Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'environmental reviews'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Appropriations - S/C on Articles VI, VII, & VIII Feb 27th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Appropriations - S/C on Articles VI, VII, & VIII
Transcript Highlights:
- This is Commissioner of Environmental Quality.
- We've seen an increase in public interest, which is high in our sunset review last session.
- This included an updated protectiveness review; it also includes additional control...
- ...engineering reviews, financial reviews, and many other
- Again, that annual review, we're already looking at...
Keywords:
Gulf Coast Protection District, Alamo funding, infrastructure, environmental initiatives, public testimony
Summary:
The committee meeting addressed several pressing issues, notably focusing on funding appropriations for the Gulf Coast Protection District and infrastructure projects, including the Alamo complex. Members expressed concerns over budget constraints, with requests for substantial funds aimed at supporting environmental initiatives and the upcoming biennium. Discussion points included the efficacy of previous funding and the anticipated impact of new capital on local communities. Public testimony was encouraged at various intervals throughout the meeting, adding robust dialogue amongst members and stakeholders.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs Apr 28th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- The committee substitute promotes environmental protection by requiring that the cumulative impact of
- ...the road for environmental purposes, nothing else.
- So we review them the same way.
- If we don't have this kind of solution, there will be long-term environmental impacts on our water.
- TAWC has also reviewed the House Committee substitute revisions in support of those changes.
Keywords:
water management, environmental regulations, migrant housing, labor standards, wastewater treatment, utility rates
Summary:
The meeting was convened to discuss several pivotal bills primarily relating to water management, environmental regulations, and labor standards. Amongst key discussions, SB243 aimed to reform migrant housing penalties, transforming the flat fee structure into a more compelling model that could incite improvements in living conditions for migrant workers. Furthermore, the committee deliberated on SB2159 and SB2568, both significant for addressing water resource management in Medina County, with testimonies from local water authority representatives emphasizing the urgent need for updated legislative support amid local growth pressures. Other bills discussed included SB1891 and SB1442, which prompted lively debates regarding utility rate adjustments and environmental compliance procedures for wastewater facilities.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Business meeting to consider the nominations of Warren Stephens, of Arkansas, to be Ambassador to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Thomas Barrack, of Colorado, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Turkey, Tilman Fertitta, of Apr 9th, 2025 at 08:30 am
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Transcript Highlights:
The first order of business is to review the previous meeting
The first order of business is to review the previous meeting
Keywords:
Senator Flinstone, HB22, SB4, amendments, public testimony, legislation, environmental impact, economic implications
Summary:
The meeting featured a thorough examination of various bills, including substantial discussions on HB22 and SB4. Key points included amendments proposed by committee members, particularly from Senator Flinstone, who emphasized the need for clarifications on certain provisions. The committee actively engaged with several witnesses providing public testimony, some in favor of the proposed legislation while others highlighted concerns and potential implications. The discussions were vibrant, showcasing different perspectives, especially on the environmental and economic impacts of the bills in question. The meeting concluded with a consensus to reconvene after a recess to further address the outstanding issues related to the bills.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine improving the Federal environmental review and permitting processes. Feb 19th, 2025 at 09:15 am
Senate Environment and Public Works Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- The need to modernize our federal environmental review and permitting process is something we've talked
- review.
The framework for our environmental review and permitting
- NEPA requires federal agencies to consider environmental impacts on federally funded projects.
