Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'legal rights'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Intergovernmental Affairs Apr 1st, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Intergovernmental Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- They may not even know that, hey, if they were denied, is this legal or not legal?
- Right, so I'm just curious.
- without legal assistance.
Right, right. I did.
- That's right. All right.
Keywords:
municipality, local government, Type A, Type B, Type C, change authority, emergency medical services, civil service status, municipal government, public safety, local government code, school funding, education, state budget, local control, equity, tenant legal services, eviction, low-income tenants, disability rights
Summary:
HB2464, presented by Representative Heffner, seeks to reduce unnecessary local regulations on home-based businesses, supporting Texans' abilities to operate no-impact businesses from their residences. The discussions highlighted the balance between enabling entrepreneurship and ensuring community standards are upheld, along with concerns regarding potential impacts on existing zoning laws. The meeting concluded with a call for more clarification and a focus on ensuring the bill protects local interests while promoting small business growth.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Apr 23rd, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- All right, thank you for your testimony.
- All right. Thank you, Chairman Buckley.
- and ensuring legal clarity.
- Nowak said, they do have a right. They have a right to use the system.
- All right, thank you each for your testimony.
Bills:
HB2242, HB2446, HB2799, HB4502, HB2920, HB2790, HB5620, HB5060, HB5076, HB5080, HB5081, HB5128, HB5130, HB3847, HB5116, HB2969, HB4546, HB4202, HB5624, HB3964, HB4803, HB872, HB4775, HB4777, HB4961, HB5570, HB2988, HB4260, HB1375, HB5009, HB5411, HB5134, HB4388, HB3095, HB1387
Keywords:
constables, civil rights, local government, law enforcement, policy-making authority, affidavit, medical bills, civil actions, reasonable charges, healthcare services, judicial statistics, court performance, family law, civil cases, efficiency reporting, court security, emergency management, harassment penalties, judicial safety, court committee
Summary:
During this meeting of the legislative committee, significant discussions took place regarding various bills, including those focused on judge and courthouse security, construction defect lawsuits, and carbon capture legislation. A notable highlight was the presentation of HB4502, where representatives expressed urgency to address concerns surrounding harassment of judges and court staff, citing incidents that had raised alarms about their safety. The proposed changes aim to enhance the judicial security framework and rectify loopholes that currently hinder effective legal recourse for court personnel. Several witnesses provided testimony both in support and in opposition to the discussed bills, emphasizing the diverse perspectives and concerns surrounding each piece of legislation.
Another key discussion involved HB2790, which aims to establish a comprehensive legal framework for carbon capture and storage, addressing the balance between promoting technological advancement and protecting property rights. Stakeholders, including landowners and industry representatives, presented contrasting views on the implications of the bill, highlighting the ongoing debate about environmental responsibilities versus economic development needs. The meeting concluded with several bills left pending, showcasing the committee's commitment to thorough deliberation and stakeholder engagement in legislative processes.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships Apr 28th, 2025 at 02:04 pm
House S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships
Transcript Highlights:
- Right?
- All right. Okay. Well, thank you. Any further questions, members? All right.
- All right. Thank you.
- Right? They can, yes.
- Okay, all right.
Bills:
HCR10, HB1814, HB2160, HB2353, HB2643, HB2971, HB3282, HB3382, HB3996, HB4507, HB4509, HB4805, HB5551, HB1863
Keywords:
family abduction, child safety, custodial rights, parental kidnapping, awareness day, marriage license, informal marriage, family code, identity verification, child support, family law, child custody, court interview, parent-child relationship, child welfare, attorney ad litem, compensation, parent-child relationship, legal representation, government entity
Summary:
The meeting of the Family and Fiduciary Relationships Committee involved extensive discussions focused on improvements in family law, particularly regarding child welfare and representation in court. Several bills were presented, including HB3382, which aims to enhance the standard of representation for children and parents in legal proceedings. Testimony highlighted concerns over attorney performance and the necessity of timely communication between attorneys and their young clients. Members voiced both support and opposition, especially regarding the timelines set forth for attorney consultations prior to hearings, reflecting a strong concern for the welfare of children involved in custody and welfare cases.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence Apr 29th, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Right. And in Houston, we've had cases.
- All right.
- The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees the right to effective legal representation
- Our indigent folks need the same rights.
- Our statute right now creates a catch-22.
