Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'premises liability'
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TX
Transcript Highlights:
- However, if the liability itself is removed and you're allowed to make the decision that you believe
- ...liability and allow you to just practice your medicine
- take us back to what kind of liability we are talking about.
- We are not talking about liability like my insurance company can pay my claim.
- There's currently civil liability if you are recommending that someone could be doing something.
Keywords:
cremation, natural organic reduction, health and safety, environmental concerns, funeral services, medical licensing, physician graduates, healthcare access, occupational licensing, foreign medical graduates, cell-cultured protein, food safety, human consumption, agriculture, food labeling, healthcare workforce, advisory board, Texas Workforce Commission, resource guide, education collaboration
Summary:
The meeting convened to discuss multiple bills, with a significant focus on HB44, which addresses medical exceptions in abortion law following the recent Dobbs decision. Lawmaker discussions highlighted concerns around the clarity of existing statutes, with several members expressing the need for a unified legal standard to protect both patients and medical professionals. The committee heard compelling testimonies from various industry experts advocating for the bill, emphasizing its importance in preventing confusion that could lead to detrimental health outcomes for women. Another noteworthy action was the committee's favorable recommendation for HB220, aimed at providing emergency contraception to survivors of sexual violence, reflecting the committee's commitment to addressing vulnerable communities' health needs. Additionally, discussions included the passage of HB499, which mandates social media warnings regarding mental health consequences, showcasing the diverse array of issues tackled in this session.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency Apr 30th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Delivery of Government Efficiency Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Another is saddling the operator with liability. And here's what I mean by that.
- The bill does tighten up and address some of the liability issues.
- So that's how that liability is assigned. Are there any questions, members?
- My question to you is, what happens then from a liability perspective?
- In other words, does that transfer the liability then?
Keywords:
government review, Texas Sunset Act, regulatory oversight, agencies, sunset provisions, autonomous vehicles, regulation, safety, criminal offense, Autonomous Vehicle Commission, autonomous vehicles, registration, Autonomous Vehicle Commission, regulations, Level 4 automation, Level 5 automation, autonomous vehicles, self-driving technology, regulations, traffic laws
Summary:
The meeting primarily focused on discussing several bills pertinent to public safety and regulatory standards for emerging technologies, specifically autonomous vehicles and charter school oversight. Notable discussions surrounded HB3837, which aims to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework for autonomous vehicles in Texas. Vice Chair Bajani highlighted the rapid advancements in the autonomous vehicle industry and the necessity for updated regulations that ensure safety while promoting innovation. Additionally, SB2425 was examined for its proposals to enhance public safety while balancing industry interests, garnering support from various stakeholders, including representatives from the Autonomous Vehicle Industry Association. There was considerable concern regarding previous incidents involving autonomous vehicles and their implications for public trust and safety standards.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- in the course and scope of employment at the time of the alleged incident, thereby establishing liability
- in the course and scope of employment at the time of the alleged incident, thereby establishing liability
- It seems like an alarming scenario in which liability is
- If this bill were to pass, you would talk about compensatory damages first in phase one and liability
And if a company turns around and admits liabilities
Keywords:
railroad, train, collision, information disclosure, safety, driver's license, reporting, off-highway vehicles, public land, safety certificate, transportation, Parks and Wildlife Code, tolls, county revenue, civil penalty, ad valorem tax, transportation funding, SB39, HB19, SB2246
Summary:
During the committee meeting, significant discussions revolved around three main bills: SB39, HB19, and SB2246. Senator Bettencourt laid out SB39, aimed at revising the admission rule related to commercial vehicle collision cases. The intention behind this bill is to standardize trial procedures by limiting the evidence admissible in the first phase, ensuring that unnecessary complexity does not cloud the issue of fault. Various stakeholders, including trial lawyers and business representatives, provided insights into the impact of these changes, highlighting concerns over insurance costs and practical implications on litigations. Public testimony reflected a mix of support and opposition, showcasing the contentious nature of the bill's modifications.
