Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'American Public Works Association'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Mar 4th, 2025 at 02:30 pm
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- So keep up the good work.
- They work in the tourism industry, they work at restaurants, and they...
- what we'll do to work together to put more money in public schools in Port Aranda be gobbled up by insurance
- I've always worked in at-risk schools, and it bothers me that my public charter school students do not
- So the majority of our public pre-K students are being served in our public schools.
Bills:
HB2
Keywords:
public education, teacher compensation, certification, funding, school finance, educator rights, education funding, charter schools, staff compensation, state aid, retention allotment, House Bill 2, special education funding, Texas, funding gaps, education, stakeholder testimony, tiered funding system
Summary:
The meeting focused on House Bill 2, which aims to reform funding for special education in Texas. Various stakeholders, including educators and administrators, testified on the importance of the bill, highlighting current funding gaps and the need for increased resources to adequately support students with disabilities. Testimony revealed that many school districts are experiencing a significant funding shortfall, forcing them to seek additional local funding sources to cover the costs of necessary services. Additionally, the bill includes provisions for a new tiered funding system, which was met with cautious support due to the ambiguities surrounding its implementation.
TX
Keywords:
hemp, consumable products, cannabinoids, licensing, regulations, election law, attorney general, prosecution, voter integrity, law enforcement, lobbying, public funds, political subdivisions, government transparency, taxpayer protection, Senate, Senator Zaffirini, flood safety, disaster preparedness, youth camp
Summary:
The meeting convened with the primary focus on several Senate Bills introduced by Senator Zaffirini, addressing important issues like flood safety and disaster preparedness. The committee discussed SB41, which mandates evacuation notices for youth camps during floods, and SB43, which pertains to permit exemptions for certain dams. Another critical item was SB49, concerning emergency operations plans and safety drills within youth camps. The senator emphasized the significance of these bills in enhancing safety measures for vulnerable populations, and several members voiced their support for the proactive approach in tackling flood-related challenges. Public testimony was minimal, but the committee expressed a strong intent to ensure these bills are thoroughly reviewed in upcoming sessions.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm here today representing the Texas Automotive Dealers Association, better known as TADA.
- This rule helps the consumer by ensuring that we are not misleading the public by promising vehicle..
- I'll just make sure how it works.
Yes, sir. Sure.
- State Pilots Association, and I respectfully ask for your
- I'm here on behalf of the Texas Auto Dealer Association.
Keywords:
memorial markers, law enforcement, officer memorials, killed in the line of duty, highway signage, used vehicles, advertising regulations, dealerships, consumer protection, vehicle identification, transportation, vehicle regulations, towing, license plates, highway dedications, public testimony, SB1353, SB1902, SB249, SB1029
Summary:
The meeting of the committee addressed several key bills focused on transportation and vehicle regulations. Notably, SB1353 introduced by Representative Gaines aims to create a regulatory framework for towing vessel pilots in the port of Brownsville, alongside testimonies highlighting support from local authorities. Additionally, SB1902 proposed by Senator Nichols seeks to amend the previous legislation affecting license plate transfers, addressing concerns over dealer inventory storage issues. The discussion around SB249 centered on alleviating the financial strain on families of fallen peace officers regarding highway dedications, shifting the burden to TxDOT for funding and maintaining signs. Despite the positive atmosphere, some bills, such as SB1029, faced opposition due to potential customer trust issues related to advertising vehicles not currently in dealers' possession.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Culture, Recreation & Tourism May 8th, 2025 at 09:05 am
House Culture, Recreation & Tourism Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- These comments are left by the public on each agenda item in our hearings.
- CADD also holds monthly public meetings to keep the public up to date.
- CADD's mission statement is to bring public awareness to the problem of derelict and abandoned boats
- We'll be working with Mr. Paul on this legislation.
- Thank you for your work on this topic.
