Transcript Highlights:

• Chairman and members.
• Members, again, this is not a new proposal.
• Thank you, members. Any questions of the author?
• Members, are there any questions for the author?
• Thank you, members. Is there anyone else wishing to...

Bills: SB16, SB76, SB310, SB311, SB396, SB505, SB827, SB964, SB1209, SB1210, SB1386, SB1470, SB2035, SJR37

Keywords: voter registration, proof of citizenship, Election Code, criminal offenses, limited federal ballot, transportation, infrastructure, funding, public safety, state regulation, election, polling places, voter access, state oversight, electronic voting, voting, polling place, elections, countywide program, voter access

Summary: The meeting of the Senate Committee on State Affairs was marked by significant discussions surrounding several bills, primarily focusing on jurisdictional changes within the Texas Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals. One of the key bills discussed was SB1210, which aims to clarify the roles and jurisdictions of these two courts, ensuring that when constitutional interpretations are at issue, the Supreme Court serves as the final authority. Testimony was provided by various stakeholders including judges and legal experts, who articulated both support for and concerns about the potential implications of these changes. The conversation highlighted the historical context of the dual court system in Texas, outlining its benefits and drawbacks, particularly in ensuring consistency in the application of constitutional law.

Transcript Highlights:

• Chairman and members, HB 216.
• Currently, there are three board members, and this bill adds two board members.
• Chairman, members.
• Chairman and members.
• Members, questions?

Bills: HB5141, HB4638, HB2264, HB2035, HB4813, HB4408, HB2684, HB1621, HB2300, HB216, HB3829, HB4466, HB1747, HB2284, HB3614, HB2587, HB3219, HB3318, HB5147, HB4014

Keywords: lease, state property, public purpose, Travis County, Health and Human Services, pharmaceutical initiative, drug distribution, healthcare services, generic drugs, advanced pharmaceuticals, cost savings, mental health, patient discharge, medical records, health care professionals, substance use, family involvement, chemical dependency, treatment facilities, minor admissions

Summary: The Committee on Public Health convened to discuss various bills related to mental health, public health initiatives, and animal care. Notably, representatives presented House Bill 2264, which aims to facilitate communication between mental health patients and their families, allowing family members to provide important medical information during emergencies. The bill sparked a substantial discussion, with advocates from the National Alliance on Mental Illness supporting its intention to improve patient outcomes. Other significant bills included HB 1747, introduced to create a council for mental health and substance use, fostering collaboration among affected systems, and HB 2684, which focuses on palliative care options for parents facing life-limiting diagnoses for their unborn children. Public testimonies supported these measures, highlighting their importance in enhancing care and support for vulnerable populations.

Transcript Highlights:

• President and members.
• President, members. Allow me to introduce our doctor of the day, Dr.

• Members, please welcome Dr.

• President and members. It's a day that we honor a lady.
• So I had nine units, the most of any House member in the state of Texas.

