Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'flood legislation'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
89th Legislative Session - First Called Session Aug 12th, 2025 at 10:08 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- And we thank you for each of our legislators on both sides
- span>
What this means is that we cannot take up the critical flood
- response legislation scheduled for our floor today.
Keywords:
disaster response, emergency management, mass fatality, justices of the peace, training programs, emergency manager license, volunteer management, disaster response, mass fatality, emergency management, justice of the peace training, volunteer management, criminal history checks, state health services, emergency communication, interoperability, grant program, first responders, state council, emergency communication
Summary:
In this meeting of the legislative committee, members gathered to discuss pressing issues, including critical flood response legislation that could significantly impact families and communities affected by recent disasters. Despite the efforts to address these urgent matters, a quorum was not present, preventing any formal actions from being taken. The absence of a sufficient number of members meant that discussions were limited and centered around logistics for the upcoming sessions to ensure that necessary votes could be conducted in the near future. The chairman expressed concerns about the operational costs related to these absences and emphasized the continuous tracking of taxpayer dollars being spent in response to the critical situations faced by communities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- This piece of legislation, Senate Bill 2689, seeks to take the next...
- And I think that when you think through legislation, you don't have to think...
- I have 38 years in volunteer work in California recycling legislation.
- Here's where it's similar to and complementary to the excellent legislation.
- We are here to support the legislation because we need more glass collected.
Keywords:
Gulf Coast Protection District, navigation safety, special districts, state governance, Texas legislation, Gulf Coast, flood protection, storm risk management, coastal restoration, natural resources, prescribed burns, self-insurance, fire management, liability protection, rural land management, recycling, environment, sustainability, economic development, Texas Recycling Fund
Summary:
The committee meeting focused primarily on several significant legislative proposals, particularly detailing the plans for the Gulf Coast Protection District and various recycling initiatives. Notable discussions were led by Senator Alvarado regarding SB795, which is aimed at establishing a dedicated Gulf Coast Protection Account to secure funding for coastal infrastructure projects critical for flood protection. Stakeholders expressed gratitude for ongoing legislative support, emphasizing the potential for this project to become the largest civil works project in U.S. history. Additionally, testimony was heard on recycling bills including SB2689, which seeks to improve Texas's recycling infrastructure without imposing fees, and SB410 which manages the Gulf Coast Protection District’s operations to ensure safety and navigability within Houston's waterways. Public and expert witnesses contributed insights that highlighted the economic implications and community benefits of these initiatives, demonstrating the state's commitment to sustainable development.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Mar 24th, 2025 at 10:03 am
House Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- The intent has always been, or the legislative intent has
- I ask for your favorable consideration of this legislation, and with that, I close, Mr. Chairman.
And what about federal legislation?
- So now we're starting to see states pass legislation.
- This legislation provides important regulatory clarity for our...
Keywords:
local governments, anticipation notes, certificates of obligation, public works, flood control, local governments, anticipation notes, certificates of obligation, public works, flood control, financial management, local government, anticipation notes, certificates of obligation, municipal financing, public works, private activity bonds, closing definition, real estate finance, bond issuance
Summary:
The meeting of the committee involved discussions surrounding multiple bills focusing on financial legislation, including crucial developments related to certificates of obligation (COs). Representative Tepper presented HB1453, which aimed to increase voter input regarding local government debt issuance and address growing concerns about financial accountability. The discussions highlighted the recent trends in CO debt, particularly in areas like El Paso, which has seen a dramatic rise in local government debt without direct voter approval. Several members voiced their support and concerns regarding the bill's implications for taxpayer rights and community involvement in financial decision-making.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
89th Legislative Session - Second Called Session Aug 15th, 2025 at 12:08 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="378"> For the Second Called Special Session, I have reserved 35 bill numbers for priority legislation
- data-time="396"> Some remain open for the entire First Called Special Session working on their legislation
- While she was here, she did her legislative duties and was able to get over 76 co-authors on this bill
Keywords:
redistricting, congressional districts, Texas Legislature, elections, 2020 Census, disaster response, emergency management, mass fatality, justices of the peace, training programs, emergency manager license, volunteer management, disaster response, mass fatality, emergency management, justice of the peace training, volunteer management, criminal history checks, state health services, emergency communication
Summary:
The meeting of the Texas House of Representatives focused on ensuring quorum for the ongoing special session and addressing pressing legislative matters. Speaker called attention to the absence of certain members who had not returned, leading to discussions on maintaining attendance and possibly issuing civil arrest warrants if necessary. The discussions also included emphasis on pro-life legislation and property tax protections, as well as addressing safety concerns highlighted by tragic incidents such as those at Camp Mystic. Notably, House Bill 1 focusing on camp safety and House Bill 25 for over-the-counter ivermectin were among the priorities mentioned for upcoming sessions.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
89th Legislative Session - Second Called Session Aug 18th, 2025 at 12:08 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- infrastructure in flood-prone areas throughout Texas; and legislation to strengthen emergency communications
- Legislation to eliminate the STAAR test and replace it with...