Bills:
HB115, HB507, HB1765, HB1847, HB2046, HB2239, HB2328, HB2309, HB2417, HB2728, HB2794, HB3206, HB3566, HB3694, HB3744, HB4254, HB4697, HB4733, HB4915, HB5465, HB2813
Keywords:
habeas corpus, postconviction, criminal procedure, indigent defense, scientific evidence, legal representation, judicial power, indigent defense, capital felony, legal representation, criminal law, death penalty, attorney qualification, training standards, law enforcement, no-knock warrant, search warrant, criminal procedure, peace officer, indigent defense
Summary:
The meeting focused on several key pieces of legislation aiming to address legal representation issues, specifically regarding indigent defendants and the implications of artificial intelligence in legal matters. Notably, House Bill 3694, introduced by Representative Raymond, sought to regulate the use of AI in creating non-consensual explicit media, establishing stricter penalties. Additionally, House Bill 507, presented by Representative Gervin Hawkins, aimed to enhance the quality of legal representation for indigent defendants in capital cases by establishing stricter standards for appointed attorneys and promoting transparency in legal processes. Testimonies were heard for and against various bills, highlighting strong community engagement and varying opinions on these critical issues.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- All right. Go ahead. Thanks.
- We give the right of conscience.
- And so you can't take parental rights to give to them, but you can give more rights.
- to my right.
- The designation does not affect other rights. For example, your right to sell the home.
Keywords:
judicial bond, guardianship, probate law, county judge, statutory county court, attorney general, criminal prosecution, public order, law enforcement, jurisdiction, attorney ad litem, parent-child relationship, compensation, legal representation, government entity, probate, court proceedings, record delivery, wills, legal documentation
Summary:
The meeting involved discussions primarily focused on family law and child protection cases, featuring several bills aimed at clarifying legal standards and fee schedules. Notably, Senator Byrd introduced SB2052, which reinforces the parental rights in child custody matters, establishing a presumption that parents act in the best interest of their children. This bill drew support and testimonies from various stakeholders, highlighting the need for clarity in legal proceedings regarding child custody. Additionally, Senator Zaffirini's SB1838 addressed the compensation of attorneys in child protection cases, emphasizing the importance of clear fee schedules to ensure fair compensation. Testimonies from legal experts underscored the existing confusion around attorney fees and the need for standardized procedures. Overall, the committee acknowledged the importance of these bills in protecting children's rights and ensuring fair legal representation for families.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships May 19th, 2025 at 02:05 pm
House S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships
Transcript Highlights:
- span> the court administration to conduct an interim study on the legal
- a supporter under a supportive decision-making agreement to assist an adult with a disability with legal
- part of this study, it must include an examination of the effects of the supporter's involvement in legal
- provisions of the estate code and other relevant laws suggest could require amending to provide effective legal
Bills:
SB66
Keywords:
disability, supported decision-making, legal assistance, confidentiality, access to justice, autonomy, civil rights, advocacy, Senate Bill 66, supportive decision-making, disability rights, guardianship reform, legal implications, Attorney-client privilege
Summary:
The meeting focused on Senate Bill 66, which addresses supportive decision-making agreements for individuals with disabilities. The bill aims to provide an alternative to full guardianship, allowing those with the ability to make their own choices the supportive assistance they may need. There was a discussion about the implications of authorizing such a supporter during legal proceedings, especially concerning confidentiality and attorney-client privilege. Some concerns were raised regarding how these agreements would work in practice, prompting the committee to consider conducting a study on these legal and ethical implications before proceeding further.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence Apr 29th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- I am open to questions, and I reserve the right to close.
- All right, there's no witnesses on it, so the chair would recognize.
- I hope I said your name right.
- Reserve the right to close.
- You're not allowed to shoot at the police, right?
Bills:
HB115, HB507, HB1765, HB1847, HB2046, HB2239, HB2328, HB2309, HB2417, HB2728, HB2794, HB3206, HB3566, HB3694, HB3744, HB4254, HB4697, HB4733, HB4915, HB5465, HB2813
Keywords:
habeas corpus, postconviction, criminal procedure, indigent defense, scientific evidence, legal representation, judicial power, indigent defense, capital felony, legal representation, criminal law, death penalty, attorney qualification, training standards, law enforcement, no-knock warrant, search warrant, criminal procedure, peace officer, indigent defense
Summary:
The committee meeting featured comprehensive discussions surrounding several significant bills aimed at reforming laws related to criminal justice and individual rights. Notable among the bills was HB2309, which intends to update the civil asset forfeiture laws in Texas, empowering the Attorney General's office to pursue forfeiture in serious cases like human trafficking and organized crime. Representative Villalba presented this bill, emphasizing the need for state-level resources to address broader criminal enterprises effectively. The bill's testimony included insights from witnesses associated with the Texas Attorney General's office who affirmed the necessity for such changes to enhance law enforcement's capabilities across jurisdictions.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Apr 30th, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- All right, go ahead.