Bills: SJR27, SB7, SB27, SB57, SB66, SB140, SB293, SB413, SB437, SB467, SB506, SB510, SB512, SB571, SB710, SB785, SB800, SB850, SB863, SB865, SB904, SB905, SB973, SB974, SB1191, SB1281, SB1300, SB1362, SB1494, SB1504, SB1522, SB1567, SB1579, SB1580, SB1723, SB1760, SB1838, SB1923, SB1946, SB1957, SB1964, SB2121, SB2167, SB2221, SB2321, SB2368, SB2373, SB2407, SB2431, SB2477, SB2587, SB2615, SB2807, SB2965, SB2986, SB3039, SB3047, SB3070, SB1, SB8, SB12, SB13, SB15, SB17, SB21, SB30, SB37, SB260, SB268, SB331, SB379, SB441, SB447, SB457, SB509, SB568, SB650, SB763, SB1198, SB1405, SB1506, SB1540, SB1566, SB1610, SB1637, SB1660, SB1833, SB2018, SB2024, SB2155, SB2217, SB2308, SB2337, SB2601, SB2753, SB2778, SB2878, SB2900, SB2972, SB3059, HB4, HB145, HB300, HB493, HB2011, HB2067, HB2516, HB2525, HB2885, HB2974, HB3071, HB3372, HB3556, HB3595, HB5138, HB5246, HB40, HB46, HB119, HB705, HB1545, HB2017, HB2963, HB3642, HB3909, SJR36, SJR50, SJR63, SCR12, SCR39, SB2023, SB62, SB666, SB847, SB284, SB854, SB810, SB1505, SB583, SB507, SB1434, SB1772, SB2016, SB1122, SB731, SB397, SB508, SB1436, SB287, SB1882, SB393, SB1791, SB209, SB2429, SB1085, SB1975, SB2717, SB1262, SB636, SB2056, SB884, SB1200, SB1845, SB2458, SB801, SB3014, SB3013, SB758, SB2797, SB2076, SB2876, SB1640, SB1449, SB1181, SB1234, SB2926, SB2841, SB1528, SB1854, SB317, SB1250, SB2082, SB1237, SB2819, SB629, SB2608, SB1602, SB2009, SB867, SB640, SB1698, SB2680, SB913, SB1071, SB1086, SB1087, SB1483, SB1444, SB1553, SB1556, SB1703, SB2133, SB2297, SB2298, SB2622, SB2955, SB2334, SB1367, SB2044, SB2363, SB2565, SB1888, SB3036, SB3057, SB3043, SB3063, SB3035, SB203, SB2688, SB2522, SB2459, SB2655, SB2251, SB1884, SB2928, SB2566, SB2549, SB2553, SB2919, SB1944, SB1232, SB1798, SB2603, SB2607, SB2683, SB1319, SB3045, SB3071, HB796, HB1523, HB5294, HB748, HB3395, HB180, HB3171, HB146, HB5596, HB5694, HB1135, HB3225, HB186, HB1449, HB3793, HB112, HB104, HB3336, HB3520, HB3320, HB5663, HB2399, HB111, HB3483, HB4580, HB3748, HB632, HB4730, HB5690, HB5689, HB3385, HB4359, HB5381, HB123, HB5606, HB1057, HB3664, HCR141, HCR40, HCR59, SR695, SCR54, HCR153, HCR166, HCR168, SJR27, SB7, SB57, SB66, SB140, SB293, SB413, SB437, SB467, SB506, SB510, SB512, SB571, SB710, SB785, SB800, SB850, SB863, SB865, SB904, SB905, SB973, SB974, SB1191, SB1281, SB1300, SB1362, SB1504, SB1522, SB1567, SB1579, SB1580, SB1723, SB1760, SB1838, SB1923, SB1946, SB1957, SB1964, SB2167, SB2221, SB2321, SB2368, SB2407, SB2477, SB2587, SB2615, SB2807, SB2965, SB2986, SB3039, SB3047, SB3070, HB40, HB119, HB705, HB1545, HB2017, HB2963, HB3642, HB3909, SB17, SB21, SB509, SB1198, SB1506, SB1833, SB2155, SB2601, SB2778, HB300, HB2011

Keywords: judicial conduct, state commission, judicial misconduct, commission membership, constitutional amendment, water infrastructure, financial assistance, Texas Water Development Board, water supply, environmental sustainability, disability, supported decision-making, legal assistance, confidentiality, access to justice, autonomy, civil rights, advocacy, judicial conduct, judges discipline

Summary: The meeting was marked by a significant memorial resolution honoring Betty McCarty, a beloved community figure and staffer, who had recently passed away after battling cancer. Senator Kohlhorst spoke warmly about her contributions and the impact she had on her life and others, emphasizing McCarty's role in supporting constituents and shaping legislative efforts in a compassionate and precise manner. The senators shared heartfelt stories about Betty's dedication, showcasing her as a person who was more than a colleague but truly family. Such discussions brought an emotional depth to the meeting, highlighting the importance of community and personal connections within the legislative body. In addition to the memorial resolution, various bills were discussed, including several resolutions and legislative measures that span a wide range of topics. These discussions are reflective of the ongoing legislative efforts to address pressing issues within the state. The attendance was robust, demonstrating the importance of the issues at hand and the respect for the late Betty McCarty, with members expressing a commitment to honor her legacy through their work.