- Legislation reducing the property tax burden on... and legislation imposing spending limits on entities
- Legislation that provides a congressional redistricting plan.
- Committee on Disaster Preparedness and Flooding Select.
Keywords:
disaster preparedness, youth camp safety, flood response, public safety, emergency communications, abortion legislation
Summary:
The committee meeting addressed a range of legislation aimed at addressing public safety and emergency preparedness, particularly focusing on the aftermath of recent storms in Texas. A noteworthy aspect of the discussions involved several bills related to youth camp safety, disaster preparedness, and the establishment of emergency communication systems. Members actively debated the merits of various proposals, with particular attention on HB80, which addresses abortion-related liabilities, indicating a contentious atmosphere surrounding personal rights and public health issues. Testimonies from public witnesses reinforced the urgency of implementing stronger flood response measures and safeguarding vulnerable populations during emergencies.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
Disaster Preparedness & Flooding, Select Jul 31st, 2025 at 09:07 am
House Disaster Preparedness & Flooding, Select Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- and flood mitigation.
- Flood."
- In a normal flood, you stay put because of that. This is no normal flood.
- and not river flooding.
- It was an alluvial flood.
Keywords:
flooding, disaster response, Kerr County, emergency management, community resilience, legislation, flood control, public safety
Summary:
This meeting, held in Kerr County, focused on the recent flooding disaster that affected the area. Lieutenant Governor Patrick and Speaker Burroughs spearheaded discussions, emphasizing the need for improved emergency response and flood management. Various testimonies highlighted the community's resilience while revealing critical gaps in communication and the effectiveness of evacuation strategies during the flooding. The commitment from state leaders to address these issues was evident, as they assured the local populace that legislative action would follow to prevent future tragedies. Overall, the meeting served as both a reflection on the recent disaster and a clarion call for enhanced preparedness measures across Texas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
89th Legislative Session - First Called Session Aug 8th, 2025 at 01:08 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Bill 3, the House's priority legislation for flood recovery
- funding, was developed after 25 hours of testimony from Texans whose lives were upended by the July 4th flood
Bills:
HB4
Keywords:
redistricting, congressional districts, Texas Legislature, elections, 2020 Census, quorum, attendance, administrative policies, civil arrest, flood recovery, infrastructure funding, legislation
Summary:
In this meeting, key discussions revolved around the enactment of new measures to manage member attendance and address quorum issues. The chairman addressed the ongoing challenges presented by absent members and introduced administrative policies impacting pay and expenses for those not present. He emphasized the need for all members to return expeditiously, or face consequences, including potential civil arrest for those evading attendance. The significance of HB3, a priority legislation concerning flood recovery and infrastructure funding, was highlighted as essential for restoring communities affected by recent flooding, following extensive testimonies from impacted citizens.
