Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'partition action'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Finance (Part II) Jan 28th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Recommendations do not include two exceptional items related to salary actions.
- Graham**: ...at which time we would take action against that permittee.
Sir, given the recent federal actions and federal
Sir, given the recent federal actions and federal
- In fact, we have completed 13 of the 17 actions.
Keywords:
Texas Department of Public Safety, Texas Juvenile Justice Department, budget recommendations, staffing, facility construction, public safety, juvenile justice
Summary:
The meeting of the committee centered around discussions on the budgets for the Texas Department of Public Safety and the Texas Juvenile Justice Department. Significant recommendations included a proposed budget of $3.7 billion for the Department of Public Safety, which reflects a decrease of $199.6 million from the previous cycle. Key topics included customer service enhancements and the increase of staff to improve operations and reduce wait times. Additionally, the Juvenile Justice Department's funding was discussed, including adjustments related to staff salary increases and facility needs.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Local Government (Part I) Mar 24th, 2025
Senate Local Government Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- span marker="64" data-time="378"> I'm James Gray, representing the American Cancer Society Cancer Action
- Because the biggest counties are where the action is.
Keywords:
ad valorem taxation, tax exemption, franchise tax credit, income production, personal property, fireworks, retail sales, regulation, public safety, holidays, municipal management, continuation elections, districts, debt management, voter approval, charter amendment, home-rule municipality, local government, petition requirements, voter approval
Summary:
The committee meeting focused primarily on the discussion of various bills aimed at addressing key issues related to housing development and youth tobacco use. Notably, SB1882 was brought to the floor by Senator Betancourt, which aims to reassess the regulations surrounding moratoriums on residential and commercial property development. Several industry representatives testified in favor of the bill, emphasizing the necessity of increased transparency and more robust guidelines for imposing moratoriums. The discussions highlighted the economic impact that open-ended moratoriums can have on local builders and potential homeowners, urging the need for legislative changes to protect development rights and housing availability.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs Apr 28th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Since 2012, TDHCA has only taken action to collect a civil
- Requires that the applicant must be in good standing with TCEQ regarding fees and unresolved enforcement actions
Keywords:
water management, environmental regulations, migrant housing, labor standards, wastewater treatment, utility rates
Summary:
The meeting was convened to discuss several pivotal bills primarily relating to water management, environmental regulations, and labor standards. Amongst key discussions, SB243 aimed to reform migrant housing penalties, transforming the flat fee structure into a more compelling model that could incite improvements in living conditions for migrant workers. Furthermore, the committee deliberated on SB2159 and SB2568, both significant for addressing water resource management in Medina County, with testimonies from local water authority representatives emphasizing the urgent need for updated legislative support amid local growth pressures. Other bills discussed included SB1891 and SB1442, which prompted lively debates regarding utility rate adjustments and environmental compliance procedures for wastewater facilities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
As the meeting progresses, no votes or actions will be
- many other committees, so we're just trying to wait until we get everybody here to take any formal action
Bills:
SB1071, SB1444, SB1483, SB1556, SB1703, SB1756, SB1854, SB2036, SB2133, SB2297, SB2622, SB2779, SB2955, SB2979
Keywords:
municipality, tax revenue, hotel project, convention center, economic development, hotel tax, municipal authority, convention center, economic development, local governments, municipality, hotel tax, convention center, tax revenue, local authority, hotel tax, convention centers, municipality, economic development, tax revenue
Summary:
The committee meeting featured a comprehensive discussion surrounding several bills, notably SB1756, SB2297, and SB1483, which are aimed at restructuring hotel occupancy tax revenues and convention center funding in various municipalities. Senators expressed strong opinions about SB1756, with Senator Birdwell highlighting that limiting project financing zone revenues could severely impact cities like Fort Worth and hinder ongoing tourism development efforts. Meanwhile, local leaders from Pflugerville and Anna spoke in favor of bills supporting regional economic growth and infrastructure investment, emphasizing the increasing need for enhanced convention facilities to accommodate rising populations and attract events.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Apr 7th, 2025 at 10:00 am
House Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- for these types of services and asset managers, providing a clear regulatory landscape with clear actionable
- Currently, the process for victims of coerced debt and other identity theft victims to take legal action
Keywords:
money services, regulation, financial services, money transmission, currency exchange, financial compliance, electronic payments, motor vehicles, convenience fee, retail installment contract, fee restrictions, eviction, credit report, tenant rights, property law, housing stability, digital assets, consumer protection, regulatory framework, public retirement systems
Summary:
The meeting of the Pensions, Investments and Financial Services Committee involved detailed discussions surrounding several key bills aimed at enhancing regulatory frameworks and consumer protections. Notably, House Bill 4233, presented by Chairman Capriglione, seeks to modernize regulations for digital asset service providers by addressing earlier ambiguities in reporting requirements while enhancing accountability for the businesses involved. The testimonies from industry stakeholders, including representatives from the Texas Blockchain Council, emphasized the need for clarity and streamlined obligations that align with consumer needs. The bill passed favorably without challenges, reflecting strong support from committee members.