Keywords:
vessel registration, derelict vessels, waterways, removal fee, Parks and Wildlife Department, General Land Office, aviation, defense, economic growth, Texas, Fort Worth, military, Texas legislation, HCR142, HB4538, derelict boats, safety hazards, public testimony, aviation defense capital, economic development
Summary:
The meeting of the House Committee on Culture, Recreation, and Tourism addressed several key pieces of legislation including HCR142, HB4538, SCR1, HCR89, and SB2139. Notably, HCR142 designates Fort Worth as the official aviation defense capital of Texas for a ten-year period starting in 2035, with no public testimony presented against it. The committee also discussed HB4538, aimed at securing permanent funding for the removal of derelict boats, which pose a significant hazard in local waterways. The bill seeks to allocate $600,000 annually from boat registration fees for this effort, amidst testimony highlighting the urgent need for funding due to increasing safety risks associated with abandoned vessels. Public sentiment appeared supportive of the legislation, with many members expressing concern over the dangers posed by these derelict boats.
TX
Keywords:
driving safety, motorcycle training, court dismissal, traffic violations, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, traffic safety, highway regulation, emergency vehicles, tow trucks, vehicle classification, public safety, bandit signs, railroad grade separations, legislation, community safety, predatory practices, traffic disruptions, stakeholder testimony
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several key bills, with notable discussions around public safety and enforcement mechanisms for illegal bandit signs through SB284, which aims to strengthen regulations. Testimonies from various stakeholders highlighted the significant impacts of such signs on community safety and well-being. Representatives voiced their support for measures that would increase penalties and hold offenders accountable, emphasizing the need for strong local ordinances to protect vulnerable populations from predatory practices. Moreover, SB1555 was discussed, targeting improvements in railroad grade crossings to enhance public safety and reduce traffic disruptions. Stakeholders argued for the necessity of separating rail and roadway interactions in urban and rural areas alike, citing numerous incidents and the associated risks to both drivers and rail employees.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Culture, Recreation & Tourism May 14th, 2025 at 09:05 am
House Culture, Recreation & Tourism Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Members, we'll move on to public testimony at this time.
- Public parks bear names like...
- I have you, Dale Stanley, Original Mountain Kerr Association.
- , and I'm currently on the board of the Original Mountain Curr Association, which both of these associations
- are hunting dog associations.
Keywords:
Unplug Texas Day, digital detox, family activities, outdoor recreation, community engagement, patriotism, town designation, community engagement, Trophy Club, Texas Town of Patriotism, SB217, SB2232, SB2801, Unplugged Texas Day, outdoor engagement, public testimony, hunting license regulations, field trials, Friedman Cemetery Program
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily focused on reviewing several bills, including SB217, which establishes the historic Friedman Cemetery program, and SB2232, which seeks to designate October 21st as Unplugged Texas Day. The latter bill sparked notable discussions regarding the importance of reducing screen time and encouraging outdoor activities among Texans. Chairperson Metcalfe initiated the agenda, and the public testimony featured passionate arguments for the need for outdoor engagement, emphasizing mental well-being and community bonding. Overall, the bills were met with unanimous support within the committee, advancing toward favorable recommendations for full house votes.
Additionally, members voiced concerns about regulations surrounding field trials, as presented in SB2801, which proposes changes to the requirement for hunting licenses during dog field trials. Testimony from various stakeholders showcased a strong desire to facilitate participation in these events while raising awareness of the associated challenges. The meeting concluded with several bills advancing for further considerations, demonstrating a collaborative effort toward legislation that supports both cultural and outdoor initiatives in Texas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Local Government (Part II) Apr 24th, 2025
Senate Local Government Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Working with committee members and thank you to Senator Nichols.
- I've worked in building safety and inspections my entire life.
- I know it works. I've seen it work. My entire life is spent dedicated to this process.
- , and I'm held accountable for that work.
- The bill simply builds on what's already worked.
