Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'county legislation'
Page 25 of 58
TX
Keywords:
disaster relief, emergency preparedness, flood management, local government grants, meteorological forecasting, state appropriations, property tax, school funding, enrollment changes, inflation adjustment, tax rate notice, school assessment, public education, accountability, transparency, education standards, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions
Summary:
The meeting predominantly focused on the discussion of several bills, including SB3, SB16, and a number of House Bills such as HB16, HB23, HB25, HB26, and HB192. Members engaged in lively debates concerning the implications of these bills, with notable discussions centered around community impacts and administrative implications. The committee heard testimony from various stakeholders, reflecting a distribution of opinions on the bills being considered. The atmosphere was one of collaboration as members worked through differing perspectives on the proposed legislation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I believe there is some other legislation that...
- But my understanding is federal courts have ruled that with respect to legislative privilege, the legislator
- to county.
- couldn't, even though the county is regulating more cities.
- Harvard in that county.
Bills:
HB346, HB1360, HB1510, HB1606, HB1804, HB1805, HB2156, HB2391, HB2767, HB3022, HB3044, HB3272, HB3293, HB3493, HB3809, HB3824, HJR110, HB2463
Keywords:
expedited service, business records, veteran-owned businesses, franchise tax, fee schedule, Texas Ethics Commission, election reporting, campaign finance, violation categorization, penalties, public disclosure, ethics, transparency, political subdivisions, administrative penalties, compliance, religious freedom, commission, government, advocacy
Summary:
The meeting of the State Affairs Committee convened to discuss House Bill 1606, focusing on public safety and communication regarding vegetation management near power lines. Representative Metcalf presented the bill, highlighting concerns raised by constituents about overgrown vegetation posing risks such as power outages and fire hazards. The bill aims to mandate electric utilities to provide customers with information on how to request vegetation management, thereby enhancing public awareness and safety without imposing new regulations.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- If the state of Texas, have you seen the legislation? Yes, we have.
- This gives large counties flexibility to spread services where they are needed most.
- Chairman, for your support of this legislation.
- You're considering legislation that takes away my parental rights and I cannot...
- It's in far northwest Travis County, and it would be...
Keywords:
minors, sexually explicit materials, public libraries, age verification, civil penalties, library collection review, alcohol storage, airline permits, beverage regulations, airport, commercial flights, alcoholic beverages, local option election, zoning regulations, municipality control, land use, state law, social media, bot accounts, misinformation
Summary:
The meeting saw significant discussions centered around several Senate bills, notably SB2487, SB1698, and SB2101. Senator Parker introduced and advocated for SB2487, which aims to enhance crisis service models for mental health interventions, receiving feedback from various stakeholders during formal testimony. The committee adopted the substitute version of this bill, which emphasizes local governance, expands service options, and tightens clinical timelines, responding to concerns from communities about service accessibility. Furthermore, the bill successfully passed from the committee with unanimous support, moving forward to the full Senate for consideration.
In addition to SB2487, the committee reviewed SB1698, focusing on regulatory changes surrounding e-cigarette products. The committee recognized the importance of aligning state law with federal guidelines while ensuring strong consumer protections. Public testimonies included insights from enforcement officials and industry participants, highlighting the newly proposed measures aimed at preventing youth access to e-cigarettes. Lastly, SB2101, which addresses the regulation of sexually explicit materials in public libraries to ensure safe environments for minors, generated mix responses, with testimonies reflecting concerns over censorship and parental rights. The meeting concluded with the passage of SB2819 as well, which addresses political activities of county election administrators.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- span marker="7" data-time="36">It allows cities to designate whether or not they're going to be dry counties
- ...patchwork systems of wet and dry counties exist in the state's
- if there's disagreement between the legislative bodies and
- So you legislate to structure, not to personality. That's how it's supposed to be.