- Yeah, that's right.
- Right, so they had the policy, but they had policy there, right?
- All right.
- beat the legal ride.
Keywords:
healthcare liability, emergency medical care, standard of proof, negligence, legal reforms, education, curriculum, funding, standardization, assessment, local control, teacher training, burden of proof, derivative proceedings, shareholder rights, corporate governance, environmental social governance (ESG), derivative proceedings, burden of proof, corporate governance
Summary:
The committee meeting convened to discuss several significant bills focusing on criminal justice and consumer protection. One of the highlights was Senate Bill 251, which aims to establish criminal law magistrates in Bell County to expedite proceedings for individuals in county jail. The bill received supportive commentary emphasizing its potential to ensure timely hearings and legal counsel, reflecting a commitment to swift justice. Additionally, House Bill 4713 was introduced, which aims to clarify the statute of limitations regarding arbitration proceedings, helping align the treatment of claims filed in court and in arbitration. This was discussed in light of ambiguous current practices that can impact fair resolution for claimants seeking timely justice. Public witnesses participated in evaluating both bills, although specifics on public testimony were limited as these bills were generally supported by members of the committee.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- All right. Thank you.
- Right. There is...
- All right. Thank you.
- All right, thank you.
- All right. All right, Mr.
Keywords:
abortion, abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions, state law, health care, medical emergency, legal liability, women's privacy, gender designation, civil enforcement, facility access, sex-based regulations, women's privacy, gender, sex designations, civil penalties, legal rights, public facilities, HB7, SB8
Summary:
Simultaneously, SB8 initiated thorough debates over privacy and safety concerns in public restrooms. Supporters argued for the necessity of maintaining biologically separated spaces to protect women and children, while opponents highlighted the discrimination and potential harm caused to transgender individuals. Various stakeholders, including business representatives and community activists, voiced their opposition to SB8, emphasizing its negative implications for Texas's reputation as a welcoming state. The session concluded without any definitive resolutions, with both bills remaining pending for further consideration.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships Mar 31st, 2025 at 04:03 pm
House S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships
Transcript Highlights:
- All right, thanks.
- bring it back at the right time with the right changes.
- Right? Is that right?
- That's right.
- I'll just do it right here.
Keywords:
electronic devices, family violence, criminal prosecution, protective orders, tracking, harassment, family allowance, decedent's estate, surviving spouse, minor children, inheritance, child support, maintenance, child enrollment, parent rights, managing conservator, education, family law, family violence, child custody
Summary:
The meeting of the Family and Judiciary Committee was productive, with in-depth discussions focused on multiple bills that address important aspects of family law. Notable conversations revolved around HB2495, which aims to clarify the rights of parents regarding their children's education amidst existing ambiguities in lower court rulings. Testimony supporting this bill highlighted the necessity for legal clarity to ensure children can be enrolled in school without delays. The committee also discussed HB3181, which seeks to enhance the enforcement of child possession orders by linking repeated contempt findings to custody modifications, reinforcing accountability for parents who violate court orders.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Mar 12th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Right. Well said.
- All right. Thank you, Mr. Shelley.
- All right, go ahead.
- bound by your rules, right?
- Right.
Keywords:
eviction, landlord rights, tenant rights, justice court, property law, court procedures, chemical dependency, court-ordered treatment, mental health, health care, treatment facility, juvenile justice, criminal justice reform, deep fake, digital impersonation, age verification, private cause of action, explicit content, consumer protection, civil liability
Summary:
Another key topic was HB581, addressing the misuse of AI in creating damaging content. The chair emphasized the urgency of the issue affecting children and expressed a commitment to finding solutions. Bills like HB644 also drew attention, as they modified liabilities for businesses regarding the carrying of concealed firearms on their premises. The meeting was characterized by a diverse range of opinions, with several members expressing support for the bills and others raising concerns about potential impacts on governance and public safety.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Mar 12th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- ...by individuals who had no legal right to be there.
- They don't otherwise have a legal right just to occupy it
- Well, I mean, if the legal system includes the court and the court is blessing it, right, there are implied
- right to occupy.
- Nelson Mock, have you registered with Texas RioGrande Legal Aid on the bill, is that right?
Keywords:
eviction, landlord rights, tenant rights, justice court, property law, court procedures, chemical dependency, court-ordered treatment, mental health, health care, treatment facility, juvenile justice, criminal justice reform, deep fake, digital impersonation, age verification, private cause of action, explicit content, consumer protection, civil liability
Summary:
The meeting of the Judiciary and Civil Jurisprudence Committee included discussions on critical bills impacting public safety and tenant rights. Representative Garcia-Hernandez presented HB923, which aims to add two public members to the Texas Medical Disclosure Panel, thereby enhancing informed consent for medical procedures. This move sought to enhance transparency and public trust, especially since the panel previously lacked any public representation. The committee also received testimonies both for and against the bill, highlighting the importance of public input in health-related decisions. The bill faced opposition mainly due to concerns about balancing medical expertise with public representation.