TX
Keywords:
dams, reservoirs, erosion control, flood control, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, permit exemption, environmental regulation, permit exemption, erosion control, floodwater management, sediment control, local government, flooding, public safety, outdoor warning sirens, disaster preparedness, emergency response, flood warning, outdoor sirens, disaster preparedness
Summary:
The meeting convened with discussions predominantly focused on legislative motions and updates. There were significant discussions led by various senators, including proceedings on the agenda items with motions for adjournment and future considerations. Notably, two motions were read into the record, and no objections were raised during the adjourning process. Members expressed a willingness to reconvene, emphasizing the importance of receiving committee reports before the next session. The presence of all members and their engagement reflects a strong commitment to legislative responsibilities.
The meeting concluded with a unanimous decision to adjourn until August 12th. This highlights the procedural nature of Senate meetings and the emphasis on maintaining order and structure through established parliamentary procedures. The atmosphere was professional, with all members present and contributing to a constructive environment for decision-making.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
89th Legislative Session - First Called Session Aug 4th, 2025 at 02:08 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- fatality events requiring a license, authorizing a fee for the Committee on Disaster Preparedness and Flooding
- operation of certain emergency communication systems for the Committee on Disaster Preparedness and Flooding
- ...to required flood disaster plans for campgrounds, authorizing
- a civil penalty for the Committee on Disaster Preparedness and Flooding.
- certification program for disaster relief organizations for the Committee on Disaster Preparedness and Flooding
Bills:
HB4
Keywords:
redistricting, congressional districts, Texas Legislature, elections, 2020 Census, disaster preparedness, emergency communication, flood disaster plans, fraudulent charitable solicitations, legislation, committee meeting
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on key legislative initiatives related to disaster preparedness. Notable discussions included the introduction of HP1, which addresses response training for justices of the peace in mass fatality events, and HB18, which seeks to enhance emergency communication systems funding through the comptroller's authority. Both bills were referred to the committee on disaster preparedness and flooding for further analysis. Additionally, the committee discussed HB19, concerning flood disaster plans for campgrounds, and HB2020, aimed at preventing fraudulent charitable solicitations during disasters by establishing a certification program for relief organizations.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
89th Legislative Session - First Called Session Aug 5th, 2025 at 01:08 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
Father, we thank you for our legislators, for each one
- the committee is meeting to consider five priority pieces of legislation
Each will address the catastrophic flooding that has
Bills:
HB4
Keywords:
redistricting, congressional districts, Texas Legislature, elections, 2020 Census, Texas Department of Public Safety, legislative attendance, Disaster Preparedness Committee, flood legislation, quorum
Summary:
In this meeting, the chair addressed concerns regarding the attendance of certain members who have been evading their legislative duties. The Texas Department of Public Safety is actively working to enforce civil arrest warrants to ensure that these members return to the chamber. This issue is pressing as the Disaster Preparedness Committee is poised to evaluate five crucial pieces of legislation aimed at addressing catastrophic flooding that has severely impacted communities across the state. The emphasis was placed on the urgency and importance of the work undertaken by the committee in these trying times.
The meeting concluded with a plan for the House to reconvene, urging members to ensure their attendance. The chair expressed hope for a quorum to be achieved by the next session, allowing for the continuation of critical discussions. This session saw active participation from members, highlighting the dedication towards serving constituents despite the present challenges faced within the legislature.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
Senate Session (Part I)Opening Day of the 89th Legislature, First Called Session Jul 21st, 2025
Texas Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
The Senate of the first called session of the 89th Legislative Assembly
As you know, on July 4th, the devastating floods swept
Legislation to provide relief funding for response to
- and legislation imposing spending limits on entities authorized to impose property taxes.
Legislation making it a crime to provide hemp.