- This good legislation, we will get them moving in as well
Keywords:
minors, sexually explicit materials, public libraries, age verification, civil penalties, library collection review, alcohol storage, airline permits, beverage regulations, airport, commercial flights, alcoholic beverages, local option election, zoning regulations, municipality control, land use, state law, social media, bot accounts, misinformation
Summary:
The meeting focused on several legislative measures concerning alcoholic beverages, ethics, and the protection of free speech. Notable discussions included the presentation of Senate Bill 2633, which aims to modernize the framework for alcohol sales in local communities and allow local option elections within designated zones. Additionally, Senate Bill 2713 garnered significant attention, addressing ideological discrimination in professional associations based on political beliefs, urging a need for greater protection of free speech in Texas. Public witnesses provided testimony, with a mix of support and concerns regarding various bills, indicating a vibrant discourse among committee members and the public.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services May 5th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- So let's say I'm in Coryell County, I have an office in Bell County and I have an office in Lampasas
- County.
- Specifically, with this language I want to quote from the legislative record that it was important to
- This is the language that the Legislative Council provided to us.
- I will certainly follow up with the Legislative Council.
Keywords:
private activity bonds, housing, residential rental projects, low-income, affordable housing, bond measures, funding equality, political subdivisions, public communications, election fairness, debt collection, consumer rights, disclosures, Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, settlement agreements, State Board of Education, group benefits program, health insurance, state employees, dependents eligibility
Summary:
During this committee meeting, several important bills were discussed, including HB5632, HB3900, and SJR57. The committee focused on HB1342, which aims to reorganize the priority structure of private activity bonds for residential rental projects, responding to concerns raised by various stakeholders about the efficiency and accessibility of these bonds in supporting affordable housing. Additionally, HB3002 was presented as a consumer protection bill requiring debt collectors to disclose rights in all written and electronic communications, ensuring average Texans are informed of their rights regarding debt obligations. The meeting concluded with a discussion about upcoming bills and the schedule for the next sessions.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- in which the offense occurred or in the victim's county of residence.
- I did help draft this legislation, which I think is very important.
- Hopefully, this legislation, both of these approaches...
- County judges are not enforcing the law.
- Thank you, Chairman Hughes, for sponsoring this legislation.
Keywords:
low-THC cannabis, dispensing organization, Texas Compassionate-Use Program, medical use, patient access, registration, healthcare, legislation, credit card fraud, debit card fraud, prosecution, illegal possession, state law, political contributions, address privacy, Texas Ethics Commission, election transparency, campaign finance, election supplies, ballots
Summary:
The meeting of the State Affairs Committee focused on several significant bills, notably HB4145, HB2820, and HB4157, which address healthcare billing practices, charitable bingo operations, and protections for employees in the commercial spaceflight industry, respectively. Each bill received attention from members of the committee, with public testimony highlighting both support and concern among stakeholders. For instance, testimony on HB4145 underscored the importance of timely healthcare billing to prevent patient financial distress, while discussions surrounding HB2820 illuminated the challenges charities face in maintaining sufficient reserves amidst outdated regulations.
TX
Keywords:
dams, reservoirs, erosion control, flood control, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, permit exemption, environmental regulation, permit exemption, erosion control, floodwater management, sediment control, local government, flooding, public safety, outdoor warning sirens, disaster preparedness, emergency response, flood warning, outdoor sirens, disaster preparedness
Summary:
The meeting convened with discussions predominantly focused on legislative motions and updates. There were significant discussions led by various senators, including proceedings on the agenda items with motions for adjournment and future considerations. Notably, two motions were read into the record, and no objections were raised during the adjourning process. Members expressed a willingness to reconvene, emphasizing the importance of receiving committee reports before the next session. The presence of all members and their engagement reflects a strong commitment to legislative responsibilities.
The meeting concluded with a unanimous decision to adjourn until August 12th. This highlights the procedural nature of Senate meetings and the emphasis on maintaining order and structure through established parliamentary procedures. The atmosphere was professional, with all members present and contributing to a constructive environment for decision-making.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Business and Commerce (Part II) Apr 1st, 2025
Senate Business & Commerce Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- So the legislation here is intended to work in conjunction with what we have achieved in the past with
That's kind of our angle on this legislation, is just
- There are 14 states in the country that have now passed legislation of this manner.