Additionally, the committee addressed SB2246 regarding salvage auto dealers and the process of obtaining titles for vehicles that will not return to the road, which was met with relatively little challenge as stakeholders recognized the necessity for clarity and efficiency in this process. The meeting concluded with promises from members to continue discussions on these important legislative measures, indicating an ongoing commitment to addressing the complex issues at hand.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- For the first time, we are creating a liability protection
- The liability protection fund that we're creating will help teachers know that they have immunity when
A liability defense fund for teachers being able to
I didn't want to— I didn't know on the liability on
Currently, my members have a liability policy that
Bills:
SB26
Keywords:
teacher compensation, education funding, public school educators, teacher retention, teacher designation, Senate Bill 26, teacher compensation, education, salary increase, Texas teachers, teacher retention, educational reform, public testimony
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Education featured an extensive discussion on Senate Bill 26, aimed at reforming teacher compensation in Texas. Notable highlights included testimonies emphasizing the urgent need for meaningful salary increases for teachers across the state. Members discussed the historical nature of the proposed pay raises, which would establish a permanent salary allotment for teachers, allowing for dispatches of nearly $5 billion aimed at boosting educator retention. The importance of addressing teacher safety and equality across various educational roles was also a significant point of focus during this meeting.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
89th Legislative Session - Second Called Session Aug 27th, 2025 at 10:08 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- It says that if you are a pharmacist and you decide to advertise Ivermectin, the protective liability
- would restore consumer rights and liability protections.
- ...liability claims, which is what you're just trying to
- I'm also very concerned about the liability aspect of individuals and making sure that we protect our
- It goes towards the liability of the doctor, is that correct? Your amendment?
Bills:
HB25, HB48, HB149, HB254, HB26, HB192, HCR3, HCR4, HCR5, HCR6, HCR8, HCR14, HCR16, HR1, HR2, HR3, HR4, HR6, HR7, HR8, HR9, HR12, HR11, HR13, HR14, HR15, HR16, HR20, HR22, HR23, HR24, HR25, HR26, HR27, HR28, HR29, HR30, HR31, HR32, HR33, HR45, HR48, HR49, HR51, HR52, HR55, HR56, HR57, HR59, HR60, HR61, HR62, HR63, HR64, HR65, HR66, HR70, HR71, HR72, HR74, HCR2, HCR7, HR10, HR21, HR35, HR36, HR37, HR38, HR39, HR40, HR42, HR43, HR44, HR46, HR47, HR50, HR53, HR54, HR67, HR69, HR75
Keywords:
ivermectin, pharmacist authority, prescription-free, healthcare regulation, patient access, public safety, communication, governor approval, interoperability, political subdivision, radio systems, education, funding, school districts, equity, resources, retirement, judge, Brazoria County, probate court
Summary:
The meeting included significant discussions on several bills, with a notably vibrant debate around HB25, which seeks to authorize pharmacists to dispense ivermectin without prescription. Supporters highlighted the potential benefits for rural communities by improving access to affordable medications, while opponents raised concerns around safety and the implications of over-the-counter availability. Following extensive discussion, HB25 ultimately passed with a vote of 88 ayes to 51 nays. Additionally, HB192 and HB254 were discussed, both of which passed with strong support, marking a productive session for those advocating for the modernization of public health and infrastructure funding.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 24th, 2025 at 02:03 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
HB 3454 by Tony Tinderholt relating to the liability of
- p>HB 3455 by Matt Schaefer relates to the main requirements and liability
- span>
HB 3521 by David Spiller relating to the automobile liability
Summary:
In the recent committee meeting, a wide array of bills were discussed, including significant topics such as education reforms, public health initiatives, and environmental regulations. Members engaged in a robust discussion regarding HB3478, which relates to definitions of child abuse and neglect, where concerns were raised about the implications for vulnerable children. Additionally, HB3487 sparked debate over tax collection practices that affect restaurant owners involved in oyster shell recycling programs, highlighting the balance between environmental sustainability and business concerns.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- These proposed benefit changes will not increase the funding period or unfunded liability.
