting of the committee focused primarily on discussions surrounding HB4309, aimed at allowing third parties to handle filing fees similarly to major political parties. Witnesses from the Libertarian Party, including Wes Benedict, expressed the need for equitable treatment in political financing, highlighting how fees imposed on them currently do not assist their party in any meaningful way like they do for Republicans and Democrats. Concerns were raised regarding the lack of accountability for fees collected from third parties, with committee members discussing potential oversight mechanisms.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Finance May 23rd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
$104 million to the Texas Department of Health and
- groundwater and environment of Texas, along with many other critical items for the people of Texas.
- And just a reminder, this program is really life-changing and valuable for about 150,000 kids in Texas
- I'm the advocacy and policy director at Texas Parent to Parent. We are a statewide organization.
- program, a joint effort between Health and Human Services and the Texas Education Agency.
Keywords:
Senate Committee, Supplemental Budget, House Bill 500, Infrastructure, Disaster Recovery, Bipartisan Support, Cybersecurity, Legislation, Public Testimony, Rural Communities
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee featured extensive discussions surrounding several important bills, notably House Bills 500, 4486, and 3010. Chair Huffman presented HB500, a supplemental budget addressing vital state services, in which $2.5 billion was allocated for water infrastructure projects. The committee approved the bill unanimously, showcasing bipartisan support for its critical provisions including enhancements to Texas's cybersecurity and disaster response capabilities. Discussions also revolved around HB4486, which was substituted and subsequently reported back to the full Senate, indicating ongoing legislative refinement and collaboration among members. Additionally, HB3010, aimed at facilitating disaster recovery for rural infrastructure, was brought forward by Senator Nichols, emphasizing the state's commitment to assisting communities impacted by natural calamities.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence May 12th, 2025 at 09:05 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Judge Guy Herman, Statutory Probate Courts of Texas, and you're self-registered against the bill, is
- I'm the presiding statutory probate court judge of the state of Texas, elected by both Republicans and
- ...of habit and practice. This isn't a Texas problem.
- It would have the governor's office and the Texas Supreme Court appoint new ones that would start on
- I'm the judge of the State of Texas, representing myself and my court.
Keywords:
judicial conduct, state commission, judicial misconduct, commission membership, constitutional amendment, mental health, court proceedings, notice requirements, legal filings, electronic documents, automated motor vehicles, traffic safety, Department of Public Safety, crimes, transportation network companies, justice, judicial council, centers of excellence, court operations, recognition program
Summary:
This meeting of the Judiciary and Civil Jurisprudence Committee addressed multiple bills, focusing notably on mental health provisions and judicial accountability. SB1164 was a significant topic, discussing amendments to emergency detainer processes for individuals with severe mental illness. Witnesses provided compelling testimonies highlighting issues within the current mental health system, stressing the need for a compassionate approach to assist those refusing treatment. The discussion revealed tensions surrounding the legislative changes, with concerns from various stakeholders about potential overreach and effectiveness of proposed measures.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services Mar 11th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- , and that Texas remains the best place to live, work, and...
- businesses and the Texas economy thrive.
- in Texas and I am happy to answer any questions.
- On behalf of the Texas Radiological Society, the Texas Medical Association, and myself,
- I have a 240-bed building and a 400-bed facility, one in West Texas and one in Houston.
Summary:
The meeting of the committee primarily focused on several significant bills aimed at enhancing accountability and transparency within Texas's Medicaid and long-term care systems. Notably, SB457 seeks to ensure that a substantial portion of Medicaid funds is allocated directly to patient care in nursing facilities, addressing concerns about the misuse of taxpayer dollars. Various testimonies were provided from key stakeholders, highlighting the ongoing challenges faced by nursing homes and the pressing need for reform. Notably, AARP Texas endorsed SB457, emphasizing the critical need for improvements in care quality, especially in light of staffing shortages and neglect issues prevalent in some facilities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- make Texas a safer place to live and work.
- I watch Texas and all the things we do to prevent on the front end, all the things...
- In Texas, if you're a young trooper and you want to get killed, transfer out of the county and then tell
- of what it means to wear the Texas star and be the best in the world is a matter of pride.
- programs around the world and right here in Texas.