- I would assume they're in support of your legislation, or
- We urge you not to move forward with this legislation. Thank you.
Keywords:
electric generation, reliability, ERCOT, Public Utility Commission, penalties, performance requirements, energy policy, construction contracts, compensatory damages, government delays, contractor, legislation, broadband access, tax reduction, internet service, rural connectivity, infrastructure funding, distributed energy resources, interconnection, ERCOT
Summary:
The meeting of the committee featured extensive discussions surrounding SB2021 and SB2330, both of which sparked notable debate among members and stakeholders. SB2021, aimed at regulating Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), faced scrutiny for potentially creating barriers to integration and increasing costs for consumers. Advocates highlighted the bill's intention to clarify operational standards and improve accountability, while opponents raised concerns about excessive red tape hindering innovative energy solutions. SB2330 sparked similar contention, particularly regarding its implications for public employee unions and the suggested removal of government involvement in dues collection processes. Testimonies expressed worries that this would limit educators' access to professional resources and advocacy, crucial for their roles in the education sector.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Business and Commerce (Part I) Apr 1st, 2025
Senate Business & Commerce Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- This session, we passed this legislation in 2021 and 2023, and we've now passed this bill in about 20
- Your concern is that the government entities, whether it be a city, county, uh, County, then it's the taxpayers paying the bill.
- The project will be about 180 megawatts and represent a $250 million investment in the county.
- This will come back as a report before the legislation returns in the next session.
Keywords:
electric generation, reliability, ERCOT, Public Utility Commission, penalties, performance requirements, energy policy, construction contracts, compensatory damages, government delays, contractor, legislation, broadband access, tax reduction, internet service, rural connectivity, infrastructure funding, distributed energy resources, interconnection, ERCOT
Summary:
The Business Commerce Committee meeting was marked by the successful reporting of several bills, notably Senate Bill 783, SB1238, and SB1706, all of which received unanimous support from committee members. The chair facilitated discussions around the potential implications of these bills, with committee members highlighting the necessity for timely updates to current legislation. Public testimonies were heard regarding Senate Bill 1968, emphasizing its efforts to clarify the agent-buyer relationship in real estate transactions through the introduction of written representation agreements. Additionally, concerns were raised about regulations regarding backup generation for energy loads in the Senate Bill 2321 discussion, reflecting ongoing discussions about balancing energy needs with environmental regulations.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence Mar 18th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm in Montgomery County, whether I'm in Comal County, whether I'm...
- The county that you cited, the county of the study?
- believe Denton County, Tarrant County, Harris County, Travis County, and probably a number of other
- and Harris County.
- County, Representative RodrÃguez Ramos and Bowers, El Paso County, and Kerr County, Representative Virdell
Keywords:
family violence, global positioning monitoring system, victim resources, electronic monitoring, protective orders, magistrate, criminal procedure, probable cause, written findings, law enforcement, child endangerment, controlled substances, penalty group, elderly protection, disabled individual rights, education, funding, school district, school choice, students
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around a range of bills, with significant focus on public safety and welfare issues. Discussions highlighted the implications of HB166, which aims to enhance protections for vulnerable populations against the dangers of fentanyl exposure. Witness testimonies were presented both in support and opposition to the legislation. Representative Capriglione underscored the urgency of addressing this growing concern, as fentanyl's potency poses a lethal risk, particularly to children, elderly individuals, and disabled individuals. The session included a robust debate on how best to enforce these legal protections while balancing concerns about enforcement complexities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
Today, I'm here with legislation that offers a private
- So this is not Unfortunately, groundbreaking legislation is
- With this legislation, we aim to ensure that no other family has to experience such a loss.
- There's no need to legislate us on."
- I urge you to pass this common sense legislation.
