Transcript Highlights:

• time="0"> Thank you.

• time="18">Creighton?

• time="18">Hinojosa?

• time="18">Middleton?

• time="54">{ time="72"> Senator Johnson

Keywords: committee meeting, HB1916, HB1973, HB2524, HB2530, HB3180, Senator Johnson, legislation, bill approval

Summary: The committee meeting focused on multiple bills, with notable discussions occurring primarily around HB1916, HB1973, HB2524, HB2530, and HB3180. Each bill was moved forward favorably to the full Senate, reflecting a collaborative spirit among committee members. Senator Johnson took the lead on several bills, advocating for their passage and ensuring that proper substitutes were adopted where necessary. The meeting witnessed a smooth flow of discussions, with all proposed bills being approved without significant opposition. Additionally, there was a sense of urgency as members sought to clear the agenda efficiently.

Transcript Highlights:

• at this time.
• at this time.
• ="27" data-time="780"> **Mr.
• marker="49" data-time="1440"> time="1470"> time
• time="1680"> time="1710">

Keywords: legislature, adjournment, Holocaust Remembrance Day, resolutions, anti-Semitism, public testimony, Representative Rosenthal

Summary: The meeting was primarily focused on legislative business, highlighting several resolutions and bills for discussion and voting. Notable discussions included HCR 54, which authorizes the legislature to adjourn for more than three days, a matter that was adopted with a significant majority. Furthermore, HR 114 was presented to commemorate January 27th as International Holocaust Remembrance Day, brought forward by Representative Rosenthal, who shared personal insights into his family's heritage and emphasized the importance of remembrance and combating anti-Semitism.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0">Senator Alvarado? Here.

• time="0">Senator Johnson? Here.

• time="0">Senator King?

• time="56"> Senator Johnson? Aye.
• time="224"> ...consent.

Keywords: Senate Economic Development Committee, SB217, SB529, SB1265, committee substitutes, SCR37, legislation

Summary: The meeting of the Senate Economic Development Committee was marked by a rapid review and voting on several bills. Notably, Senate Bill 217 was reported favorably with a vote of 4-1, showcasing a split opinion among members. Additionally, Senate Bill 529 and Senate Bill 1265 were both unanimously recommended for certification, indicating strong support. The committee also discussed committee substitutes for Senate Bill 1592 and SCR 37, with both passing without objection. These actions illustrate the committee's proactive approach in addressing pending legislation and facilitating its progress to the full Senate.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="54"> Call the roll.
• marker="40" data-time="234"> Pending business.
• time="288"> Close vote.

• time="306">7-0.

• time="342"> Senator Cook.

Keywords: Senate Committee, Local Government, SB467, SB1531, SB2173, SB1449, SB2529, SB2538, SJR84, committee substitute, local and uncontested calendar

Summary: The Senate Committee on Local Government convened and addressed several bills, including SB467, SB1531, SB2173, SB1449, SB2529, SB2538, and SJR84. Notably, the committee members voted to adopt several committee substitutes for the bills, specifically opting to recommend that some bills do not pass, while others were moved forward with recommendations for the full Senate. The meeting was efficiently managed, with unanimous votes on key decisions reflecting strong consensus among committee members. Most bills received recommendations for the local and uncontested calendars, facilitating their progress through the legislative process.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0"> time="18"> The Chair lays out House

• time="36"> 8.
• time="324"> Thank you for your time and commitment to the prosperity for
• " data-time="1440"> time="1458"> time
• " data-time="1602"> time="1620">

Bills: HCR108, HCR127

Keywords: Tomato Suspension Agreement, trade, Mexico, Texas economy, agriculture, import tariffs, job preservation, Taiwan, U.S. relations, trade, economic cooperation, sister-state, HCR108, HCR127, tomato suspension agreement, Texas economy, food security, trade policy, testimony, public hearings

Summary: The committee meeting focused on two significant resolutions: HCR108 and HCR127. HCR108 urges the U.S. Department of Commerce to maintain the tomato suspension agreement, which has been pivotal for Texas's economy and food security since its inception in 1996. Numerous stakeholders, including county commissioners and mayors, testified on the agreement's importance, claiming that its termination could jeopardize over 30,000 jobs and lead to a $4.5 billion loss in the Texas economy. The tomatoes imported under this agreement are crucial not only for fresh produce availability but also for maintaining a stable market for local farmers and businesses. The chair acknowledged the testimony and discussed the economic ramifications of potential changes to trade policies, insisting on the need for support to continue the current agreement.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0"> Bye bye.