Bills:
SB208, SB628, SB777, SB1042, SB2354, SB2477, SB2521, SB2523, SB2608, SB2703, SB2778, SB2835, SB2965, SB2367, SB3044
Keywords:
workforce housing, capital investment fund, affordable housing, housing development, Texas housing laws, loan programs, community development, workforce housing, capital investment fund, affordable housing, housing development, Texas housing, zero-interest loans, workforce housing, capital investment fund, low-income housing, housing development, nonprofit organizations, construction, economic stability
Summary:
The meeting of the local government committee covered several important bills, notably Senate Bill 1454, Senate Bill 1237, and Senate Bill 2520. Senator Betancourt presided over the proceedings, guiding the discussion on the multiple committee substitutes proposed for each of these bills. SB1454 focused on tax exemptions for housing authorities, with amendments that included stricter compliance measures for municipalities. The committee unanimously recommended that the bill proceed to the full Senate without objection.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Apr 7th, 2025 at 10:00 am
House Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- I am an Associate Professor of Instruction in the Accounting Department at the University of Texas at
- And just how would that work practically?
- HB 4238 builds upon this legislature's previous work.
- We work directly with survivors. We have seen how our current laws, although well...
- I'm just really grateful for the work that you've done on this.
Keywords:
money services, regulation, financial services, money transmission, currency exchange, financial compliance, electronic payments, motor vehicles, convenience fee, retail installment contract, fee restrictions, eviction, credit report, tenant rights, property law, housing stability, digital assets, consumer protection, regulatory framework, public retirement systems
Summary:
The meeting of the Pensions, Investments and Financial Services Committee involved detailed discussions surrounding several key bills aimed at enhancing regulatory frameworks and consumer protections. Notably, House Bill 4233, presented by Chairman Capriglione, seeks to modernize regulations for digital asset service providers by addressing earlier ambiguities in reporting requirements while enhancing accountability for the businesses involved. The testimonies from industry stakeholders, including representatives from the Texas Blockchain Council, emphasized the need for clarity and streamlined obligations that align with consumer needs. The bill passed favorably without challenges, reflecting strong support from committee members.
Moreover, bills such as House Bill 3014 and House Bill 3474 were discussed, with both successfully moving forward to the full House. HB3014 focuses on fraudulent use of gift cards, while HB3474 deals with public retirement systems' investment reporting practices. The meeting noted several supportive public testimonies and demonstrated the committee's commitment to refining legislation that impacts Texas' financial landscape. Overall, the meeting was productive, indicating a collaborative effort toward regulatory updates in important sectors.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
89th Legislative Session - Second Called Session Aug 25th, 2025 at 12:08 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- We worked with the governor's office. We worked with the Senate.
- And that way, the records that are currently public would remain public because we want to make sure
- ...against the public should be information that the public
- All those records won't be shared with the public. They're not subject to public information laws.
- This is a sessions-long piece of work.
Keywords:
property tax, school funding, enrollment changes, inflation adjustment, tax rate notice, groundwater, aquifers, water conservation, Texas Water Development Board, permit moratorium, environmental impact, law enforcement, department file, employee records, misconduct, confidentiality, Texas occupations code, judicial processes, infrastructure, public safety
Summary:
The meeting focused on multiple important pieces of legislation, with key attention on HB16, an omnibus courts bill aiming to improve judicial processes, and SB18, which seeks to ease permit requirements for dam maintenance related to erosion and flood control. Chairman Leach and Senator Zaffirini provided significant insights during their bill presentations, stressing the importance of efficiency in governmental operations. The committee engaged in lively debates about the implications of these bills, particularly regarding budgetary concerns for local governments and the potential effects on public safety funding. Testimonies from stakeholders further highlighted the necessity for legislative clarity and improved infrastructure support for state safety measures. The final votes showed strong support for the proposed bills, indicating a proactive approach towards legislative efficiency.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Defense & Veterans' Affairs Apr 14th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House S/C on Defense & Veterans' Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- Bill 5629 builds upon is that framework from 2019, and of course the interim report for which the work
- Work.
- It looks like you are qualified to do electrical work and supervise.
- If you're not working, you're probably doing something wrong, so just work.
- But they put him through some work. They keep him sandy and wet.