Keywords:
abandoned property, unclaimed property, law enforcement, disposition, public safety, invasive recording, privacy, sex offender registration, security, criminal justice, disruption, lawful gatherings, criminal offense, electronic disturbances, virtual meetings, Uvalde-Strong Act, school safety, public notices, legislative updates, active shooter training
Summary:
During the meeting, multiple bills were reviewed and discussed, with the most prominent being HB33, known as the Uvalde-Strong Act. This bill aims to improve school safety and preparedness in active shooting situations by implementing stringent security measures and training requirements for law enforcement and educational institutions. The bill generated significant discussion about its provisions, the urgency for enhanced safety protocols, and the lessons learned from previous tragedies. HB1261, which allows for dual publication methods for public notices, was also reported favorably without objections, reflecting a growing need to adapt legislative processes to modern communication standards. The meeting concluded with several bills advancing to the full Senate for further consideration.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Apr 7th, 2025 at 10:00 am
House Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
Both nationally and within Texas, this partnership
- I am a professor of law at the University of Texas and I have been...
- My name is Bronwyn Blake and I serve as the Chief Legal Officer at Texas Advocacy Project.
- Under Chapter 712 of the Texas Health and Safety Code, the Texas Department of Banking regulates perpetual
- The 88th Texas Legislature adopted Senate Bill 895, repealing and replacing Chapter 151 of the Texas
Keywords:
money services, regulation, financial services, money transmission, currency exchange, financial compliance, electronic payments, motor vehicles, convenience fee, retail installment contract, fee restrictions, eviction, credit report, tenant rights, property law, housing stability, digital assets, consumer protection, regulatory framework, public retirement systems
Summary:
The meeting of the Pensions, Investments and Financial Services Committee involved detailed discussions surrounding several key bills aimed at enhancing regulatory frameworks and consumer protections. Notably, House Bill 4233, presented by Chairman Capriglione, seeks to modernize regulations for digital asset service providers by addressing earlier ambiguities in reporting requirements while enhancing accountability for the businesses involved. The testimonies from industry stakeholders, including representatives from the Texas Blockchain Council, emphasized the need for clarity and streamlined obligations that align with consumer needs. The bill passed favorably without challenges, reflecting strong support from committee members.
Moreover, bills such as House Bill 3014 and House Bill 3474 were discussed, with both successfully moving forward to the full House. HB3014 focuses on fraudulent use of gift cards, while HB3474 deals with public retirement systems' investment reporting practices. The meeting noted several supportive public testimonies and demonstrated the committee's commitment to refining legislation that impacts Texas' financial landscape. Overall, the meeting was productive, indicating a collaborative effort toward regulatory updates in important sectors.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Mar 5th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- In front of the Texas House and Senate, and I don't know about
- state of Texas, lawyers working for the state of Texas, what are they making and who are we sort of
- Texas, Research Texas, and now Court Analytics Texas.
- and for the people of Texas.
- The system is governed by the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct and the Texas Rules of
Keywords:
Judiciary Committee, civil justice, judicial compensation, legislative session, public testimony
Summary:
The Committee on Judiciary and Civil Jurisprudence convened for its organizational hearing, marking the beginning of the 89th Legislative session. Chairman Dutton expressed his dedication to strengthening Texas's civil justice system and ensuring access for all Texans. Notable discussions revolved around judicial compensation, with concerns raised about the growing gap between judge salaries and those in executive roles, indicating a potential crisis in recruiting and retaining qualified judges. Chief Justice Jimmy Blacklock provided insight into the justice system's challenges and emphasized the importance of legislative support in enhancing the judicial framework, highlighting the committee's ongoing commitment to equal access to justice.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services May 13th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- My name is Amber McRae, and I serve as the Director of Outreach for the Texas Office of Street Grace.
- and for the rest of the individuals that buy their coverage in the state of Texas.
- And you know, Texas is the leader in many things.
- : the Health and Human Services Commission, the Texas Division of...
- I'm the Senior Director of Public Affairs at the Texas Alliance of Child and Family Services.