• I appreciate you taking time to hear this this morning.
• time="252"> Mr.
• time="792"> All the time about reducing debt and making college more accessible

• time="936">At this time, the chair will ask the clerk to call the

Bills: SB2847, SB3039

Keywords: higher education, transfer students, education transparency, academic credit, institutional reporting, Senate Committee on Education, SB2846, SB2847, higher education, curricula flexibility, workforce alignment, student transfer

Summary: The Senate Committee on Education K through 16 convened to discuss two significant bills, SB2846 and SB2847, with a focus on enhancing educational structures in Texas. Senator Hagen-Booe introduced SB2847, which aims to provide greater flexibility in core curricula for bachelor's degree programs. The discussion highlighted the potential positive implications of this bill, particularly in terms of aligning education with workforce needs and reducing barriers for students seeking technical degrees. However, there was no public testimony registered for either bill, which limited the input from stakeholders outside the legislative body. The committee chair indicated that further review of SB3039 would be necessary, pending additional discussions and data collection on student transfer issues from community colleges to four-year universities.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="18"> time="36">
• ="52" data-time="306"> Thank you.
• ="61" data-time="360"> time="378"> time
• ="100" data-time="594"> time="612"> time

• time="666"> time="684"> Members,

Bills: HJR98, HB142, HB912, HB2525, SCR19, SB66, SB128, SB209, SB250, SB317, SB383, SB393, SB397, SB517, SB571, SB612, SB614, SB715, SB731, SB801, SB865, SB867, SB872, SB905, SB913, SB945, SB946, SB986, SB1013, SB1015, SB1071, SB1086, SB1087, SB1113, SB1117, SB1181, SB1212, SB1241, SB1250, SB1263, SB1278, SB1285, SB1444, SB1483, SB1525, SB1528, SB1553, SB1556, SB1588, SB1660, SB1708, SB1802, SB1833, SB1844, SB1854, SB1957, SB1965, SB1999, SB2056, SB2082, SB2119, SB2133, SB2138, SB2203, SB2221, SB2337, SB2340, SB2373, SB2419, SB2422, SB2452, SB2477, SB2487, SB2501, SB2533, SB2586, SB2587, SB2615, SB2622, SB2633, SB2675, SB2681, SB2690, SB2713, SB2717, SB2753, SB2781, SB2782, SB2835, SB2841, SB2857, SB2891, SB2929, SB2933, SB2994, SB3016, SJR3, SB5, SB29, SB72, SB326, SB494, SB509, SB530, SB616, SB769, SB783, SB963, SB985, SB1143, SB1172, SB1238, SB1267, SB1271, SB1273, SB1506, SB1759, SB1786, SB1967, SB2312, SB2361, SB1, SB260, SB1506, SB1637, HJR98, HJR99, HJR2, HJR1, HB1109, HB1392, HB22, HB2525, HB3093, HB517, HB912, HB1130, HB142, HB1689, HB2018, HB136, HB2884, HB1393, HB2730, HB1399, HB1244, HB467, HB331, HB2559, HB29, HB26, HB166, HB353, HB2000, HB2756, HB3248, HB3513, HB3204, HB3135, HB3012, HB2763, HB2523, HB2457, HB2415, HB2198, HB2143, HB1708, HB1672, HB767, HB1327, HB2723, HB451, HB140, HB109, HB3096, HCR6, HCR12, HCR29, HCR50, HCR55, HCR56, HCR58, HCR70, HCR71, HCR74, HCR78, HCR80, HCR107, HCR116, HCR117, SJR36, SJR50, SJR63, SJR59, SCR12, SCR39, SCR48, SCR19, SB2023, SB1844, SB2533, SB62, SB666