- consistent in my position that pension funds should not increase benefits that increase the unfunded liability
- trained firemen to stay with the department and participate, and it actually lowers the unfunded liability
- Local restaurant owners may deduct $5 from the state sales and use tax liability for every 100 Texas
- "388" data-time="2322"> ...can deduct from their tax liability
Keywords:
Texas Future Fund, investment review board, economic stabilization, innovative technology, national defense, retirement, service credit, Employees Retirement System of Texas, employee benefits, pension reform, salary supplement, county judges, judicial functions, state law, government compensation, public retirement systems, municipality pensions, firefighters, police officers, retirement age
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several house bills, notably those concerning environmental conservation, tax incentives for local businesses, and public safety. Key discussions revolved around HB3486, which introduces a sales and use tax incentive for restaurants purchasing Texas farm-raised oysters. Testimonies highlighted the importance of supporting local oyster farming to mitigate the decline of natural oyster reefs, and several witnesses praised the initiative for its potential environmental benefits. HB2688 also received attention, where representatives emphasized its role in enhancing public safety through improved support for police officers, echoing the community's need for stable recruitment and retention strategies in law enforcement.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence Apr 15th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- potential criminal liability for enforcing the laws that
- That's personal criminal liability for our law enforcement officers when they're employed as peace officers
- Well, you're going on the premise that I don't know, or possibly may be wrong, as to what a skimmer is
Keywords:
criminal justice, pretrial detention, due process, grand jury reform, transparency, in-custody informants, wrongful convictions
Summary:
The meeting was primarily focused on discussions surrounding several bills aimed at reforming aspects of criminal justice in Texas. Representative Little laid out HB413, detailing its provisions which aim to prevent pretrial detention from exceeding the maximum time a person could be sentenced if convicted. The bill generated significant discussion, emphasizing the importance of due process and the financial burden of detaining individuals unnecessarily. Public testimonies were presented, with varied opinions on the efficacy and implementation of this bill. Additionally, discussions on HB2507 and HB1418 highlighted the ongoing efforts to improve transparency and reliability in the judicial process, specifically addressing issues related to grand jury proceedings and in-custody informants, respectively. Witnesses from both supporting and opposing sides provided comprehensive insights, showcasing the depth of concern regarding wrongful convictions and the need for reform in testimony verification practices. The committee concluded the meeting with plans for a follow-up session to continue these crucial discussions and potentially advance the bills further.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Apr 23rd, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="198">As has been indicated, the Austin Firefighter Retirement Fund is projecting an unfunded liability
- The lowest liability layers in the state of Texas for any pension fund that has...
- data-time="2484">The brief I have says this bill resets the amortization schedule for unfunded liabilities
- marker="421" data-time="2520"> What was the resetting of the amortization schedule for unfunded liabilities
- that is not funded today costs multiples of dollars in the future to try to pay down an unfunded liability
Bills:
HB886, HB1514, HB2434, HB2688, HB2802, HB3161, HB3221, HB4029, HB4339, HB4591, HB4774, HB4802, HB4853, HB5627, SB1737
Keywords:
retirement, supplemental payment, benefits, Employees Retirement System, eligible annuitants, legislation, annuity, retirement, service credit, Employees Retirement System of Texas, employee benefits, pension reform, public retirement systems, municipality pensions, firefighters, police officers, retirement age, DROP program, actuarial studies, pension benefits
Summary:
The meeting was focused on a range of significant legislation including discussions on retirement benefits for public safety officers and specific bills aimed at addressing current challenges in the pension systems. Representative Busey introduced HB2802, aimed at stabilizing the Austin Firefighters Retirement Fund, which received support from various stakeholders including Mayor Kirk Watson, reflecting months of collaborative effort. Testimony emphasized the need for proactive changes to prevent future financial crises in the fund. Additionally, HB4029, proposed by Chairman Guillen, generated appeals from various members about the necessity of addressing retirement needs for peace officers in public schools, linking it directly to their recruitment and retention challenges in the current environment. Issues regarding recruitment and the financial sustainability of the Houston Fire Department were also highlighted with HB2688, enabling timely action on pressing pension reform to retain skilled personnel.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Health May 22nd, 2025 at 08:05 am
Transcript Highlights:
- Deviation from it can result in serious consequences, including administrative penalties, civil liability
- span> That becomes even more complicated because there are no liability
- But also, there's a risk of liability. A doctor makes a mistake, and now they're on the hook.