As a result, environmental review and permitting processes
Keywords:
environmental review, permitting process, infrastructure, bipartisan legislation, economic growth, Nucor, West Virginia
Summary:
The meeting focused on critical discussions surrounding the need for modernizing the federal environmental review and permitting processes. Witnesses from various sectors, including Nucor, provided testimony on the delays and costs associated with current regulations, emphasizing the impact on infrastructure and economic growth. Major projects in West Virginia, such as the Corridor H and Coalfield Expressways, were highlighted as examples of initiatives stalled by excessive permitting hurdles, prompting calls for bipartisan legislation to streamline these processes while maintaining environmental protections. The committee expressed a commitment to address these issues immediately, highlighting the urgency to enhance efficiency in permitting to facilitate economic development.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 25th, 2025 at 02:00 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- wisdom to know the difference, to know the mind and the will of God on the various issues that they review
Keywords:
legislation, public testimony, resource allocation, HB3159, HB4780, economic implications, business community, environmental advocacy
Summary:
The committee meeting consisted of a thorough examination of several legislative bills, with notable emphasis placed on HB3159 and HB4780. During the discussion for HB3159, Representative Jones highlighted concerns regarding resource allocation, prompting a detailed response from the bill's sponsor, Representative Lee, who defended the proposal's merit. The committee also heard public testimonies from various stakeholders, including environmental advocates and business owners, resulting in a balanced discussion surrounding the potential impacts of the bill on community resources. Additionally, there was a well-received presentation regarding the economic implications of HB4780, which aims to streamline permitting processes for local businesses; this led to positive endorsements from several committee members.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Potential violations of environmental requirements.
- Britzloff, that same question from an environmental perspective.
- Environmental questions also come with that safety.
- Now, the environmental difficulty is if it's been blended.
- Now, the environmental difficulty is if it's been blended. I don't know how you handle that.
Keywords:
SB2949, border security, fuel transportation, hazardous materials, criminal activity, environmental risks, public safety
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Border Security convened to discuss SB2949, focusing on the regulation of transportation for motor fuels and hazardous materials. Chairman Birdwell highlighted the urgent need for oversight due to recent increases in fuel-related crimes along the Texas-Mexico border, including theft, illegal documentation, and the operation of unregulated fuel depots. The committee received testimony from several experts, including representatives from the Comptroller's office and law enforcement, who elaborated on the environmental and safety risks posed by the current unregulated fuel transport practices. The discussion centered around how SB2949 aims to tighten regulations and enhance penalties for illegal hauling activities to safeguard public safety and compliance with state laws.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 19th, 2025 at 10:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Currently, Chris teaches 11th and 12th grade AP Environmental Science at Westwood High School, where
- Thank you for your amazing work in the greater Houston area fighting for environmental justice, criminal
HB 2760 by Villalobos, relating to judicial review
- data-time="7938"> organic compounds, creating a criminal offense, referred to the Committee on Environmental
- span marker="1471" data-time="8820">H.B. 2932 by Dunn, relating to the creation of a commission to review
Keywords:
criminal justice, public health, capital punishment, healthcare access, environmental regulations, victim notification, Texas legislature
Summary:
The meeting involved robust discussions among committee members about various bills, notably those concerning criminal justice reforms and public health matters. Significant focus was placed on speaker bills such as HB2792, which addressed a proposed moratorium on capital punishment, and HB2813, aiming to enhance notifications to victims regarding scheduled court proceedings. Additionally, notable debates unfolded around bills aimed at improving access to health care services and environmental regulations.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm Chairwoman of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
- I want you regulating the environmental aspect.
- is right now those reviews on the standard permits are on an as-needed basis.
- I've worked on environmental issues for over 20 years.
Keywords:
TCEQ, MUDs, Municipal Utility Districts, legislative control, environmental regulation, infrastructure, community concerns, transparency, growth management
Summary:
The meeting focused on discussions regarding the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality's (TCEQ) oversight and regulations concerning Municipal Utility Districts (MUDs). Several members expressed concerns about the rapid growth facilitated by the creation of MUDs, with particular emphasis on the legislative authority over such entities. Senator Birdwell highlighted the importance of legislative control over MUD creation, discussing the second and third-order impacts on local communities and infrastructure. The discussion was characterized by a view that the current approval processes may lack necessary scrutiny, leading to community concerns about environmental impacts and infrastructure strain as new developments arise.