Another significant discussion revolved around HB32, which seeks to streamline the eviction process in Texas. While proponents argue that the bill addresses inefficiencies affecting landlords, opponents, including activists and legal experts, expressed concerns that the bill could exacerbate homelessness and undermine tenant rights. They stressed the need for adequate protections and due process for tenants. As the committee moved through multiple bills, the need for careful consideration of both landlord and tenant rights remained a focal point of debate, indicating the complexities surrounding housing legislation in Texas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships Apr 14th, 2025 at 02:04 pm
House S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships
Transcript Highlights:
- Right.
Yeah, okay. All right.
- The right to close. All right, thank you.
All right, all right. Thank you.
All right. All right. Ms. Wood, thank you.
- Additionally, kinship caregivers, especially informal ones, may have questions about their legal rights
Bills:
HB557, HB732, HB1892, HB1954, HB2301, HB3180, HB3405, HB3650, HB3758, HB4035, HB4621, HB4795, HB4870, HB5069, HB5137, HB5149
Keywords:
child support, arrears, court enforcement, contempt, legal protections, healthcare, insurance, cost reduction, accessibility, regulations, healthcare, impotency, marriage annulment, Family Code, Texas law, marriage annulment, impotency, family law, Texas legislation, dissolution of marriage
Summary:
The committee meeting covered a range of legislative bills centered around child welfare and family rights. Notably, House Bill 4870, presented by Representative Aisha Davis, aimed at supporting kinship caregivers by creating a grant program to alleviate the high legal fees for obtaining custody authority. The bill received strong support from testimony highlighting the importance of kinship care in keeping families together and reducing the costs associated with foster care. The witnesses included representatives from various legal aid organizations, all emphasizing the significant financial savings and emotional benefits of formalizing kinship arrangements. Additionally, discussions surrounding HB3758 focused on ensuring due process for parents in child protective services cases, stressing the need for legal protections during therapy and treatment. Observers noted the passionate debates around parental rights and child welfare, underscoring the delicate balance legislators seek to maintain.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence May 7th, 2025 at 10:05 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Right.
- Take that, right? Right.
- All right, go ahead.
- What insurance pays, right?
- It's word of mouth, right?
Bills:
HB4806
Keywords:
civil action, damages, health care services, noneconomic damages, negligence, legal standards, HB4806, medical expenses, tort reform, personal injury, jury transparency, legal framework, testimonial evidence, victim rights
Summary:
The meeting addressed several bills, primarily focusing on HB4806, which aims to reform the legal framework surrounding medical expenses and personal injury claims. The discussions included strong opinions from both advocates and opponents of the bill. Advocates argued that the bill is essential to ensure fairness by allowing juries to see comprehensive evidence regarding medical costs and preventing abuses in the system. Senators and committee members expressed the need for transparency in the medical billing process while addressing concerns that the changes may adversely impact injured plaintiffs seeking justice.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- I've also been a legal aid attorney.
- Right now, there are two...
- There are certain rules, right?
- She had to pay her electric bill right now.
- Right? And so that's why it's distribution.
Keywords:
child enrollment, parent rights, managing conservator, education, family law, civil liability, barratry, penalties, legal actions, damages, judgment enforcement, court fees, child support enforcement, dormant judgments, legal proceedings, barratry, digital solicitation, bailiffs, Webb County, family law
Summary:
The committee meeting included a thorough examination of several bills, notably HB2733, HB3104, HB4325, and HB2495, each addressing significant legal and procedural issues in Texas law. HB2733, presented by Representative Canuccio, sought to modernize existing definitions related to barratry to include digital solicitation methods, and it received no public testimony for or against, suggesting a general consensus on the need for this update. Conversely, HB3104 by Representative McLaughlin focused on the appointment and salary provisions for bailiffs in Webb County, addressing concerns over discrepancies across district courts, while HB2495 clarified the rights of sole managing conservators regarding their children's school enrollment, which generated testimony from family law professionals in support of the bill.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Apr 2nd, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- We reserve your right to close.
- No, it's a good primer though, right?
- We'll reserve your right to close.
- And I reserve my right to close.
- All right. Thank you, Mr. Archer.