Moreover, bills such as House Bill 3014 and House Bill 3474 were discussed, with both successfully moving forward to the full House. HB3014 focuses on fraudulent use of gift cards, while HB3474 deals with public retirement systems' investment reporting practices. The meeting noted several supportive public testimonies and demonstrated the committee's commitment to refining legislation that impacts Texas' financial landscape. Overall, the meeting was productive, indicating a collaborative effort toward regulatory updates in important sectors.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Intergovernmental Affairs May 6th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Intergovernmental Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- actually make your neighbors or the people that are neighboring there, kind of a little less small of action
- Action 8. 7-3. There being 7 ayes, 3 nays, the motion prevails.
Keywords:
homelessness, housing services, Texas Department of Housing, municipal programs, community development, homelessness, housing programs, Texas Department of Housing, municipal administration, community initiatives, homelessness, housing program, local governments, community services, Texas Department of Housing, low income housing, tax credits, education criteria, affordable housing, housing development
Summary:
The meeting of the committee featured several active discussions regarding various bills, with notable emphasis on matters of affordable housing and local governance. House Bill 3753 was a focal point, aimed at addressing the allocation of low-income housing credits, which raised concerns among members over its implications for local communities. Representative Cunningham provided compelling arguments for the bill, emphasizing its potential benefits for teachers and residents struggling with housing issues, triggering a dialogue on transparency and accountability in housing decisions. Additionally, the committee reviewed House Bill 293, which proposed uniformity in transparency requirements across different housing tax credit programs, underscoring the complexity of legislative processes in housing development.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- In response to foreign investments, executive action in November
- ="306">No, I'm not advised on whether or not we currently do, but what we're trying to do is take action
Keywords:
illegal immigration, economic impact, environmental impact, financial impact, annual study, Texas, government report, home-rule municipality, charter amendment, state law, governing body, voter approval, critical infrastructure, utilities, foreign entities, electricity market, administrative penalties, landowner compensation, border crime, agriculture damage
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on a comprehensive discussion of several key legislative bills impacting agriculture, transparency in data regarding illegal immigration, and updates to emergency management infrastructure. Notably, SB2601 emphasized improving compensation processes for agricultural landowners affected by border-related crimes. The bill was presented by Senator Blanco, highlighting the need for a streamlined claims process and better funding mechanisms to support affected landowners and lessees. In a related yet different area, SB825 was presented to address the need for transparency and data collection on the effects of illegal immigration on Texas, leading to intense discussions about its implications on various sectors, including healthcare and education. Witnesses from organizations such as the Texas Public Policy Foundation and the Texas Farm Bureau provided valuable insights both in favor and against the bills, resulting in a dynamic atmosphere during the testimony segment of the meeting. Overall, the discussions were productive, with many members emphasizing the importance of balancing economic growth, security concerns, and the rights of individuals.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Appropriations - S/C on Article III Feb 25th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Appropriations - S/C on Article III
Transcript Highlights:
- Every action or investment contributes to student persistence
- We translate knowledge into actionable solutions.