Keywords:
commemoration, military, navy seal, honor, January 12, Nathan Gage Ingram, military funeral honors, JROTC, veterans, training, grant program, JROTC, military honors, veterans, grant program, community engagement, veterans, military honors, JROTC, funeral services
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around important legislative discussions involving several bills aimed at supporting military personnel and their families. Representative Isaac led the meeting and pushed for swift deliberations on various bills, including those related to veterans’ benefits and licensing for military spouses. Notably, House Bill 5629, presented by Colonel Wilson, sought to streamline the licensing process for military spouses, allowing them to work more effectively in Texas by recognizing their out-of-state licenses. The committee also addressed House Bill 3359, which aims to enhance outreach to veterans by facilitating identification processes, thereby ensuring they receive the benefits to which they are entitled. The meeting concluded with motions for several bills to be scheduled for full committee consideration, demonstrating a proactive approach towards supporting Texas veterans and military families.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- We'll close public testimony.
- We'll close public testimony.
- There's no teeth in it, actually, because if you don't work, you don't work.
- groups and associations and so forth that do begin to work.
- We thank you for your work on this and the Senate's work, but your work in particular.
Keywords:
school safety, Foundation School Program, education funding, student allotment, Texas education, judicial conduct, judges discipline, judicial compensation, retirement benefits, judicial transparency, capital gains, taxation, constitutional amendment, state revenue, individual investment, school safety, Senate Bill 260, funding, mental health, legislative session
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around discussions on Senate Bill 260, which aims to enhance school safety through increased funding. Senator Huffman highlighted the initiative to double both the per-student and per-campus safety allotments. Testimonies from various stakeholders, including educators and mental health advocates, underscored the importance of addressing both physical safety and mental health needs in schools. The discussions revealed a strong consensus on the necessity of adequate resources for effective school safety measures while acknowledging the financial challenges faced by districts in meeting legislative mandates. The meeting concluded with a positive recommendation for the bill's passage to the full Senate.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Juvenile Justice Apr 7th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House S/C on Juvenile Justice
Keywords:
juvenile justice, community supervision, felony offenses, treatment of children, juvenile facilities, chemical dispensing device, solitary confinement, rehabilitation, criminal proceedings, juvenile justice, delinquency, community supervision, felony offenses, rehabilitation, juvenile justice, House Bill 31, mental health, chemical restraints, solitary confinement, restorative justice
Summary:
The meeting of the committee focused primarily on House Bill 31, with members discussing the need for systemic reforms in the juvenile justice system in Texas. There was considerable dialogue around the issues of youth incarceration, the challenges posed by ongoing abuses, and the need for improved mental health resources. Many members and stakeholders voiced concerns regarding the treatment of juveniles within the facilities, particularly the use of chemical restraints and solitary confinement, expressing the need for more humane approaches. Testimony was provided by various experts and members of the public, sharing recommendations on potential amendments to the bill. The discussions indicated a collective desire for a restorative justice approach that prioritizes rehabilitation and community-based solutions over punitive measures.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- This is a companion to House Bill 3782 by Chairman Smithee relating to publications in digital newspapers
- It worked as it should.
- I'll try to distill these down and not go through all of them, but are you aware of the public testimony
- Okay, so if the 1925 law did not work, I don't know what would happen.
- Yeah, if there's any concern whatsoever among any of you or the legislators or the public about the criminal
Keywords:
biological sex, government information, definitions, sex-based distinctions, public health, flags, display, state law, municipalities, government buildings, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, private civil right of action, destruction of property, qui tam action, Committee meeting, abortion, drug trafficking, local government policies
Summary:
The meeting of the committee brought forward several bills, including notable discussions on HB5082 and HB5510. During the meeting, concerns regarding local governments' ability to adopt decriminalization policies were addressed, particularly as these have led to legal actions involving the state. Witness testimonies presented both support and opposition to the bills, with strong sentiments expressed on both sides. Representative Leach advocated for stricter regulations on abortion drug trafficking and the need for better protections for women. An emotional debate ensued addressing the implications of these regulations on women's health and rights. Additionally, the committee debated the repercussions of the bills on local governance and public health outcomes.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine the nominations of Michael Kratsios, of South Carolina, to be Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Mark Meador, of Virginia, to be a Federal Trade Commissioner. Feb 25th, 2025 at 09:00 am
Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- with duties that affect the lives of millions of Americans
This breakthrough is led by an American company and
- let me say a few words about the FTC, which protects American
I look forward to working with him and hearing that
- Since you are no stranger, I know you'll understand how to work with us.