Public testimony revealed a sense of urgency among constituents regarding environmental regulations and the role TCEQ plays in managing the challenges of population growth. Members of the committee raised issues around the clarity of TCEQ's powers and responsibilities, advocating for more transparency and proactive community engagement from the agency. As the meeting concluded, the need for improved communication and the importance of ensuring compliance with state law were emphasized, with a promise from TCEQ representatives to address these concerns moving forward.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Energy Resources Mar 3rd, 2025 at 11:03 am
House Energy Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- reviews, waste management facility reports and inspections, and follows up on those reviews to quickly
- If you'd like to review that, it is there.
- About a thousand we think are environmental for water issues and other issues.
- They could be a hole in the ground with no environmental risk. They're on somebody's property.
- Finally, we need to review the potential for export markets and infrastructure readiness.
Keywords:
Energy Resources, orphaned wells, produced water, hydrogen production, regulatory policy, environmental concerns, public testimony, Texas energy
Summary:
The House Committee on Energy Resources held its inaugural meeting where members emphasized their commitment to addressing critical issues facing the energy sector in Texas. Chairman Darby initiated discussions focused on legislative priorities, notably the management of inactive and orphaned wells, which have become a significant economic and environmental concern. The committee also discussed the balance between regulatory oversight and industry growth, emphasizing collaborative efforts among members and stakeholders to create effective policy. Testimonies highlighted the importance of tackling concerns related to produced water and ensuring sustainable practices in Texas's vast energy landscape, including innovations in hydrogen production and recycling.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- experience with specific areas of expertise in leadership development, facility asset management, environmental
- because the river authorities, as a collection, and there were 18 at the time before the first Sunset Review
- marker="133" data-time="792"> And going into 2017, there were 18 river authorities and none had been reviewed
- It had been 28 years since there had been a review of any of them, and it was just a single river authority
- I did my master's thesis at the Air Force Center, which allowed me to get a master's degree in environmental
Keywords:
Senate Committee on Nominations, Brazos River Authority, higher education, environmental management, agricultural runoff, stewardship, legislation, collaboration
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Nominations convened to address various nominee confirmations, highlighting the significance of higher education and environmental management. Discussions centered around the responsibilities of the Brazos River Authority and the need for effective cooperation with the legislature and other state authorities. Several senators raised concerns regarding the agricultural runoff affecting impaired streams leading into the Brazos River. The committee emphasized the importance of stewardship, collaboration, and facilitating a balance between resource utilization and environmental protection.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 3rd, 2025 at 02:03 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
HB524 by Tepper relates to the review and approval of
- Legislature for an unannounced inspection of a concrete batch plant by the Texas Commission on Environmental
- Quality, referred to the Committee on Environmental Regulation.
Keywords:
constitutional amendments, property tax, ad valorem taxation, environmental rights, public testimony, Texas Legislature, Committee on State Affairs
Summary:
The committee meeting included extensive discussions on numerous proposed constitutional amendments, focusing particularly on issues related to property taxation and environmental rights. Various members, including Representative Metcalfe and Representative Goodwin, brought forward bills addressing the appraised value of residential and commercial properties for ad valorem tax purposes, as well as amendments guaranteeing citizens the right to a clean environment. The conversation was vibrant, with a mix of supportive and opposing views presented by committee members and public witnesses who joined the discussions.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Kelly Keel, the Executive Director of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
- We now have staff dedicated to environmental permit compliance, which is a team that...
- We go out and inspect them and prioritize based on environmental risk.
- A lot of environmental progress has been made.
- to review and revise agency policy.
Keywords:
SB786, SB119, SB1186, geothermal injection wells, brine mining, environmental regulations, water management, Texas Railroad Commission, economic growth
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee focused on several key legislative initiatives, including the implementation of new regulations concerning geothermal injection wells as per SB786, and the jurisdiction over brine mining clarified by SB119 and SB1186. Commissioner Christy spoke about the achievements of the Railroad Commission of Texas in regulatory standards and emphasized the importance of updating environmental practices that safeguard groundwater and surface water while facilitating economic growth. Senators expressed their concerns regarding operational impacts on various sectors, highlighting the need for continued collaboration between agencies to address challenges related to water management and environmental compliance.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Continued runoff threatens both environmental and economic stability in communities across Texas.