- marker="1924" data-time="11538"> I acknowledge the history you no doubt have in mind regarding past actions
- An action or investment must contribute to student persistence
- Recent action to combat fiscally-driven student stop-out is the Tiger Promise, established in December
Keywords:
mental health, loan repayment program, funding, Behavioral Health Innovation Grant, rural communities, higher education, testimony, legislative changes
Summary:
The meeting focused on key funding initiatives related to mental health and higher education in Texas, highlighting the importance of sustaining the loan repayment program for mental health professionals. Public testimony underscored a significant 600% increase in applications resulting from recent funding and legislative changes, positioning Texas as a critical area for addressing mental health provider shortages, particularly in rural communities. The discussion also touched on the Behavioral Health Innovation Grant Program, which remains unfunded despite its potential to further strengthen the state’s workforce pipeline.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Appropriations - S/C on Articles I, IV, & V Feb 26th, 2025 at 09:30 am
House Appropriations - S/C on Articles I, IV, & V
Transcript Highlights:
- We've had instances where they didn't do that background check, and we take appropriate action against
- Actions taken in HB1 to align the funding levels with the LBV's population projections for community
- We've completed 13 of the 17 actions adopted by the legislature
- data-time="11646">We've had instances where they didn't do that background check, and we take appropriate action
- personnel file, or traditionally in a civil service agency what was called the 'A file,' that's got actions
Keywords:
budget recommendations, law enforcement, correctional agencies, staff shortages, Texas Commission on Law Enforcement, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, jail standards, public safety
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on comprehensive budget recommendations across various law enforcement and correctional agencies. Notable discussions included funding for the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement and the Legislative Budget Board's educational and support initiatives for the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Specific emphasis was placed on addressing staffing shortages and retention of personnel, particularly in parole and correctional officer positions, amid rising concerns regarding jail standards and operational efficiency. The meeting also saw testimonies from agency heads who outlined their needs and challenges, underscoring the importance of legislative support for public safety and corrections reform.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- For four years before any actions are taken on that record.
- span> Address or come in and vote within those four years, then action
- The county sustained most of the challenges until a federal district court found that such actions likely
- where they use this kind of reliable source reporting mechanism by the public that they use to take action
- marker="1741" data-time="10440"> Citizenship through DPS, then you don't have to take any further actions
Keywords:
ballot application, voting by mail, Election Code, size requirements, font size, elections, public records, administration, confidentiality, force majeure, polling places, elections, voting access, local governance, state representative districts, voter registration, third-party challenge, election integrity, sworn statement, registration qualifications
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on HB5337, which aimed to implement stricter voter identification requirements in Texas. During the session, various stakeholders, including members of the public, expressed their concerns regarding the potential disenfranchisement of eligible voters, particularly among older citizens and tribal populations. Critics of the bill highlighted that many Texan citizens might not possess the necessary documentation to comply with the new requirements, resulting in unintended consequences at the polls. Notably, representatives raised questions about the practicality of enforcing these regulations without negatively impacting voter turnout, especially for vulnerable demographics.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- say for sure one thing could have helped, so that's why we advocate for a comprehensive emergency action
- data-time="9036"> It's simply that sometimes, if anybody chooses to sue the department or pursue an action
- This is whenever we take action like this.
- Actions that are associated with it.
- Liable or subject to professional disciplinary action for
Keywords:
youth camps, safety regulations, advisory committee, criminal background checks, health and safety, ivermectin, pharmacists, healthcare, statewide order, dispensing, medical protocols, liability, youth camp safety, HB265, public health, safety regulations, child welfare, oversight reform, public testimony, emotional impact
Summary:
In this meeting of the Public Health Committee, the primary focus was on youth camp safety and legislation designed to address serious regulatory gaps. Representative Hull presented HB265, which aims to reform the oversight of youth camps to ensure better safety protocols and stricter regulations. The emotional testimony from families affected by past incidents highlighted the urgent need for change and accountability in camp operations. Representatives discussed necessary amendments to the bill, emphasizing the inclusion of child safety experts on the advisory committee and proposing measures to improve the enforcement of safety standards.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
Members, any action?