Transcript Highlights:

• Following introductions, the ranking member will deliver
• , and a member of the American Association of Crop Insurance.
• Chairman Boozman, Ranking Member Klobuchar, and members of
• other distinguished members of this committee.
• Chairman, Ranking Members, and Members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to be here today

Keywords: farm bill, rural economy, crop insurance, access to credit, young farmers, USDA funding freeze, agricultural policy, risk management

Summary: The meeting of the agricultural committee focused on significant concerns regarding the current state of America's rural economy, highlighting the need for a strong five-year farm bill to address the challenges faced by farmers, particularly young and beginning farmers. Key testimony was given by multiple stakeholders including agricultural leaders and young farmers, emphasizing issues related to crop insurance, access to credit, and the adverse impact of recent USDA funding freezes. Various members discussed the necessity of risk management tools that farmers rely on to secure financing, which is crucial for sustaining agricultural operations and supporting rural communities. The importance of timely legislative action was underscored, as many farmers reported struggles in the current economic climate, raising urgency for reforms within the Farm Bill framework.

Transcript Highlights:

• Chairman and members.
• Chairman and members, for your consideration.
• Chairman, and thank you, members.
• Committee members, any questions?
• Chairman, members, for allowing me.

Keywords: committee meeting, HB4749, SB621, HB201, HB3133, deepfake legislation, social media, public testimony, tactical medical professionals

Summary: The meeting conducted by the committee saw extensive discussion surrounding several key bills, including HB4749, SB621, and HB201. Notably, HB3133, which involves legislation regarding explicit deepfake content and social media, was presented and debated vigorously with a committee substitute being proposed to align it with federal standards following the recent federal 'Take It Down' Act. The committee moved to report several bills favorably, including HB1506, emphasizing support for updating laws concerning political contributions and expenditures. Public testimonies were held on various bills, allowing stakeholders to voice their perspectives, particularly on legislation concerning tactical medical professionals and their role during high-risk incidents. The committee concluded the meeting by laying out additional bills for further discussion in subsequent sessions, underscoring a commitment to thorough legislative review.

Transcript Highlights:

• And members.
• President and members.
• President and members.
• Thank you, members.
• Thank you, members.

Bills: SB2, SB3, SB5, SB9, SB10, SB14, SB16, SB18, SB34, SB6, SB7, SB8, SB11, SB12, SB13, SB15, SB2, SB3, SB5, SB9, SB10, SB14, SB16, SB18, SB34, SB6, SB7, SB8, SB11, SB12, SB13, SB15, SB17, SB4

Keywords: flooding, public safety, outdoor warning sirens, disaster preparedness, emergency response, flood warning, outdoor sirens, disaster preparedness, local government, safety measures, flood management, outdoor warning sirens, emergency preparedness, municipal safety, disaster response, disaster relief, emergency funding, flood management, Meteorological forecasting, local government assistance

Summary: The committee meeting focused on flood response and preparedness legislation in the wake of recent natural disasters. Key discussions revolved around Senate Bills 2, 3, and 5, which are aimed at improving disaster management and enhancing public safety through the installation of outdoor warning sirens in flood-prone areas. Senator Bettencourt and Senator Huffman led significant discourse on these bills, emphasizing the urgent need for robust funding and systems to protect communities. The meeting was marked by unanimous support for the bills, showcasing a collective commitment to implementing effective disaster response strategies.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, please register.
• Members, vote from your desk.
• Members, join me in welcoming our Doctor of the Day.
• Members, I move that the House grant permission for all committees.
• Speaker and members.

Keywords: public safety, education, taxation, emergency power, constitutional amendment, infrastructure

Summary: The committee meeting primarily addressed various proposed bills concerning public safety, education, and taxation. Notably, HB4250 was discussed, relating to emergency power sources for nursing facilities. During the session, several amendments were proposed, leading to an in-depth discussion on the adequacy of the current infrastructure to support emergency generators, especially in light of recent events. The committee members also engaged in conversations regarding H.J.R. 172, a proposed constitutional amendment aimed at tax exemptions for residential properties, which sparked considerable debate about its fiscal implications.

Transcript Highlights:

• Chairman and members.
• Members, any questions?
• Members, any questions?
• Members, any questions?
• Members, any questions?