So can we talk a little bit about that liability if
- The doctor takes on no extra liability.
Keywords:
Senate Bill 125, blood donation, directed donations, public health, patient care, blood safety, infectious diseases
Summary:
The meeting of the Public Health Committee focused on several significant bills concerning blood donation practices and patient care. Notably, Senate Bill 125 faced opposition from multiple testimonies that raised concerns about the potential risks associated with directed donations. Testimony from representatives of the blood centers highlighted alarming statistics about the increased incidence of infectious diseases among directed donors, urging the committee to reconsider the bill's implications. Supporters of the bill argued for the necessity of such provisions to protect patients with rare blood types, stressing the importance of ensuring their access to appropriate care. As discussions unfolded, the challenges of maintaining a balanced blood supply while accommodating specific patient needs became a central theme.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
State Affairs (Part II) May 22nd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Chairman and members, this bill addresses off-road vehicle liability.
- span> HB 5624 is designed to address this use by providing legal liability
These liability protections apply only if the property
House Bill 4157 relates to liability protections for
- This is Representative Buckley's bill, sponsored by Senator Perry, relating to the liability of a motorized
Keywords:
House Bill 223, House Bill 521, voter accommodation, public testimony, Senator Middleton, Senator Gann
Summary:
The committee meeting conducted significant discussions around various bills, notably focusing on House Bill 223, which was reported favorably with recommendations for a full Senate pass. Several members, including Senator Middleton, participated in laying out the bill, emphasizing its potential impacts. Senator Gann's HB521 also garnered attention, receiving approval with aim to accommodate voters' needs, particularly those with disabilities. Throughout the meeting, members exhibited collaboration despite differing views on certain propositions, reflecting a commitment to legislative progress. Public testimony was sought for various bills, expanding the dialogue with stakeholders on topics affecting their communities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- And that's premised on the idea that non-union contractors
Bills:
HB1951, HB2715, HB3092, HB3237, HB3278, HB3511, HB3592, HB3675, HB3778, HB3782, HB3826, HB3970, HB4016, HB4049, HB4341, HB4344, HB4406, HB4427
Keywords:
collective bargaining, public works, government contracts, labor agreements, state funding, removal from office, political subdivisions, local government, judicial proceedings, administrative judicial region, electric transmission, public convenience, landowner consent, utility regulation, energy infrastructure, energy consumption, higher education, governmental entities, sustainability, electricity reduction
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around several bills, most notably House Bill 1951, which provoked significant debate among members and public witnesses concerning the implications of project labor agreements (PLAs) for public works projects in Texas. Advocates for the bill argued that it aimed to create a more competitive environment for bidding on government contracts, thereby ensuring taxpayer dollars were spent effectively. Opponents, including labor representatives and apprentices, voiced concerns that the removal of PLAs could jeopardize worker safety, fair wages, and job opportunities for local craftsmen, particularly those engaged in union and apprenticeship programs. Testimonies from various workers highlighted the critical role PLAs play in maintaining quality standards and accountability in public infrastructure projects.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- The premise of the bill is that there is an imbalance between
Keywords:
election officials, confidentiality, personal information, government transparency, public safety, spirit beverages, alcoholic beverages, Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code, distribution, taxation, firearms, local regulation, archery equipment, weapons, public safety, voter registration, statewide list, county requirements, election integrity, computer services contracts
Summary:
The Senate Committee on State Affairs convened to discuss three critical bills, primarily centered around national security concerns and their implications on civil liberties. Notably, Senate Bill 2514 drew significant scrutiny and opposition from various witnesses who raised alarms about how the bill could infringe upon free speech rights and privacy. The bill aims to establish a framework for identifying and monitoring foreign influence operations against Texas, specifically targeting adversaries like China and Russia. Proponents argued that such measures are necessary to protect the integrity of state governance and prevent malign foreign influence, while opponents warned that it may lead to excessive governmental oversight and potential abuse of power.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- related to food and beverage services, have outgrown the limited storage capacity available on airport premises