Bills:
SJR27, SJR39, SB22, SB33, SB34, SB37, SB209, SB310, SB326, SB505, SB605, SB618, SB732, SB762, SB769, SB783, SB819, SB825, SB870, SB964, SB1030, SB1080, SB1085, SB1099, SB1124, SB1208, SB1233, SB1314, SB1320, SB1333, SB1398, SB1405, SB1541, SB1567, SB1596, SB1598, SB1625, SB1646, SB1662, SB1750, SB1758, SB1791, SB1804, SB1810, SB1818, SB1838, SB1855, SB1869, SB1951, SB2024, SB2077, SB2078, SB2252, SB2253, SB2368, SB2411, SB2420, SB2425, SB2569
Keywords:
judicial conduct, state commission, judicial misconduct, commission membership, constitutional amendment, constitutional amendment, veto override, legislature power, governor, Texas Constitution, Texas, moving image industry, incentive program, film production, grant funding, job creation, economic development, higher education, curriculum review, governing board
Summary:
The meeting was convened to discuss several legislative measures, including important constitutional amendments such as SJR27, which proposes changes to the membership and authority of the State Commission on Judicial Conduct. The provision aims to enhance public oversight of judicial conduct and eliminate the ability for the commission to issue private sanctions against judges. Following extensive debate, the amendment proposed by Senator Huffman to increase public membership was adopted, leading to the eventual passage of the resolution with a vote count of 27 to 4. Members expressed support for greater transparency within the judicial system.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources (Part I) May 7th, 2025
Senate Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- So that's the only non-vote action—the actual motion to substitute.
Keywords:
pipeline, construction, cash bond, county authority, local government, injection wells, environmental regulation, water quality, site inspection, geoscientist, satellite imagery, interstate compact, liquefied natural gas, energy resources, Gulf Coast, regulatory coordination, Senate Committee, Natural Resources, HB206, HB1238
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Natural Resources focused on several key bills, including HB206, HB1238, and HB2890. Senator Birdwell introduced HB206, which prohibits counties from mandating cash bonds for pipeline construction, a move aimed at facilitating energy infrastructure development. The bill was supported by witnesses from the industry who voiced their experiences regarding the financial burdens of cash bond requirements. Following this discussion, public testimony was heard but ultimately concluded without any opponents present, leading to the bill being left pending further consideration.
Senator Parker then laid out HB2890, which seeks to establish an interstate compact to protect and enhance liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports along the Gulf Coast. The bill aims to improve interstate communication and collaboration while addressing economic impacts due to recent regulatory challenges faced by the LNG industry. Public testimony for this bill was also minimal, with no witnesses registered to testify, but it was noted as an important step for Texas's energy future. The meeting concluded with discussions about pending votes on the bills, indicating a need to reconvene at a later time to finalize actions on these proposals.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- and it would direct the Texas Veterans Commission to develop a statewide veteran suicide prevention action
Keywords:
veterans, mental health, Texas Veterans Commission, peer support, suicide prevention, community mental health, grant program, veterans, cemetery, General Land Office, burial plot, Texas Veterans Commission, veterans, remembrance, monthly designation, honoring military, Texas legislation, mental health, veterans, peer support
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several key pieces of legislation aimed at improving services and support for veterans in the state. Notable discussions included House Bill 114, which proposes to transfer veterans' mental health initiatives to the Texas Veterans Commission, emphasizing the need for enhanced mental health resources. This bill received supportive testimony from various stakeholders who advocated for the importance of community-based mental health services for veterans. Additionally, House Bill 1965 was highlighted, seeking to expand the Military Veteran Peer Network to better serve rural communities and address increasing mental health needs. Testimonies reflected a strong commitment to reducing veteran suicides through peer support systems.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
May their words and actions reflect the highest ideals
- Senate Bill 1441 by Bettencourt relates to required reporting of certain discretionary prosecutorial actions
- marker="1156" data-time="6930">Senate Bill 1516 by Johnson relates to the award of attorney's fees in actions
Keywords:
SB703, SB21, Texas Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, SB790, criminal implications, license reform, tenant disputes, financial strategy, Senator Zaffirini
Summary:
The meeting focused on several significant bills, including SB703, which addresses the criminal and licensing implications for various massage establishments and was aimed at aligning state laws with federal regulations by closing existing loopholes. Senator Zaffirini played a vital role in facilitating discussions on multiple bills, including SB21, which proposes the establishment of the Texas Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, emphasizing the need for Texas to explore forward-thinking financial strategies amidst federal monetary inflation concerns. Additionally, SB790, aimed at streamlining the resolution process for tenant-landlord disputes regarding water and wastewater billing, was also presented, drawing attention to due process concerns but ultimately supported for its efficiency improvements.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- This action not only stifled free speech but weaponized federal resources against law-abiding citizens
So, I mean, these are some of the bad actions that
- "1201" data-time="7200">The number of students who are directly affected by my governance and the actions
Keywords:
SB8, SB18, LGBTQIA rights, public testimony, discrimination, constitutional rights, drag performances
Summary:
The meeting revolved around significant legislative discussions primarily focused on SB8 and SB18. Notably, the committee addressed public testimonies on SB18, which targeted drag performances and LGBTQIA individuals. Testimonies highlighted the potential discriminatory implications of the bill, raising concerns that it undermines constitutional freedoms. Various members of the public expressed both support and opposition, fostering a heated debate about its impact on community rights and protections.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Higher Education Apr 8th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Higher Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- the lack of affirmative action in admissions and the concern
- that affirmative action was going away.
- By facilitating information sharing and collective action, the council can strengthen Texas's leadership
Keywords:
higher education, funding, financial allocation, state budget, Texas A&M University, University of Houston, education funding, medical education, osteopathic medicine, higher education, healthcare workforce, Tarleton State University, industry-recognized credentials, higher education, workforce development, career opportunities, feasibility study, student fees, university funding, student union
Summary:
The meeting of the committee addressed multiple bills aimed at improving educational structures and policies in Texas. Key discussions revolved around HB1233, presented by Representative Howard, focusing on integrating industry-recognized credentials into degree programs to better equip students for the workforce. Additionally, HB3148 sparked significant debate as it proposed limiting automatic admissions based on class rank, addressing concerns about equitable access to education across diverse populations. Furthermore, the committee discussed HB4361, aiming to enhance campus safety through standardized emergency procedures, highlighting the importance of clear communication in higher education settings.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Justice May 22nd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Turley are fully held accountable for their actions.
- data-time="3438"> Task Force in supporting this bill that will hold rapists accountable for their actions
Taking this action will hopefully prevent the tragedy
Keywords:
legal reforms, public safety, house bills, sexual violence, law enforcement, consent definition, criminal justice, victim protection
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was marked by extensive discussions on various bills, focusing primarily on enhancing legal measures and protections in criminal cases. Notable among the discussions was HB3073, known as the Summer Willis Act, which aims to provide a clearer statutory definition of consent regarding sexual violence. The bill received overwhelming support as it seeks to close existing gaps in Texas law to better protect survivors. Additionally, HB1871, which increases penalties for attempted capital murder of a peace officer, was presented by Senator Schwartner, emphasizing the need for stronger deterrents against attacks on law enforcement officials. The committee moved several bills to the full Senate with favorable recommendations, showcasing a unified effort towards legislative progress in public safety and survivor protections.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session May 22nd, 2025 at 10:05 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Not in word, but also in actions and in attitudes.
- span>
That the legislative powers of government reach actions
- Speaker, members, this amendment seeks to strike Section 183 of the bill relating to disciplinary action
- This would remove the authority of the regulatory agency to impose any disciplinary action and
- You literally get a one-page letter from the county saying this action is being taken.