Bills:
HB485, HB1367, HB1370, HB1827, HB1879, HB2032, HB2133, HB2357, HB3581, HB3830, HB4060, HB4085, HB4270, HB4979, HB5217, HB5268, HB5478, HJR96, HJR97, HJR119, HJR195, HJR209, SB4, SB23, SJR2, SJR85
Keywords:
healthcare, insurance, access, affordability, public health, emergency services district, sales tax, gas and electricity, residential use, tax exemption, emergency services, sales tax, gas, electricity, residential use, tax exemption, ad valorem, property tax, residential taxation, local governance
Summary:
The meeting covered several key legislative proposals aimed at enhancing property tax relief and supporting community development initiatives. House Bill 2032, which addresses tax exemptions for disabled veterans, was discussed; the bill proposes a proportional property tax deduction based on disability ratings, helping veterans secure housing stability amidst rising property costs. House Bill 4270 was also introduced to revitalize declining neighborhoods by offering property tax exemptions for young families moving into these areas—an initiative prompted by demographic shifts in urban areas such as El Paso. The discussions emphasized the critical need for fostering sustainable communities and supporting vulnerable populations.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session May 28th, 2025 at 10:05 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Karina has a Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science
- review and refer certain cases to the Office of Capital
- Members, Senate Bill 763 requires TCEQ to conduct a protectiveness review of standard permits.
- Justice Commission on Environmental Quality's former name with its current name, I move passage.
- reviews.
Bills:
SB15, SB646, SB800, SB790, SB748, SB571, SB1957, SB1923, SB1896, SB1760, SB1335, SB2368, SB2477, SB2587, SB2986, SB2965, SB1563, SB1467, SB1164, SB1137, SB614, SB705, SB918, SB955, SB869, SB850, SB863, SB1055, SB2206, SB457, SB2337, SB1610, SB1362, SB926, SB1494, SB251, SB456, SB500, SB1307, SB2615, SB2995, SB2321, SB2972, SB973, SB865, SB506, SB1522, SB1558, SB510, SB667, SB763, SB2073, SB1858, SB1660, SB2900, SB1433, SB1540, SB1964, SB1300, SB1644, SB2217, SB2373, SB2431, SB1758, SB974, SB2480, SB3039, SB3047, SB2781, SB826, SB766, SB527, SB1946, SB2885, SB1243, SB2610, SB857, SB2501, SB66, SB268, SB331, SB1302, SB519, SB2807, SB13, SB7, SB1718, SB1567, SB1233, SB413, SB2177, SB30, SB2024, SJR1, SCR27, SB2018, SB1580, SB2121, SB1049, SB1266, SB1400, SB1596, SB2753, SB2221, SB1719, SCR9, SB204, SB437, SB568, SB612, SB672, SB710, SB823, SB876, SB904, SB905, SB968, SB1084, SB1207, SB1230, SB1313, SB1504, SB1790, SB2232, SB2366, SB2367, SB2398, SB2515, SB2520, SB2589, SB2786, SB2790, SB3048, SB3050, SB3052, SB3053, SB3056, SB3029, SCR3, SCR18, SCR30, HCR146, HCR148, HCR149, HCR153, HCR155, HCR157, HB5560, HB762, HB1584, HB107, HB114, HB138, HB4386, HB2495, HB581, HB3348, HB5323, HB4341, HB6, HB2712, HB171, HB3153, HB143, HB2688, HB3464, HB449, HB3486, HB4263, HB2, HB1522, HB24, HB1237, HB2637, HB3126, HB3233, HB4310, HB3487, HCR9, HB5331, HB1397, HB163, HB3250, HB3071, HB3463, HB5033, HB35, HB3824, HB216, HB4226, HB3512, HB18, HB5154, HB103, HB851, HB647, HB4520, HB3016, HB2313, HB2818, HB2851, HB4486, HB4264, HB1500, HB5081, HB2974, HB2080, HB4384, HB5659, HB493, HB4903, HB2516, HB4488, HB4530, HB3689, HB145, HB43, HB5247, HB2221, HB5671, HB700, HB3711, HB120, SB17, SB1637, SB1833, SB2155, SB21, SB2778, SB379
Keywords:
mental health, loan repayment, education funding, mental health professionals, healthcare access, sexual harassment, sexual assault, dating violence, stalking, higher education, student safety, orientation policies, customer complaints, Public Utility Commission, water service, complaint process, utility regulation, laser hair removal, health regulation, cosmetic procedures
Summary:
The meeting featured a comprehensive discussion involving several bills primarily focused on education, mental health, and public safety. Notable was the passage of SB204, which establishes a parental rights handbook that consolidates various rights pertaining to education and training for school district trustees. The bill was passed unanimously, highlighting strong bipartisan support for parental engagement in education. Additionally, the committee discussed SB2277, which allocates funding to assist local law enforcement with violent crime rates, indicative of a heightened concern over public safety. Amendments and testimonies highlighted the various stakeholders' views, emphasizing the importance of community engagement in legislative measures.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