Keywords:
social media, children, account verification, data privacy, parental control, financial crime, card fraud, motor fuel theft, law enforcement, criminal activity, skimmers, prevention, training, biological sex, government information, definitions, sex-based distinctions, public health, federal directives, state authority
Summary:
During this meeting, the committee engaged in in-depth discussions on several legislative proposals, focusing primarily on HB201, HB796, and HB2702. A key highlight was the debate on HB2702, where Senator Hinojosa detailed the bill's modifications aimed at supporting VFW posts and their critical services to veterans. The legislation seeks to exempt these posts from certain closure restrictions during emergencies, underlining the necessity of keeping veteran support structures readily available. The committee also heard public testimony, where stakeholders expressed strong support for the bill's potential impact on veteran communities.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine certain pending nominations. Apr 30th, 2025 at 09:15 am
Senate Judiciary Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- It is the basic premise of the United States Marshal Service. It's the star in our badge.
Keywords:
fentanyl crisis, DEA, drug trafficking, public safety, Judea Serrata, Terrence Cole, judicial security, social media, drug prevention
Summary:
The committee meeting centered on the urgent crisis of fentanyl abuse and the government’s response to the drug trafficking epidemic. Key discussions revolved around the nomination of Terrence Cole as the Administrator of the DEA and Judea Serrata as Director of the U.S. Marshals Service. Cole emphasized his commitment to combating the fentanyl crisis, highlighting the rising number of overdose deaths and the necessity of bipartisan efforts to dismantle drug cartels. Members engaged in dialogue on the effectiveness of various strategies and the importance of education aimed at preventing drug-related deaths among youth. Additionally, the challenges of social media in drug trafficking were highlighted, indicating a need for greater accountability in how platforms handle such issues. Senators voiced concerns about the impact of administration policies on judicial security and the resources available for marshals to perform their critical roles.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- It's a strict liability. There isn't a mens rea on it. What are your thoughts there?
- It's a strict liability offense, and with strict liability
- , you want to make sure that there isn't one element that messes you up on that strict liability.
- And I'm satisfied that a strict liability offense in this context is appropriate.
- And I'm satisfied that a strict liability offense in this
Keywords:
SB2949, border security, fuel transportation, hazardous materials, criminal activity, environmental risks, public safety
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Border Security convened to discuss SB2949, focusing on the regulation of transportation for motor fuels and hazardous materials. Chairman Birdwell highlighted the urgent need for oversight due to recent increases in fuel-related crimes along the Texas-Mexico border, including theft, illegal documentation, and the operation of unregulated fuel depots. The committee received testimony from several experts, including representatives from the Comptroller's office and law enforcement, who elaborated on the environmental and safety risks posed by the current unregulated fuel transport practices. The discussion centered around how SB2949 aims to tighten regulations and enhance penalties for illegal hauling activities to safeguard public safety and compliance with state laws.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 11th, 2025 at 02:00 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Hernandez relating to the provision of uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage and automobile liability
HB 1375 by Schatzlein relates to civil liability for
HB 1419 by DeAyala relates to liability limits for
HB 1494 by Patterson relates to the liability associated
Summary:
The committee meeting featured a thorough examination of several bills, including discussions on SB4 and HB2214. Members expressed varied opinions on the implications of these bills, with particular focus on land management and environmental concerns. The chair facilitated an active dialogue among members, highlighting both support and opposition from various stakeholders. Notably, public testimonies were also heard, contributing to the committee's understanding of community impacts related to the legislation. The meeting reflected a commitment to transparency and thorough consideration of each bill's potential effects.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- If there's liability and there's damages, they really do want to take care of it.