Keywords:
redistricting, Senate procedures, public input, Texas Legislature, amendments, redistricting, Texas Senate, congressional districts, public input, legislative procedures, redistricting, Senate procedures, congressional districts, public input, legislative transparency, redistricting, Senate rules, congressional districts, public hearings, committee procedures
Summary:
The meeting of the 89th Legislature featured discussions primarily centered around several key bills, including SB648 concerning protections against title theft and deed fraud, SB1253 which addresses impact fees for builders incorporating water conservation measures, and SB2878 related to the administration of the judicial department. The session began with a prayer acknowledging the devastating floods that affected Central Texas, followed by a message from Governor Greg Abbott calling for the special session. Members engaged in robust debates on the importance of the proposed legislations, particularly focusing on community recovery efforts following recent natural disasters. Public testimonies were elicited, highlighting the varied perspectives on the bills under discussion and underscoring the significance of legislative action in response to constituents' needs.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
Senate SessionOpening Day of the 89th Legislature, Second Called Session Aug 15th, 2025
Texas Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- to ensure and enhance youth camp safety, legislation to improve early warning systems and other.
Legislation to strengthen emergency communications and
- other response infrastructure in flood-prone areas throughout Texas.
- and legislation imposing spending limits on entities authorized to impose property taxes.
Legislation making it a crime to provide hemp-derived
Bills:
SB2, SB3, SB4, SB5, SB6, SB7, SB8, SB9, SB10, SB11, SB12, SB13, SB14, SB15, SB16, SB18, SB34, SB2, SB3, SB4, SB5, SB6, SB7, SB8, SB9, SB10, SB11, SB12, SB13, SB14, SB15, SB16, SB18, SB34
Keywords:
flooding, public safety, outdoor warning sirens, disaster preparedness, emergency response, flood warning, outdoor sirens, disaster preparedness, local government, safety measures, flood management, outdoor warning sirens, emergency preparedness, municipal safety, disaster response, disaster relief, emergency funding, flood management, Meteorological forecasting, local government assistance
Summary:
This meeting of the Texas Senate during the second called special session focused on a variety of pressing legislative issues. Notably, the session included discussions on multiple Senate Bills including SB2, concerning disaster preparedness measures, and SB3, which aimed to improve early warning systems in flood-prone areas. The Governor's announcement to convene the special session triggered robust debates, particularly regarding the incorporation of stricter regulations on hemp products and funding allocation for disaster relief. The members of the Senate participated actively, with motions proposed for immediate hearings on several bills following their introduction, emphasizing the urgency of the issues at hand. The dynamics were marked by a sense of collaboration among members while grappling with complex topics affecting their constituents.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Be with us as we craft legislation to address these needs and to make certain, Father God, in their memory
Bills:
SB2, SB3, SB5, SB9, SB10, SB14, SB16, SB18, SB34, SB6, SB7, SB8, SB11, SB12, SB13, SB15, SB2, SB3, SB5, SB9, SB10, SB14, SB16, SB18, SB34, SB6, SB7, SB8, SB11, SB12, SB13, SB15, SB17, SB4
Keywords:
flooding, public safety, outdoor warning sirens, disaster preparedness, emergency response, flood warning, outdoor sirens, disaster preparedness, local government, safety measures, flood management, outdoor warning sirens, emergency preparedness, municipal safety, disaster response, disaster relief, emergency funding, flood management, Meteorological forecasting, local government assistance
Summary:
The meeting began with an invocation led by Senator Dan Parker, who prayed for guidance in legislative decisions and comfort for families affected by recent tragedies in Central Texas. Following the invocation, the Secretary called the roll, establishing the presence of numerous members. The session focused on legislative initiatives addressing pressing community issues, with members expressing their thoughts on various bills. Notably, discussions included concerns surrounding public safety and community support initiatives aimed to alleviate hardships faced by the constituents.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Local Government (Part I) May 26th, 2025
Senate Local Government Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- This legislation also helps facilitate one of Governor Abbott's major goals: to grow the Texas economy
- We were pulling people out of their flooded homes north of
- Members, the Lake Houston area has been the victim of severe flooding for years.