Keywords:
heat illness prevention, workplace safety, Texas Workforce Commission, advisory board, employee rights, administrative penalties, training requirements, heat illness prevention, workplace safety, Texas Workforce Commission, advisory board, administrative penalties, employee training, occupational health, heat illness prevention, workplace safety, advisory board, employer penalties, worker rights, heat illness
Summary:
The meeting held by the committee focused on several bills aimed at improving worker safety and economic support for rural communities. Key discussions included the introduction of HB446, which aims to establish a Heat Illness Prevention Advisory Board to address the increasing number of heat-related worker deaths in Texas. Testimonies from various stakeholders highlighted the need for heat safety standards and the emotional impact of heat-related illnesses on workers' lives. HB1609 was also presented, seeking protections for volunteer firefighters during declared disasters to prevent job loss while responding to emergencies. The committee expressed strong support for these initiatives, suggesting a collective understanding of their importance amid rising temperatures and demands on the workforce.
TX
Keywords:
school assessment, public education, accountability, transparency, education standards, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions, Texas Citizens Participation Act, Religious Freedom Restoration Act, healthcare regulations, judicial branch, court security, juvenile boards, mental health services, election challenges, judicial procedures, court security, mental health services
Summary:
The meeting hosted by the Senate Select Committee covered several bills, with members actively engaging in discussions that highlighted various concerns. Notably, the committee focused on HB1 regarding youth camp emergency preparedness and HB20 aimed at preventing fraudulent charitable solicitations during disasters. Senator Hughes moved to suspend certain rules to expedite the consideration of these bills. During the proceedings, Senator Johnson expressed concerns regarding the implications of some bills, emphasizing the need for a clear understanding of the outcomes. The atmosphere remained collaborative as members aimed to address pressing issues through the proposed legislation. Furthermore, a moment of personal reflection was shared by one senator, acknowledging past insensitive remarks and encouraging a respectful dialogue among colleagues.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Apr 2nd, 2025 at 10:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- County.
- We appreciate everything you've done for Williamson County.
- Your Williamson County delegation and former Williamson County delegation is here to applaud you.
- to recognize and celebrate Collin County Days.
- A highly skilled workforce is truly what makes Collin County a leader in job growth.
Bills:
HJR1, HJR2, HB9, HB22, HB908, HB1392, HB195, HB13, HB143, HB135, HJR1, HJR2, HB9, HB22, HB908, HB1392
Keywords:
death tax, inheritance tax, estate tax, property transfer, constitutional amendment, ad valorem taxation, intangible property, tax exemption, property tax reform, economic implications, missing children, law enforcement, national reporting, investigation, public safety, ad valorem taxes, tax collector, delinquency date, tax payment, office closure
Summary:
The committee meeting highlighted significant discussions surrounding several key bills, including HB908, which aims to establish a required reporting protocol for missing children cases. The bill received robust support, with members emphasizing its potential to enhance child safety and streamline law enforcement responses. Another notable piece of legislation discussed was HB1392, which addresses delays in property tax payment due to unforeseen circumstances like natural disasters and other emergencies, ensuring Texans are not penalized for situations beyond their control. The meeting concluded with enthusiastic participation from both committee members and the public, showcasing the community's engagement in the legislative process.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence Apr 1st, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Office, and Tarrant County D.A.
- Smith County, Williamson County, Jasper County, Gregg County
- So you're telling me that in Dallas County, because the bail bondsmen in Harris County, they run to the
- large counties, when the bonds...
- Because I would have to go into the Harris County District Clerk's website or whatever county I'm in
Keywords:
sexual assault, victim rights, forensic examination, medical care, trauma-informed care, crime victims compensation, evidence retention, child sexual abuse material, child pornography, digital services, reporting requirements, children's protection, sex offender registration, indecent assault, educator-student relationship, criminal justice, legislation, crime victims, compensation fund, information disclosure
Summary:
The meeting of the Juvenile Justice Committee on March 26th focused on multiple significant bills aimed at enhancing the juvenile justice system. Noteworthy discussions included House Bill 1831, presented by Vice Chair Johnson, which seeks to expand juvenile eligibility for drug court programs with a goal of increasing access to rehabilitative treatment for youth. The bill received strong support, passing with a vote of 9-2, and was recommended for favorable reporting to the full House. Additionally, House Bill 2147, introduced by Chairman Van Dever, allows for remote juvenile depositions and court proceedings to increase access and efficiency in the legal process, also passing unanimously with a vote of 10-1. The committee members engaged in thorough debates regarding the impact of these bills on families and juveniles, emphasizing the importance of rehabilitation over punishment.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
Senator Parker, are you ready on your legislation?