, SB847, SB284, SB854, SB1073, SB810, SB1505, SB583, SB507, SB1434, SB1772, SB2016, SB1163, SB1122, SB731, SB397, SB508, SB1436, SB287, SB261, SB1882, SB393, SB1791, SB209, SB2429, SB1999, SB511, SB2309, SB510, SB1085, SB1975, SB2717, SB1262, SB636, SB2056, SB884, SB517, SB1200, SB1845, SB2681, SB2458, SB801, SB3014, SB3013, SB758, SB1013, SB2797, SB2076, SB2876, SB2929, SB715, SB1640, SB2538, SB1449, SB986, SB1181, SB1359, SB410, SB1234, SB2926, SB2138, SB2615, SB2972, SB2841, SB3016, SB1856, SB1528, SB1373, SB672, SB2891, SB1854, SB317, SB2539, SB2532, SB1250, SB2082, SB2203, SB1285, SB1454, SB2520, SB1237, SB1586, SB2819, SB629, SB2342, SB2903, SB2477, SB3029, SB1957, SB375, SB250, SB777, SB2367, SB2703, SB2608, SB2965, SB2521, SB865, SB2165, SB2501, SB2675, SB2452, SB2835, SB872, SB1212, SB1278, SB1588, SB1602, SB1704, SB1723, SB1833, SB1858, SB1946, SB2009, SB2177, SB2460, SB2785, SB2373, SB1660, SB614, SB867, SB1608, SB1525, SB905, SB640, SB2487, SB1698, SB383, SB705, SB748, SB1113, SB1117, SB1802, SB2340, SB2586, SB2680, SB2690, SB2994, SB2747, SB1950, SB913, SB1071, SB1086, SB1087, SB1483, SB1444, SB1553, SB1556, SB1703, SB2133, SB2297, SB2298, SB2622, SB2955, SB3059, SB2782, SB2781, SB2637, SB2633, SB2337, SB2334, SB1861, SB2043, SB1367, SB946, SB945, SB2857, SB128, SB571, SB1263, SB3058, SB612, SB2221, SB2587, SB2044, SB2363, SB2713, SB2311, SB1986, SB2565, SB2943, SB1888, SB2417, SB3048, SB3052, SB3053, SB3036, SB3057, SB3056, SB3043, SB3037, SB3050, SB3063, SB3047, SB3035, SB2446, SB466, SB2611, SB2794, SB2105, SB2017, SB1790, SB1778, SB1730, SB2995, SB2847, SB205, SB2619, SB1903, SB203, SB3061, SB1581, SB2600, SB2799, SB2790, SB2688, SB2515, SB1230, SB876, SB2522, SB2639, SB2137, SB2519, SB2403, SB2459, SB3051, SB2655, SB2251, SB2764, SB2878, SB1884, SB111, SB582, SB2617, SB1835, SB2751, SB2959, SB250, SB614, SB865, SB872, SB905, SB986, SB1113, SB1212, SB1278, SB1525, SB1588, SB1660, SB1802, SB1833, SB2487, SB2586, SB2675, SB2690, SB2929, HB912, HB2525, SB1844, SB2533, SB1957, SB1999, SB2138, SB2615, SB3016, SR469, SB29, SB326, SB494, SB530, SB769, SB783, SB1238, SB1967, SB2312, SB1506, HJR34, HB42, HB198, HB247, HB367, HB449, HB632, HB668, HB677, HB766, HB1105, HB1160, HB1169, HB1592, HB1778, HB1781, HB1868, HB2017, HB2038, HB2128, HB2240, HB2316, HB2510, HB2516, HB2563, HB2582, HB2663, HB2712, HB2715, HB2760, HB2788, HB3010, HB3069, HB3112, HB3120, HB3146, HB3157, HB3305, HB3348, HB3464, HB3474, HB3505, HB3512, HB3560, HB3597, HB3686, HB3783, HB3860, HB4063, HB4081, HB4214, HB4215, HB4224, HB4273, HB4325, HB4361, HB4386, HB4395, HB4665, HB4783, HB5032, HB5180, HJR34, HB42, HB198, HB247, HB367, HB449, HB632, HB668, HB677, HB766, HB1105, HB1160, HB1169, HB1592, HB1778, HB1781, HB1868, HB2017, HB2038, HB2128, HB2240, HB2316, HB2510, HB2516, HB2563, HB2582, HB2663, HB2712, HB2715, HB2760, HB2788, HB3010, HB3069, HB3112, HB3120, HB3146, HB3157, HB3305, HB3348, HB3464, HB3474, HB3505, HB3512, HB3560, HB3597, HB3686, HB3783, HB3860, HB4063, HB4081, HB4214, HB4215, HB4224, HB4273, HB4325, HB4361, HB4386, HB4395, HB4665, HB4783, HB5032, HB5180