Bills:
HB35, HB138, HB754, HB1314, HB1612, HB2254, HB2510, HB2789, HB3560, HB3597, HB4224, HB4273, HB4643, HB4783
Keywords:
peer support, first responders, mental health, confidentiality, emergency services, health impact analysis, cost analysis, coverage mandates, health insurance, legislative analysis, health care data, healthcare, price estimates, billing requirements, consumer protection, nonemergency services, assisted living, healthcare, licensing, criminal offense
Summary:
The committee meeting centered on several significant bills regarding public health and safety, particularly focusing on healthcare access, transparency, and opioid crisis response. Notably, House Bill 4783 sparked considerable discussion as it aims to enhance the state's approach to prevent opioid overdoses by directing the Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC) to prepare biannual reports on opiate antagonist programs. The testimony from public officials like Dallas City Council's Paula Blackman, who spoke passionately about the ongoing fentanyl epidemic, highlighted the urgent necessity of improved access to life-saving medications. In addition, House Bill 1314 drew attention for addressing hospital pricing transparency, attempting to ease financial burdens on patients by mandating accurate upfront estimates for healthcare costs.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- And the Secretary of Agriculture is from Texas.
- I have a 240-bed facility and a 400-bed facility—one is way in West Texas, and one is in Houston.
- This is a question for Feeding Texas and AIDs.
- My name is Rebecca Galinsky, and I'm testifying on behalf of myself and Protect Texas Fragile Kids.
- the Texas Medical Association and the Texas Pediatric Society.
Keywords:
special education, funding, individualized education program, visual impairments, accessibility, support services, state education code, special education, funding, emergency preparedness, SB568, SB57, student safety, service intensity model, early intervention, public testimony
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around special education funding and safety provisions for children with disabilities. Key discussions were led by Senator Bettencourt regarding the transformative potential of SB568, which proposes a transition to an eight-tier service intensity funding model. This model is designed to better accommodate the needs of special education students, ensuring they receive the necessary services tailored to their unique requirements. The bill received strong support from stakeholders and included testimony from educators and advocates highlighting the importance of early intervention and the need for ongoing funding support.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- ...and operates in San Angelo, Texas.
- , Texas Disposal Systems Landfill, Inc., and Christopher Investment Company.
- and the Texas Property Tax Code.
- My name is Jim Ross, and I'm the mayor of the City of Arlington, Texas.
- I'm representing the Texas Taxpayers and Research Association.
Bills:
SB467, SB325, SB867, SB994, SB1052, SB1237, SB1449, SB1531, SB2063, SB2172, SB2173, SB2520, SB2529, SB2538, SB2541, SJR46, SJR84
Keywords:
county regulation, subdivision, land use, agriculture, water management, county regulation, land subdivision, agricultural use, water management, rural development, state funding, education, local governance, budget allocations, tax implications, subdivision regulation, county authority, land division, agricultural land, water management
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Local Government covered various pressing bills focused primarily on property tax issues. Notable discussions included the examination of Senate Bill 1052, which addresses appraisal challenges faced by Gulf Coast counties and aims to ensure tax calculations reflect realistic revenue expectations. Witnesses from local governments expressed the necessity of this bill, highlighting the severe financial implications of tax disputes on public services and education. Additionally, the committee reviewed Senate Bill 325, which reinforces the requirement for water availability to be confirmed prior to land development, as previous loopholes allowed developers to bypass this essential regulation. Public testimonies echoed concerns around the implications of unchecked property development and emphasized the need for proper resource allocation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- and Acute Care Foundation, also known as TTAF, and its perinatal program, Texas Perinatal Services.
- and neonatal programs across Texas, and to attend 136 on-site
- events in Texas hospitals for maternal and neonatal surveys and consultations, with annual birth volumes
- Kim Avila Edwards, pediatrician with the Texas Medical Association, Texas Pediatric Society, and Texas
- I'm here on behalf of the Texas Medical Association, the Texas Pediatric Society, and the Texas Public
Bills:
HB18, HB742, HB754, HB1644, HB2187, HB1887, HB1275, HB37, HB1503, HB1699, HB1700, HB2735, HB1741, HB1731, HB1675
Keywords:
rural health, hospital funding, healthcare access, mental health services, financial stability, human trafficking, first responders, health care, training, reporting, protection, testing equipment, substance detection, Penalties, public health, law enforcement, hospital staffing, nurse protections, mandatory overtime, complaint processes
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around significant discussions on healthcare legislation, specifically focusing on two main bills: HB18 and HB37. HB18, known as the Rural Health Stabilization and Innovation Act, was presented to ensure that rural Texans have access to healthcare services, outlining a series of grants and the establishment of a new office to aid rural hospitals. The chair emphasized the importance of this legislation, particularly for counties with limited access to hospitals. In contrast, HB37 was discussed with emphasis on perinatal palliative care, where various members voiced their opinions regarding its impact and necessity, noting the compassionate approach it signifies for families dealing with life-limiting diagnoses.