- This bill is a refile of SB1537 from the 88th legislative session
- Coordinating Board to adopt rules necessary to implement these measures will also be a component of this legislation
Keywords:
higher education, curriculum review, governing board, faculty council, ombudsman, higher education, faculty governance, decision-making, transparency, public meetings, higher education, governing board, department head, employment approval, public institutions, higher education, governing board, department head, employment approval, institutional oversight
Summary:
The committee meeting was marked by significant discussions surrounding various legislative proposals, particularly Senate Bill 1741, which aims to tackle espionage and intellectual property theft within Texas public institutions of higher education. Senator Parker took the floor to present the bill, highlighting its importance in safeguarding the state’s educational institutions from foreign threats. The conversation around this bill was substantive, with public testimonies being invited to gather a range of opinions on the proposed regulations. Another critical aspect discussed was Senate Bill 724, which addresses the attendance of governing board members in person during meetings, a vital issue raised post-COVID due to a lack of quorum in past gatherings. The committee's chair, Senator Kolkhorst, emphasized the necessity for physical presence to maintain the integrity of board meetings and deliberations.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- In the original file measure, one is a legislative council
- With this legislation, is it an after, is it an aftereffect because of what happened at A&M?
- legislative education equity coalition.
- Legislation. Ideology is a complex matter.
- Legislation that directs a hunt for Galileo, if you will, undermines that essential goal.
Keywords:
higher education, curriculum review, governing board, faculty council, ombudsman, higher education, faculty governance, decision-making, transparency, public meetings, higher education, governing board, department head, employment approval, public institutions, higher education, governing board, department head, employment approval, institutional oversight
Summary:
The meeting convened with significant discussions centered around higher education legislation in Texas, particularly focusing on research security and curriculum governance. Senator Brian Hughes introduced SB1273, which aims to establish a Higher Education Research Security Council to bolster security practices against potential espionage while promoting collaboration among Texas Tier 1 research institutions. Witness testimony included insights from Dr. Kevin Gamache of Texas A&M University, who underscored the importance of safeguarding academic resources to maintain Texas’s leadership in research. The committee unanimously adopted a substitute for the bill which elevated its scope to include private institutions as well, reflecting a broader approach to research security.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- ...of counties and myself.
- You know, that's costing the cities and counties a lot of money. They either have to fill a spot...
- Now, judges do their things, and legislators do theirs.
- We are a 501(c)(3) non-profit representing 13 counties and 42 school districts in South Texas.
- The result of the study will be completed ahead of the next legislative session.
Keywords:
workers' compensation, municipal construction, bidding requirements, small municipalities, contracting policies, workers' compensation, first responders, PTSD, mental health, emergency services, workers' compensation, medical expenses, first responders, injury claims, insurance carriers, opportunity youth, workforce development, employment, education, federal funds
Summary:
The meeting of the committee included significant discussions centered around various bills, particularly those related to workers' compensation, opportunity youth, and sexual harassment. Representative Patterson spearheaded a discussion on HB2369, a bill aimed at reforming the workers' compensation system for first responders, stressing the need for swift evaluations and treatment to facilitate quicker recovery. Several members voiced their support, citing the bill's importance in ensuring that injured first responders can return to work more efficiently. Public testimony highlighted personal stories that underscored the critical impact of the legislation.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Energy Resources Apr 7th, 2025 at 12:00 pm
House Energy Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- I and my family ranch in San Diego across six counties in the Permit Basin.
- There were multiple lives lost, and the fire burned across several counties.
- I returned again and we got more meaningful legislation passed.