Keywords: Article V, federal government, fiscal restraints, constitutional amendment, term limits, renewable energy, compensation, distributed generation, ERCOT, electric utilities, cost-benefit analysis, net metering, Texas Life Monument, human life, preservation, state capitol, sculpture, Timothy Schmalz, communal place, disability

Summary: During the latest committee meeting, several bills were discussed, with Senate Bill 835 and House Bill 1238 receiving notable attention. Senate Bill 835, which addresses the enforceability of certain confidentiality provisions related to child abuse acts, was presented for review and prompted discussion about the importance of clarity in legislative language. Additionally, House Bill 1238 focused on ensuring that insurance companies do not burden widows or widowers with higher rates due to the loss of their spouse, which was emphasized to be a critical consumer protection measure. The meeting was marked by a thorough review of amendments and reports from various committees, leading to several confirmations and motions to proceed with proposed legislation. The session concluded with successful motions to suspend rules for further immediate discussions of pending business.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0"> Veteran Affairs will come to order at this time.

• time="0">This time, we'll start with the chair.

• time="108">At this time, the Chair lays out House Bill 5646 by Wilson

• time="288">At this time, the chair lays out House Bill 5308 by Cortez

• time="576"> At this time, we'll open up public testimony on House Bill

Keywords: veterans benefits, HB2193, support system, public testimony, Texas Veterans Commission, military education, state tuition assistance

Summary: During the meeting of the Veteran Affairs Committee, legislators discussed several significant bills aimed at providing support to the veterans community. House Bill 2193 was introduced by Representative Guillen, focusing on creating a comprehensive study to improve veterans' access to benefits statewide. Senator Eckhardt emphasized the growing population of veterans living far from military bases and the need for a geographically responsive support system to ensure that veterans receive the assistance they deserve. Public testimony was opened, but no witnesses registered to speak, leading the committee to leave the bill pending for further consideration.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="18"> Cane.

• time="18">Skip them.

• time="18">Campos.

• time="72"> time="90"> Thank you.

• time="216">Thank you for your time.

Bills: SB1540, SB2610, SB2373

Keywords: election officials, confidentiality, personal information, government transparency, public safety, financial exploitation, artificial intelligence, phishing, legal liability, criminal offense, civil penalty, consumer protection, cybersecurity, small businesses, election officials, safety, SB2610, SB1540, SB2373

Summary: During the meeting, the committee reviewed three significant bills: SB2610, SB1540, and SB2373. SB2610, presented by Chairman Capriglione, provides a legal safe harbor from punitive damages for small and mid-sized businesses implementing documented cybersecurity programs. Testimonies from representatives of the National Federation of Independent Businesses emphasized the importance of this legislation in safeguarding businesses against cyber threats. Similarly, SB1540 aims to enhance the safety of election officials by protecting their personal information from disclosure, addressing increasing threats and harassment faced by these individuals. The committee heard heartfelt testimonies from election officials who highlighted the risks endured due to their roles, reinforcing the need for stronger protections.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0"> Ready?

• time="0">Walker.

• time="0">Carp.

• time="0">Here.

  time="0">Paul.

• time="56"> Senate Bill 2007,

  time="56

Keywords: Veterans Affairs, legislation, SB210, SB2007, SB2926, SB2938, SB2543, committee substitute, unanimous vote

Summary: The Senate Veterans Affairs Committee meeting focused on discussing several important bills, including SB210, SB2007, SB2926, SB2938, and SB2543. Each bill was put forth for a vote, and all passed unanimously with no objections. Notably, Senator Parker played a significant role in moving several of these bills to the full Senate for further action. The committee also adopted a substitute for SB2543, clarifying the references to Veterans Cemeteries in the legislation, which showcased the committee's commitment to refining the language and ensuring clarity in legislative texts. The atmosphere was collaborative, with members actively participating in the discussions and decision-making processes.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0">Senator Alvarado? Here.