- That included property general liability auto umbrella.
- In just the past three years, our automobile liability rates have risen by 68%.
- , but there's a big part of this; it's limited liability, but it affects the person who gets injured
- So, I mean, I can tell you that if there is no attorney involved and there's a third-party liability,
Keywords:
gambling, criminal offenses, penalties, defense, electronic devices, tobacco advertising, youth protection, public health, criminal offense, retailer regulation, e-cigarettes, nicotine products, health, public safety, regulation, e-cigarettes, advertising restrictions, public health, youth protection, health and safety
Summary:
The Senate Committee on State Affairs convened to discuss several critical pieces of legislation including SB30 and SB38. Senator Betancourt introduced a committee substitute for SB38 which underwent a smooth adoption process, moving it favorably toward the Senate. The meeting featured a mix of invited testimonies where both proponents and opponents took the floor. One notable highlight included a testimony from Melissa Casey, who criticized the current legal state as prone to fraud and detrimental to both insurers and the public at large, contending that it inflated insurance costs across the board. The discussions delved deeply into the implications of the bills on judicial processes and potential insurance ramifications, with spirited debates surrounding issues of non-economic damages and jury rights.
The atmosphere remained engaged as committee members heard varied perspectives on the bills, showcasing a robust democratic process. The meeting underscored the importance of public testimony in shaping legislation, ensuring that multiple voices were considered as the committee pressed on towards making decisions that affect the legal landscape of Texas.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- We had discussed some, the issue of liability and the concern.
On the liability on the campsites, we chose not to
- That they've just extended the liability to pretty much
- So there is an inherent liability that they're assuming by not doing what we're asking them to do, and
- So all I have to say is this one does not have a specific civil liability attachment to them, but hers
Keywords:
dams, reservoirs, erosion control, flood control, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, permit exemption, environmental regulation, permit exemption, erosion control, floodwater management, sediment control, local government, flooding, public safety, outdoor warning sirens, disaster preparedness, emergency response, flood warning, outdoor sirens, disaster preparedness
Summary:
The meeting of the legislative committee prominently featured discussions surrounding several critical bills, including SB1, which addresses natural disasters and emergency preparedness in Texas. Senator Perry presented detailed amendments focusing on enhancing the state's response capabilities to flooding, which included the establishment of better training protocols for first responders and the development of a statewide flood monitoring system. Public testimony was actively solicited, with multiple witnesses providing input regarding the implications of SB1, highlighting the need for comprehensive disaster management strategies following recent floods that impacted the community severely. Additionally, considerable dialogue took place around SB6, relating to abortion-related civil liabilities, where senators debated the bill's implications on women's health and wellness in Texas, leading to contentious voting results and reflections on the bill's social impact.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="270"> The substitute makes a change that will improve the implementation and tighten the liability
- Does that liability continue in perpetuity?
- But you have a trailing liability, would you not?
- Provision so that they pass the liability off. Right.
- bill up in environmental tomorrow which you'll hear again to make sure that there's some financial liability
Bills:
HB246, HB796, HB1056, HB1544, HB1846, HB2001, HB2618, HB2625, HB2869, HB2898, HB3069, HB3114, HB3157, HB3228, HJR98
Keywords:
federal directives, state authority, Tenth Amendment, government enforcement, local governance, gold standard, legal tender, currency, transactional currency, financial transactions, electronic payment systems, state finance, regulatory compliance, electric trucks, charging infrastructure, advisory council, transportation, sustainability, criminal penalties, official information
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several important bills aimed at providing support and protections for agricultural producers affected by border-related crimes. Notable discussions centered around HB246, which proposed an expanded compensation program for damages, including not just real property, but also crops, livestock, and the necessary funds for soil restoration due to pollutions from such crimes. Representative Ginn led the conversations, emphasizing the critical role agricultural landowners play in the state’s economy and their need for fair compensation. Witnesses, including stakeholders from agricultural organizations, provided testimonies highlighting the inadequacies of the current framework and the urgency for legislative action.