- mitigation strategy to blunt the effects of flooding is dredging, removing built-up sediment from the
- During flood events, House Bill HB1532 would establish the
Keywords:
Lake Houston, dredging, maintenance district, flood control, environment, public works, industrial development, county development districts, bonds, economic incentives, sales tax, human trafficking, hotel regulation, occupancy certificate, municipal authority, law enforcement, human trafficking, municipal powers, House Bill 5509, due process
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Local Government convened to discuss various important bills, primarily focusing on housing and local governance issues. Significant discussions included House Bill 5509, aimed at enhancing municipal powers against human trafficking by allowing the suspension of hotel occupancy certificates when crimes are suspected. The committee thoroughly reviewed the proposed committee substitutes for several bills, stressing stakeholder input and the importance of due process in legislative changes. Additionally, public testimony highlighted community support for the new amendments designed to ensure safety and welfare, particularly concerning vulnerable populations. House Bill 5663, addressing vital infrastructure needs and associated funding, also received a favorable recommendation from the committee, advancing its path through legislative scrutiny.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources Mar 19th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- But this piece of legislation...
- from that 1% of flood events, that's a good outcome.
- It's going to reduce flooding of homes and businesses.
- Those actions led to almost 600 homes flooding.
- During that event, we did not end up flooding.
Keywords:
coastal protection, environmental management, Gulf Coast, storm risk management, funding, Texas General Land Office, healthcare, insurance reform, patient access, insurance regulation, affordable care, health insurance, consumer rights, coverage transparency, claims process, insurance regulations, aggregate production, environmental impact, financial responsibility, reclamation
Summary:
The recent committee meeting addressed various critical bills, focusing primarily on water management and flood control across Texas. Notable discussions included House Bill 1177, which proposes introducing stricter penalties for floodplain violations, aiming to deliver swift accountability for ongoing offenses. Representative Cunningham highlighted the urgency of this issue, emphasizing that current enforcement mechanisms lead to prolonged legal challenges, which can heighten flood risks for vulnerable communities. This bill sparked numerous inquiries from members, showcasing the committee's commitment to improving flood management legislation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
Keywords:
redistricting, Senate procedures, public input, Texas Legislature, amendments, redistricting, Texas Senate, congressional districts, public input, legislative procedures, redistricting, Senate procedures, congressional districts, public input, legislative transparency, redistricting, Senate rules, congressional districts, public hearings, committee procedures
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on the congressional redistricting resolution prompted by the governor's request due to constitutional concerns flagged by the U.S. Department of Justice. Members discussed the procedural steps necessary to establish a special committee on congressional redistricting, emphasizing the need for transparency and public participation. Concerns were raised about the limited number of planned regional hearings and the implications for community input. A strong commitment to include public testimony through both in-person and virtual means was stated, ensuring that Texans can engage with the process regardless of their geographical location.
Discussions included the necessity of adopting prior successful procedures similar to those in past sessions, with an acknowledgment of the unique challenges posed by current legal requirements. Members expressed varying viewpoints on balancing the need for thorough public participation while addressing logistical challenges inherent in the redistricting process. Overall, the meeting demonstrated a collaborative atmosphere aimed at crafting a fair and lawful redistricting plan while acknowledging the diverse opinions of constituents throughout Texas.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Texas legislators just testified in El Paso to that very statement.
- His session proclamation states legislation that provides a review...
- The public, our legislators, and staff are familiar with this existing process.
- Have we talked about any flood issues? Not once. Have we talked about any THC? Nope.
- , the victims of the flooding, the terrible loss, and other important matters.
Keywords:
redistricting, Senate procedures, public input, Texas Legislature, amendments, redistricting, Texas Senate, congressional districts, public input, legislative procedures, redistricting, Senate procedures, congressional districts, public input, legislative transparency, redistricting, Senate rules, congressional districts, public hearings, committee procedures
Summary:
The meeting centered around the discussion of congressional redistricting, where the committee established the procedures to ensure a fair and transparent process. Led by Senator King, the session focused on adopting a resolution that authorized a special committee dedicated to congressional redistricting and allowed for regional hearings to gather public input via videoconferencing. Concerns were raised about ensuring adequate notice for public participation, especially from marginalized communities potentially affected by proposed changes. Disagreements emerged regarding the timeline for regional hearings and how to address the implications of the redistricting process on minority districts. Overall, participants acknowledged the complex nature of redistricting and the importance of engaging constituents in the legislative process.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources Apr 9th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- House Bill 3915 ensures the multipurpose flood mitigation projects which address flooding and create
- project to include multipurpose flood mitigation projects.