• time="0">Senator Blanco?

• time="0">Senator Hughes?

• time="0">Senator Sparks?

• time="0"> time="19"> Senator Blanco?

Bills: HB206, HB1238, HB2890, HB2970

Keywords: pipeline, construction, cash bond, county authority, local government, injection wells, environmental regulation, water quality, site inspection, geoscientist, satellite imagery, interstate compact, liquefied natural gas, energy resources, Gulf Coast, regulatory coordination, Senate Committee, Natural Resources, HB1089, Gulf Coast Protection Account

Summary: The Senate Committee on Natural Resources convened to discuss several bills, primarily focusing on environmental and land resource management. Notable discussions included the passage of HB1089, related to the Gulf Coast Protection Account, which was presented by Senator Alvarado and reported favorably to the full Senate without objections. Additionally, the committee discussed HB2970 and HB1238, both of which were recommended for local and uncontested calendars. The meeting was efficient, with each bill swiftly moving through the agenda after being presented and debated by committee members, primarily led by Dean Zaffirini.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0"> Good morning,

  time="0">The Senate

• time="131"> time="150"> ...done who did
• about 8.5 times certain.
• ="83" data-time="766"> time="784"> All the way?
• ="101" data-time="934"> time="952"> time

Keywords: Small Business Saturday, HCR 9, HCR 135, Banana Pudding Capital, vehicle tag fraud, public testimony, community initiatives, Senate Committee on Administration

Summary: The meeting of the Senate Committee on Administration focused on multiple resolutions, including the designation of important dates and recognitions for communities across Texas. HCR 9, pushed by Senator Hinojosa, proposed the first Saturday of each month to be designated as 'Small Business Saturday', intended to support local businesses and foster community ties. The committee reported favorably on this resolution, alongside others like HCR 135 which recognizes Slayton as the official 'Banana Pudding Capital of Texas'. Public testimony was held for several of the proposals, but most passed with little opposition, showcasing bipartisan support for promoting local initiatives. Additionally, the meeting featured emotional testimony concerning HB 1135, which aims to combat fraud involving vehicle tags. Tawni Solberg spoke passionately about her son's tragic experience related to the misuse of temporary tags, underscoring the necessity for legislation that honors victims and prevents future incidents. The committee members expressed their sympathy and support, highlighting the bill's importance in ensuring safety and accountability on the roads. Overall, the atmosphere was collaborative, with a clear focus on generating positive outcomes for Texas communities.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="486"> time="504"> Thank you,

• time="504"> time="522"> Mr.

• Vision highlights it all the time.

• time="864">So thank you for your time.

• marker="160" data-time="954"> time="972">

Bills: SB1370

Keywords: death investigation, medical examiners, forensic pathologists, population growth, SB1370

Summary: The meeting of the House Permanent Standing Subcommittee on County and Regional Government focused primarily on SB1370, a crucial piece of legislation aimed at modernizing the state's death investigation system. Chairman Anchia highlighted the shortcomings of the current system, where only 14 out of 254 counties have established medical examiner offices, leading to an overwhelming burden on existing resources. Testimonies revealed the strain on justices of the peace and existing medical examiners, underscoring a pressing need to expand services to accommodate the growing population across counties. Several members engaged in thoughtful discussions around the bill's potential impact and ways to incentivize the recruitment of qualified forensic pathologists to alleviate the shortage in this critical field. The meeting concluded without further objections, with SB1370 left pending. Chairman Anchia thanked all participants for their contributions and emphasized the importance of addressing the challenges posed by population growth. This meeting provided a platform for local representatives to share their concerns and potential solutions, highlighting the collaborative efforts needed to enhance the medical examiner system throughout the state.

Transcript Highlights:

• data-time="36"> time="54"> time="72"> Thank
• ="22" data-time="126"> time="144"> time
• 43" data-time="252"> time="270"> time="
• ="58" data-time="342"> time="360"> time
• 79" data-time="468"> time="486"> time="

Bills: SJR81

Keywords: tax exemption, ad valorem, tangible personal property, income production, constitutional amendment, HB1173, local governance, economic impact, public testimony, committee discussion

Summary: The meeting primarily focused on the discussion surrounding HB1173, where various members raised concerns over its implications. The chair opened the floor for testimony from both supporters and opponents of the bill, highlighting the significant interest in its potential impact on local governance and services. During the meeting, some members emphasized the importance of considering economic and social factors before making a decision on the bill. The conversation transitioned into a more detailed analysis of specific provisions within the bill, indicating a robust engagement among committee members. This fitted within a broader context of legislative scrutiny where public input was solicited and valued.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0">Senator Alvarado?