Bills:
HB1181, HB3704, HB1363, HB1610, HB1615, HB1620, HB3223, HB1317, HB2884, HB2176, HB4027, HB1664, HB933, HB2613, HB3353, HB2086, HB4101, HB3441, HB4145, HB3455
Keywords:
judiciary, judges, justices, retired, legal assignments, judicial conduct, notary public, criminal offense, education requirements, official documents, record retention, criminal procedure, inquest, justice of the peace, medical examiner, family violence, autopsy, law enforcement, death investigation, water
Summary:
The Committee on Judiciary and Civil Justice held a meeting focusing on several legislative bills that address implicit bias in the judicial system. A major highlight was House Bill 1363, which seeks to implement mandatory bias training for judges to ensure fairer judicial outcomes and enhance public trust in the system. This discussion included testimony from various stakeholders who articulated the significance of addressing unconscious biases that could affect judicial decisions. There was considerable debate about the effectiveness and required duration of the training, with suggestions for extending the training frequency from two years to annually to ensure continual awareness and education amongst judges.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Apr 2nd, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
All right. All right.
- All right, go ahead.
All right. All right.
- All right. We reserve your right to close.
- lose rights for...
Bills:
HB1181, HB3704, HB1363, HB1610, HB1615, HB1620, HB3223, HB1317, HB2884, HB2176, HB4027, HB1664, HB933, HB2613, HB3353, HB2086, HB4101, HB3441, HB4145, HB3455
Keywords:
judiciary, judges, justices, retired, legal assignments, judicial conduct, notary public, criminal offense, education requirements, official documents, record retention, criminal procedure, inquest, justice of the peace, medical examiner, family violence, autopsy, law enforcement, death investigation, water
Summary:
The committee meeting encompassed a wide range of discussions focusing heavily on various bills aimed at enhancing community safety and legal procedures. Notably, House Bill 2176 was introduced by Chairman Harless as a cleanup bill that seeks to improve courtroom safety. This drew significant attention as witnesses, including Holly Williamson from the Justices of the Peace and Constables Association, testified regarding the alarming increase in security incidents reported in Texas courts, emphasizing the need for reinforced court security measures. The concerns raised about the safety of judges, court personnel, and the public during court proceedings highlighted the gravity of the situation and the necessity for legislative action.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence Apr 1st, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- That would not necessarily be pornography in the legal sense, right?
- term of art, right?
- , right?
- Isn't that right?
- Right.
Keywords:
sexual assault, victim rights, forensic examination, medical care, trauma-informed care, crime victims compensation, evidence retention, child sexual abuse material, child pornography, digital services, reporting requirements, children's protection, sex offender registration, indecent assault, educator-student relationship, criminal justice, legislation, crime victims, compensation fund, information disclosure
Summary:
The meeting of the Juvenile Justice Committee on March 26th focused on multiple significant bills aimed at enhancing the juvenile justice system. Noteworthy discussions included House Bill 1831, presented by Vice Chair Johnson, which seeks to expand juvenile eligibility for drug court programs with a goal of increasing access to rehabilitative treatment for youth. The bill received strong support, passing with a vote of 9-2, and was recommended for favorable reporting to the full House. Additionally, House Bill 2147, introduced by Chairman Van Dever, allows for remote juvenile depositions and court proceedings to increase access and efficiency in the legal process, also passing unanimously with a vote of 10-1. The committee members engaged in thorough debates regarding the impact of these bills on families and juveniles, emphasizing the importance of rehabilitation over punishment.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- be very specific, DFPS stated in their 2023 Missing Youth and Trafficking Data report that DFPS's legal
- Right, right.
Jeff Miller, Disability Rights Texas.
- However, because this is new and because we're dealing with the law, there are legal implications.
- practicing law or giving legal advice, which isn't the intent?
Keywords:
disability, supported decision-making, legal assistance, confidentiality, access to justice, autonomy, civil rights, advocacy, judicial branch, court security, expunction, pretrial intervention, youth diversion, record retention, legislative procedures, Senate Bill 2165, foster care, missing children, supportive decision-making, legal jurisdiction
Summary:
The meeting included significant discussions surrounding several bills focusing on children's welfare, particularly regarding foster care and supportive decision-making agreements. Notably, Senate Bill 2165 was presented, which addresses the issue of foster children who go missing and the legal implications of dismissing their cases while they are unaccounted for. The bill aims to ensure that courts retain jurisdiction over these cases to provide continuous support and monitoring until the children reach adulthood. Several witnesses, including legal experts and advocates, expressed fervent support for the bill, highlighting the vulnerabilities of youth in the foster care system and the risks of human trafficking associated with missing children. The importance of maintaining oversight and support for these youth was a common sentiment throughout the testimony.