- As the legislation evolves through the process, we look forward to working with legislators, industry
- A rancher from Crockett County, Texas, all the way in the...
Keywords:
inactive wells, oil and gas regulation, environmental protection, Railroad Commission of Texas, well plugging, Railroad Commission, penalties, violations, pipeline safety, civil penalties, criminal penalties, environmental protection, wildfire prevention, oil and gas, safety inspections, administrative penalties, Railroad Commission of Texas, excavation, notification, utilities
Summary:
The meeting of the House Committee focused predominantly on House Bill 3791, which aims to reform the notification requirements for excavators before commencing work. Representative Batson introduced the bill, emphasizing the need to update Texas's current 48-hour notification system to align with 45 other states, where the notification period is typically two business days. The bill aims to enhance public safety and streamline the excavation process, allowing for a more efficient and timely communication system among excavators and utility locators. During the discussions, Vice Chair Morales raised concerns regarding equitable enforcement and the absence of penalties for locators if deadlines aren't met, which led to a more in-depth conversation about enhancing responsibility across parties involved in the excavation process.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships Apr 7th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships
Transcript Highlights:
- Is it Harris County or...
Fort Bend County.
- County, Fort Bend County, Bexar County, Travis County, and Austin.
- County.
- I was going to ask you about the legislative council draft.
- , as well as Dallas County, Bexar County, and Galveston County.
Bills:
HB168, HB1044, HB1534, HB1914, HB2240, HB2530, HB3284, HB3395, HB3515, HB3783, HB4034, HB4213
Keywords:
marriage age, minors, family law, void marriage, rights of minors, Texas marriage law, marriage ceremony, authorized officiants, family code, judges, religious leaders, parent-child relationship, family law, Department of Family and Protective Services, legal rights, notice requirements, public health, safety regulations, community health, state standards
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around discussions on HB3284, which focuses on promoting family stability and the commissioning of a task force to evaluate existing regulations affecting marriage and family formation. Chairman Dutton initiated the conversation by emphasizing the need for governmental support in fostering a robust societal framework based on stable family units. Testimonies from various stakeholders highlighted the declining marriage rates in Texas, prompting discussions on effective strategies to reverse this trend. Public testimony was heard from representatives of Texas Values Action and the Texas Family Law Foundation, both advocating for stronger legislative measures to foster lifelong marriages and family stability.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I urge your support for this important legislation. Thank you.
- This legislation is very timely, as DFPS just announced new SSCC contracts awarded in three regions,
- including Harris County, Bexar County, and a number of counties along the Gulf Coast.
- This bill specifically is crucial for Dallas County.
- We would actually go to court if we thought a receivership were necessary and this legislation were to
Bills:
HB1531, HB2667, HB2809, HB2865, HB3589, HB3151, HB3748, HB3750, HB4419, HB4643, HB3597, HB4129, HB4130, HB4131
Keywords:
senior living, referral agencies, consumer protection, regulation, elderly services, youth, mental health, suicide prevention, protective services, child welfare, reporting requirements, Medicaid, public assistance, ex parte renewal, eligibility, Texas, group home, licensing, regulation, health and safety
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on several key bills pertaining to the accountability and operational continuity of single-source continuum contractors within the Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS). Representative Davis presented three related bills: HB4129, HB4130, and HB4131, which were designed to strengthen DFPS's enforcement mechanisms, clarify contract termination timelines, and enable swift action in cases of non-compliance by services providers. Each bill was discussed in detail, highlighting their importance for ensuring services for children and families remain uninterrupted and meet quality standards. Witnesses from various stakeholders provided testimony both in support and in critique of the proposed legislation, indicating the significant impact these bills could have on service delivery across the state.
A notable moment during the meeting was when the discussion surrounding HB4130 revealed concerns regarding current 60-day notice requirements for contract terminations, which were deemed insufficient. The proposed extension to 180 days is aimed at ensuring a seamless transition without service disruption. The meeting concluded with the decision to leave the bills pending further consideration, demonstrating a commitment to address the pressing issues raised by the lawmakers and community members involved.