Bills:
SB263, SB370, SB663, SB924, SB987, SB1939, SB1937, SB1598, SB2798, SB2801, SB2580, SB2569, SB2514, SB2064, SB1940, SB1621, SB2601, SB1379, SB1376, SB1372, SB1353, SB2216, SB2166, SB2148, SB535, SB777, SB827, SB1141, SB1330, SB1352, SB1664, SB1612, SB1862, SB1936, SB1453, SB1448, SB1398, SB2137, SB2111, SB53, SB226, SB1677, SB1723, SB1839, SCR8, SB31, SB33, SB3, SB1405, SB1948, SB243, SB20, SB217, SB264, SB269, SB650, SB681, SB528, SB502, SB740, SB916, SB995, SB2581, SB3031, SB24, SB2570, SB1566, SB552, SJR1, SB646, SB379, SB1171, SB1121, SB1120, SB1061, SB1036, SB1019, SB890, SB11, SB868, SB1188, SB1254, SB2778, SB2543, SB2443, SB1333, SB1259, SB1401, SB1404, SB2139, SB2165, SB2237, SB2268, SB1202, SB1198, SB1212, SB1451, SB1470, SB1498, SB965, SB1547, SB1667, SB1818, SB1902, SB2129, SB2078, SB2069, SB1737, SB1589, SB1318, SB387, SB1150, SB1574, SB2127, SB3034, SB860, SB1278, SB263, SB370, SB663, SB924, SB987, SB1939, SB1937, SB1598, SB2798, SB2801, SB2580, SB2569, SB2514, SB2064, SB1940, SB1621, SB2601, SB1379, SB1376, SB1372, SB1353, SB2216, SB2166, SB2148, SB535, SB777, SB827, SB1141, SB1330, SB1352, SB1664, SB1612, SB1862, SB1936, SB1453, SB1448, SB1398, SB2137, SB2111, SB53, SB226, SB1677, SB1723, SB1839, SCR5, SCR32, SCR8, HB3228, HB2802, HB45, HB1318, HB5560, HB2894, HB4344, HB4238, HB2775, HB34, HB33, HB12, HB148, HB130, HB4273, HB4850, HB2733, HB4783, SB1833
Keywords:
community supervision, budget approval, corrections department, strategic plan, judicial oversight, video services, regulation, public right-of-way, franchise authority, telecommunications, ship channel, improvement fund, revenue allocation, Texas transportation, government funding, capital punishment, DNA testing, biological evidence, criminal justice, death penalty
Summary:
The meeting was characterized by robust discussions surrounding various Senate Bills, with a notable focus on social justice legislation. One significant highlight was the passage of SB1278, which establishes an affirmative defense for victims of trafficking, receiving unanimous support from members. The bill was championed by Dean Thompson, who passionately emphasized the importance of holding traffickers accountable. Also discussed was SB263, which clarifies the tax obligations for FCC-licensed radio broadcasters, showcasing a cooperative attitude among committee members in aligning state laws with federal standards. SB370, enhancing confidentiality protections for employees of the Attorney General's Office, was also passed, reflecting ongoing efforts to improve privacy rights in legal contexts.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Without further data collection, study, and frankly, direct action on the part of the institutions, we
Keywords:
higher education, transfer students, education transparency, academic credit, institutional reporting, Senate Committee on Education, SB2846, SB2847, higher education, curricula flexibility, workforce alignment, student transfer
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Education K through 16 convened to discuss two significant bills, SB2846 and SB2847, with a focus on enhancing educational structures in Texas. Senator Hagen-Booe introduced SB2847, which aims to provide greater flexibility in core curricula for bachelor's degree programs. The discussion highlighted the potential positive implications of this bill, particularly in terms of aligning education with workforce needs and reducing barriers for students seeking technical degrees. However, there was no public testimony registered for either bill, which limited the input from stakeholders outside the legislative body. The committee chair indicated that further review of SB3039 would be necessary, pending additional discussions and data collection on student transfer issues from community colleges to four-year universities.