- These powers allow the district to provide flood protection within its boundaries.
- Recently, we just had some major flooding.
- and public officials really aren't doing enough for flooding.
Bills:
HB1520, HB1525, HB1530, HB1535, HB2068, HB2091, HB2347, HB2372, HB2805, HB2815, HB2867, HB3154, HB3482, HB3483, HB3663, HB3781, HB3901, HB3915, HB4135, HB4153, HB4158, HB4329, HB4331
Keywords:
Lower Neches Valley Authority, board removal, training requirements, public testimony, complaints resolution, Sabine River Authority, board of directors, complaints, Texas Sunset Act, government oversight, ethics training, flood control, Harris County, governance, eminent domain, bonds, environmental improvements, water assistance, financial grants, Texas Water Development Board
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was primarily focused on water management and infrastructure issues, highlighted by discussions surrounding several bills intended to address water supply and flood control. Representative Kitzman presented HB1535, which aims to extend the sunset review date for the Trinity River Authority, ensuring continued governance and operational improvements. Furthermore, HB3915 was introduced as a multi-purpose flood mitigation measure, offering solutions to the severe water scarcity in the region, particularly following recent catastrophic flooding events that emphasized the urgent need for improved water management. Public commentary reflected a strong interest in flood mitigation strategies, especially given the impacts of climate change and rapid population growth in the area.
TX
Keywords:
disaster relief, emergency preparedness, flood management, local government grants, meteorological forecasting, state appropriations, property tax, school funding, enrollment changes, inflation adjustment, tax rate notice, school assessment, public education, accountability, transparency, education standards, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions
Summary:
The meeting predominantly focused on the discussion of several bills, including SB3, SB16, and a number of House Bills such as HB16, HB23, HB25, HB26, and HB192. Members engaged in lively debates concerning the implications of these bills, with notable discussions centered around community impacts and administrative implications. The committee heard testimony from various stakeholders, reflecting a distribution of opinions on the bills being considered. The atmosphere was one of collaboration as members worked through differing perspectives on the proposed legislation.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources Apr 9th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Residents in this area that flooded had their vehicles submerged, their homes flooded, and they lost
- Last session, we passed legislation HB47...
- We need to prevent flooding as much as possible.
- And everybody gets flooded in the meantime.
- Since that flood...
Bills:
HB1520, HB1525, HB1530, HB1535, HB2068, HB2091, HB2347, HB2372, HB2805, HB2815, HB2867, HB3154, HB3482, HB3483, HB3663, HB3781, HB3901, HB3915, HB4135, HB4153, HB4158, HB4329, HB4331
Keywords:
Lower Neches Valley Authority, board removal, training requirements, public testimony, complaints resolution, Sabine River Authority, board of directors, complaints, Texas Sunset Act, government oversight, ethics training, flood control, Harris County, governance, eminent domain, bonds, environmental improvements, water assistance, financial grants, Texas Water Development Board
Summary:
The Committee on Natural Resources convened to discuss two key pieces of legislation, HB2867 and HB2876, focusing on late fees associated with water and sewer services in Texas. Representative Gates laid out HB2867, highlighting the financial implications of payment deadlines and fees that disproportionately affect low-income households. He emphasized the need for limits on late payment fees to protect these vulnerable consumers from potentially abusive practices. A committee substitute was proposed to clarify some ambiguous language within the bill, aiming to promote fairness and transparency for customers. This led to a robust discussion among members and stakeholders present at the meeting, including testimony from representatives of municipal utilities who raised concerns about local control over fee structures.