• time="0">Senator Blanco?

• time="0">Senator Flores?

• time="0">Senator Hughes?

• time="112"> Okay.

Keywords: Senate Committee, Natural Resources, SB1150, SB2122, SB1757, SB2050, public meeting, transparency, stakeholder feedback, legislation

Summary: The Senate Committee on Natural Resources meeting addressed several key bills, including SB1150, SB2122, SB1757, and SB2050. A notable discussion involved the adoption of a committee substitute for SB1757 led by Senator Bergamot, focusing on improving public meeting regulations associated with permit applications. This modification aims to enhance transparency by replacing 'public hearing' with 'public meeting' and ensuring residents are informed through posted signs. The committee also emphasized the importance of public comment periods remaining open longer, thus increasing public engagement in the permitting process. Overall, the tone was collaborative, with members working together to refine legislation based on stakeholder feedback.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="54"> time="72"> The chair lays out
• Yeah, let's do it next time.

  time="666">All right.

• time="1242"> time="1260">
• marker="214" data-time="1278"> time="1296"> time="1314">

Bills: SB596, SB961, SB1398, SB1183, SB1952

Keywords: fraud prevention, Medicaid eligibility, verification, healthcare benefits, data matching, family preservation, foster care, child welfare, community-based care, parent-child relationship, Department of Family and Protective Services, case management, service provider selection, Senate Bill 1183, Lone Star card, snap fraud, caretakers, taxpayer funds, Senate Bill 1952, Public testimony

Summary: In this meeting of the Committee on Human Services, key discussions centered on Senate Bills 1183 and 1952. The committee examined SB 1183, which proposes requiring the Lone Star card used for financial assistance programs to feature the recipient's name and photo. This bill faced significant opposition with members arguing that implementing the changes would lead to wasteful spending of taxpayer funds without effectively reducing fraud. Representatives highlighted that the majority of fraud involves retailers rather than recipients, raising questions about the bill's actual impact. The discussions also emphasized the potential challenges faced by caretakers and families in accessing benefits during emergencies due to new identification requirements imposed by the bill.

Transcript Highlights:

• time="0"> Ready?

  time="0">Yep.

• time="0">Present.

• time="0">Here.

• time="0">Here.

• time="0">Here.

Bills: HB1237, HB2663, HB3071, HB4384

Keywords: occupational licenses, renewal, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, registration, license expiration, solid waste, landfill permits, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, environmental regulation, population density, municipal waste management, gas utilities, cost recovery, regulatory asset, rate making, Texas Railroad Commission, Senate Committee, Natural Resources, HB1237, HB2663

Summary: The Senate Committee on Natural Resources convened to discuss several bills, including HB1237, HB2663, and HB4384. The committee adopted a committee substitute for HB1237 without objections and recommended it for local and uncontested passage. Both HB2663 and HB4384 were supported by committee members, resulting in their passage with unanimous votes, showcasing a strong consensus among senators. After considering these bills, the committee concluded their session with no additional business.

Transcript Highlights:

• data-time="48"> time="72"> time="96">
• ="15" data-time="168"> time="192"> time
• 29" data-time="336"> time="360"> time="
• " data-time="504"> time="528"> time="552
• 67" data-time="792"> time="816"> time="

Keywords: Department of Education, Ms. McMahon, educational reform, public testimony, federal responsibilities, local governance

Summary: The meeting of the legislative committee encompassed discussions on key bills including HB22, SB4, and HB2214, with significant focus on the implications surrounding the Department of Education. Members expressed varying opinions on the nomination of Ms. McMahon to lead the department, underlining the need for reform and accountability. The committee witnessed passionate exchanges regarding educational values and the responsibilities of the federal government versus local authorities. Public testimonies contributed to the discussions, highlighting the community's concerns about educational policies and their impact on students from diverse backgrounds.