Keywords:
Senate Committee, Commerce, Science, Technology, Quantum Computing, Artificial Intelligence, FTC, Consumer Protection, Innovation, Emerging Technologies
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation featured significant discussions regarding technological advancements and their implications for the future. Notably, nominations were made for key positions in the White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Federal Trade Commission. Committee members expressed the importance of leading in emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and quantum computing, emphasizing that the pace of innovation is crucial for maintaining the United States' global position as a leader in technology. The discussions also highlighted the role of the FTC in protecting consumers from deceptive business practices and ensuring fair competition in the marketplace.
Attendees underscored the urgency of advancing research and development in areas such as quantum computing, as evidenced by a demonstration of a new quantum chip anticipated to redefine computing capabilities across industries. Various members engaged in vibrant exchanges, showing support for initiatives aimed at bolstering innovation through public and private collaboration. Overall, the meeting set a strong agenda for pursuing future science and technology policies that ensure the U.S. remains at the forefront of global advancements.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Academic & Career-Oriented Education Mar 5th, 2025 at 02:00 pm
House S/C on Academic & Career-Oriented Education
Transcript Highlights:
- through our technical assistance work.
- If they are enrolled in a college level course, of course, if they are working toward their associate
- Hill with the Texas Association of Builders.
- If they are enrolled in a college-level course, if they're working toward their associate degree, then
- I want to see how this works.
Keywords:
applied sciences, career education, high school diploma, certificate program, work-based learning, job placement, high-growth jobs, technical training, career readiness, education reform, workforce training, public schools, financial aid, career and technical education, House Bill 120, House Bill 112, guidance counselors, funding, rural education, artificial intelligence
Summary:
The meeting focused on significant discussions surrounding career and technical education, particularly in relation to House Bills 120 and 112. Various representatives and experts testified on the importance of enhancing CTE accessibility for students, especially those in economically disadvantaged and rural areas. Notably, there was strong advocacy for integrating current job market needs into curriculum offerings, including emerging fields like artificial intelligence. The committee heard passionate arguments about the need for better funding for guidance counselors and CTE programs to prepare students for high-demand jobs, while ensuring they can earn post-secondary credits.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- So we work really closely with our providers and work really close...
- The work is complex and involves many challenges.
- How does that work in the real world?
- The work that you use to work and strengthen the families so that you can graduate and wean them off
- That's the work of this committee.
Keywords:
fraud prevention, Medicaid eligibility, verification, healthcare benefits, data matching, family preservation, foster care, child welfare, community-based care, parent-child relationship, Department of Family and Protective Services, case management, service provider selection, child welfare, community-based care, SB1398, HB5396, SB596, data collection, public testimony
Summary:
The meeting highlighted significant discussions surrounding child welfare and community-based care, focusing primarily on SB1398 and HB5396. Notably, representatives expressed concerns about the effectiveness and transparency of the current system, emphasizing the need for stronger documentation and accountability measures in handling cases of children and families. Senator Davis discussed the implications of SB596, which seeks to enhance data collection regarding outcomes of cases handled by the Department of Family and Protective Services, aiming to improve service delivery and outcomes for vulnerable children. Public testimony was heard from various stakeholders, highlighting the need for collaboration and understanding throughout the legislative process, which ultimately aims to better support families and prevent the need for child removal from their homes.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- If not, we'll open public testimony.
- Hearing none, public testimony is closed.
- If not, we'll now open public testimony, and we will call up Jose Padilla.
- You get a video clip for them so they can see the good work you did here today.