Today, we'll review Article 6, Natural Resources.
- marker="10" data-time="54">The Senate is in session starting at 11 a.m. this morning, so we will review
- A special counsel on environmental matters.
- The initial review shows that our committee's base appropriation
Bills:
SB1
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, GLO, GCPD, Alamo preservation, budget recommendations, disaster recovery, environmental protection, cybersecurity
Summary:
The meeting centered around significant budget recommendations for the General Land Office (GLO) and the Gulf Coast Protection District (GCPD). The GLO presented a request for $2.7 billion in funding for the 26-27 biennium, highlighting a 57% reduction from the previous biennium. Critical discussions included necessary funding for the Alamo preservation, with a request for $150 million to address inflation-induced cost increases in renovation measures. The GLO emphasized the importance of these funds to protect the Alamo as a cultural landmark and to manage unexpected surprises in construction, such as the need for a new roof and structural reinforcements. Several members expressed their support for this initiative, citing the importance of preserving Texas history.
Further discussions addressed the funding for the GCPD and other critical projects aimed at enhancing disaster preparedness and ensuring environmental protection. The proposals included funds for coastal erosion response efforts and cybersecurity enhancements. A notable consensus emerged around the need for efficient use of taxpayer funds for ongoing environmental initiatives and disaster recovery efforts. With significant public interest and testimony on these issues, overall, the meeting captured a comprehensive perspective on the state’s budgetary priorities, emphasizing a collaborative effort among legislators to protect both cultural and environmental resources.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Culture, Recreation & Toursism May 1st, 2025 at 10:05 am
Keywords:
wildlife corridors, animal-vehicle collisions, HB5259, licensing, concurrent resolutions, cultural significance, Senate Bill 1247, public safety, environmental conservation
Summary:
The meeting of the committee centered around significant legislative measures, including several bills aimed at enhancing wildlife safety through the establishment of wildlife corridors and licenses for outdoor activities. Key discussions highlighted House Bill 5259, led by Vice Chair Flores, which proposes a wildlife corridor action plan to reduce animal-vehicle collisions in Texas. This bill is crucial given Texas's alarming rate of wildlife-vehicle accidents, and testimonies from supporting members emphasized the need for action to protect both wildlife and public safety. Furthermore, Senate Bill 1247 was brought forward, simplifying the non-resident hunting license system to improve compliance and conservation funding. The committee also addressed multiple concurrent resolutions recognizing towns for their cultural significance, reflecting a broader commitment to community identity and heritage.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Senate SessionNote: the Senate stood at ease from 1h:02m:00s until 2h:18m:58s. Mar 5th, 2025
Texas Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- throughout the Coastal Bend area, the aquarium is known for its role in wildlife resiliency and environmental
- education and research, fostering the next generation of leaders in agriculture, engineering, and environmental
DPRIT would also have a peer review committee composed
- All grant proposals must undergo a peer-reviewed process, and final grant awards must be approved by
- the legislature and is required to commission an annual independent financial audit that shall be reviewed
Bills:
SJR3, SB5, SB21, SB72, SB703, SB764, SB790, SJR36, SJR3, SJR34, SJR18, SCR9, SB616, SB565, SB384, SB5, SB21, SB72, SB140, SB262, SB370, SB372, SB495, SB627, SB703, SB764, SB842, SB971, SB790, SB767, SB480, SB1066, SB929, SB765, SB523, SB62, SB19, SB18, SB666, SB688, SB707, SB888, SB687, SB706, SB847, SB869, SB890, SB992, SB1145, SB494, SB290, SB766, SB11, SB10, SB13, SB263, SJR3, SB5, SR172, SR176, SR177, SR190, SR193, SR194, SR202, SR203, SR208
Keywords:
dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, research funding, state budget, prevention, healthcare, medical research, Dementia Prevention and Research Institute, dementia, research institute, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, funding, grants, state health initiatives, cryptocurrency, bitcoin, investment reserve, economic resilience
Summary:
The meeting featured significant discussions focusing on resolutions recognizing various communities in Texas. Notable among these were Senate Resolutions recognizing March 5th, 2025, as City of Alamo Day, Harlingen Day, Texas State Aquarium Day, and Wichita Falls Day. Senator Hinojosa took the lead in discussing the contributions and cultural significance of the cities being honored, showcasing the diverse heritage and community spirit within Texas. Each resolution highlighted the unique traits, strengths, and challenges faced by these cities, with representatives from each city present to receive acknowledgments from the Senate.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs May 12th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Environmental Protection Agency and are able to install, at a reasonable cost, a filtration system to
- I'm with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality as a resource witness on the bill, and that is
Keywords:
water quality, filtration systems, public utilities, Senate Bill 2497, House Bill 2692, San Antonio River Authority, legislation, environmental health
Summary:
The committee meeting was marked by significant discussions around various bills, especially those related to water quality and public utilities. House Bill 2692 was presented to simplify and clarify the enabling legislation for the San Antonio River Authority, highlighting improvements necessary for effective governance and administration. Additionally, there were discussions on Senate Bill 2497, which mandates public water systems to install filtration systems to ensure safe drinking water in communities facing water quality issues. Witnesses emphasized the financial burden and the need for more flexibility in solutions to address water contamination without imposing heavy costs on small water systems. The conversation underscored the balance between public health and fiscal responsibility, with various solutions proposed to mitigate the risks of water contamination.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Land & Resource Management May 1st, 2025 at 10:05 am
House Land & Resource Management Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Density increases without accounting for the unique environmental...
Bills:
HB407, HB871, HB882, HB2011, HB3572, HB3578, HB4038, HB4866, HB4897, HB4978, HB5380, HB5555, HB5668, HB5670, HB5674, HB5676, HB5679, HB5688, SB673
Keywords:
solar energy, residential construction, building code, municipal regulations, energy compliance, solar energy, building codes, residential construction, interconnection, municipal regulations, education, funding, teacher support, student resources, school infrastructure, solar energy, residential construction, building code, municipal requirements, environmental sustainability
Summary:
The meeting focused on discussions surrounding Senate Bill 673, which addresses the regulations concerning Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) across Texas. Various testimonies from stakeholders highlighted the bill's implications for local governance, housing affordability, and infrastructure challenges. Supporters argued that SB 673 promotes affordable housing and addresses multi-generational living needs, while opponents raised concerns about the potential strain on local infrastructure and the erosion of municipal zoning authority. Notable opposition came from representatives of smaller municipalities, indicating that while they support the idea of ADUs, they seek more localized control over housing policies to reflect community needs.