- This effort does not involve the use of public funds.
Keywords:
Texas Life Monument, human life, preservation, state capitol, sculpture, Timothy Schmalz, communal place, gifted education, students, academic achievement, celebration, Texas Legislature, El Paso, Boot Capital, cultural heritage, economic development, Western footwear, Texas Life Monument, SCR19, public service
Summary:
The committee meeting covered several important bills, including SCR19, which proposes the construction of the Texas Life Monument on the Capitol grounds to honor the sanctity of life and motherhood. Senator Parker explained that the monument would be funded privately and aim to create a public space for reflection. Public testimony offered support from pro-life organizations, emphasizing the monument's significance in celebrating the role of mothers and the value of life. The discussions surrounding this resolution were passionate and involved testimonies from individuals and organizations dedicated to celebrating family values in Texas.
In addition to SCR19, the meeting featured SB2053, aimed at establishing the Governor's Medal of Service Award to recognize exceptional public service contributions. The bill gained positive acceptance among committee members and public attendees alike. Public testimonies reflected the importance of recognizing local heroes and encouraging public engagement. Overall, the meeting highlighted the committee's commitment to advancing legislation that honors both individual contributions and collective values within Texas society.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources (Part I) May 7th, 2025
Senate Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Hearing none, public testimony is now closed.
- Hearing none, we'll move to public testimony. I show no one registered to give public testimony.
- Hearing and seeing none, we'll move to public testimony.
- I show no one registered for public testimony.
- Is there anyone wishing to provide public testimony for or against House Bill 2970?
Keywords:
pipeline, construction, cash bond, county authority, local government, injection wells, environmental regulation, water quality, site inspection, geoscientist, satellite imagery, interstate compact, liquefied natural gas, energy resources, Gulf Coast, regulatory coordination, Senate Committee, Natural Resources, HB206, HB1238
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Natural Resources focused on several key bills, including HB206, HB1238, and HB2890. Senator Birdwell introduced HB206, which prohibits counties from mandating cash bonds for pipeline construction, a move aimed at facilitating energy infrastructure development. The bill was supported by witnesses from the industry who voiced their experiences regarding the financial burdens of cash bond requirements. Following this discussion, public testimony was heard but ultimately concluded without any opponents present, leading to the bill being left pending further consideration.
Senator Parker then laid out HB2890, which seeks to establish an interstate compact to protect and enhance liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports along the Gulf Coast. The bill aims to improve interstate communication and collaboration while addressing economic impacts due to recent regulatory challenges faced by the LNG industry. Public testimony for this bill was also minimal, with no witnesses registered to testify, but it was noted as an important step for Texas's energy future. The meeting concluded with discussions about pending votes on the bills, indicating a need to reconvene at a later time to finalize actions on these proposals.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Thanks for your work. You're excused.
- That's if the pills work like they're supposed to work.
- Our work informs my testimony today.
- I'm the Associate General Counsel for the Texas Hospital Association, and I'm testifying on behalf of
- So, Hospital Association, Medical Association, and y'all are on this bill, right?
Keywords:
trafficking, prostitution, affirmative defense, victims, criminal justice reform, trafficking, prostitution, affirmative defense, victim rights, criminal justice, judicial reform, court procedures, mental health services, criminal penalties, court security, human trafficking, victim protection, affirmative defense, abortion regulation, Senate Bill 10
Summary:
The committee meeting featured discussions on several key legislative issues, particularly focusing on human trafficking and related victim protections. Notably, Senate Bill 10 was presented by Senator Parker, aiming to provide an affirmative defense for victims of trafficking charged with crimes committed under coercion. The bill garnered significant support as witnesses provided personal testimonies highlighting the struggles faced by survivors, emphasizing the need for legal recognition of their circumstances. Additionally, Senate Bill 6 concerning the regulation of medication used in abortions was debated, with concerns raised about its potential implications on women's health rights and judicial protections for healthcare providers. The meeting included a robust exchange of views, reflecting a wide array of stakeholder interests including public health and law enforcement.