Bills: HB2442, HB3697, HB4288, HB5256, HB5337, HB5362, HJR161

Keywords: ballot application, voting by mail, Election Code, size requirements, font size, elections, public records, administration, confidentiality, force majeure, polling places, elections, voting access, local governance, state representative districts, voter registration, third-party challenge, election integrity, sworn statement, registration qualifications

Summary: The meeting focused primarily on HB5337, which aimed to implement stricter voter identification requirements in Texas. During the session, various stakeholders, including members of the public, expressed their concerns regarding the potential disenfranchisement of eligible voters, particularly among older citizens and tribal populations. Critics of the bill highlighted that many Texan citizens might not possess the necessary documentation to comply with the new requirements, resulting in unintended consequences at the polls. Notably, representatives raised questions about the practicality of enforcing these regulations without negatively impacting voter turnout, especially for vulnerable demographics.

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm also a member of ...
• Madam Chair and members of the committee, I'm Erin Raiden.
• Members, any questions? With no other questions...
• Okay, members, pardon me.
• Members, thank you for your time and attention.

Keywords: SB25, committee meeting, public testimony, legislation, stakeholders

Summary: The committee convened to discuss SB25, receiving public testimonies from various stakeholders. Significant discussions centered around the implications of the bill, with multiple witnesses voicing their support and concerns. The atmosphere was engaging, with committee members actively questioning the witnesses to clarify their positions and gain deeper insights into the potential impact of the legislation. Chairman's leadership facilitated a structured dialogue that allowed for both support and opposition viewpoints to be expressed.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, are there any questions?
• However, if this other family member now wants to sell it...
• So the 10 acres, if it was an unrelated family member...
• Members, any other questions?
• Members, are there any questions for Representative Gates?

Bills: SB1708, SB2523, SB1450

Keywords: extraterritorial jurisdiction, municipality, petitioner rights, landowner, local governance, SB1450, SB2523, SB1708, housing crisis, permitting delays, third-party reviews, county oversight, flood insurance

Summary: The meeting involved discussions primarily around SB1450, SB2523, and SB1708. The highlight was SB1450, which seeks to streamline the review process for building permits by allowing licensed third-party professionals to conduct inspections. Testimonies from various stakeholders, including local housing advocates and property developers, indicated strong support for the bill, as it addresses the ongoing housing crisis by reducing permitting delays. Concerns were raised about the potential impact on county regulatory authority, emphasizing the need for counties to retain oversight in the review process, especially regarding flood insurance and safety regulations. The committee members showed proactive engagement in addressing amendments to the bill aimed at safeguarding public interests, while also facilitating efficient housing development.

Transcript Highlights:

• Thank you, Madam Chair and Ranking Member Reed, and members

• members of the committee.
• members of the committee.
• members of the committee.
• Thank you, Ranking Member Reed and distinguished members of the...

Keywords: Air Force modernization, fighter aircraft, autonomous systems, air superiority, national security, recapitalization

Summary: The meeting primarily focused on military procurement and modernization, with significant discussions surrounding the Air Force's capabilities and strategic needs. Key topics included the urgent need for recapitalization of the Air Force's fighter squadrons, as well as the importance of integrating new technologies like autonomous systems to bolster military effectiveness. Several senators raised concerns about the current resources available to the Air National Guard and the potential loss of skilled service members if recapitalization plans are not swiftly developed. There were also discussions on the importance of maintaining air superiority in light of evolving threats, particularly from adversaries like China.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, this is the bill.
• Thank you, members.
• Members, any more questions?
• Members?
• Members, if there are any more questions, I'm seeing none.

Bills: HB3619, HB3652, HB4572, HB4891, HB4941, HB5103, HB5105, HB5106, HB5224, HB5600

Keywords: surface estate, well plugging, Railroad Commission, landowner rights, liability, strategic reserve, gas supply, petroleum products, disaster response, Railroad Commission of Texas, energy security, emergency planning, oil and gas waste, Railroad Commission, environmental regulation, waste management, mining pits, groundwater monitoring, oil and gas waste, regulation

Summary: The meeting focused on a series of bills primarily related to oil and gas infrastructure, safety, regulatory issues, and the burgeoning hydrogen industry in Texas. Several bills were discussed and voted on, including HB3911 concerning voluntary plugging of orphan wells, HB3021 related to oil and gas emergencies, and HB5600 aimed at establishing Texas as a leader in the clean hydrogen market. The Chair and members debated the provisions of these bills, considering environmental implications and economic impacts, particularly in light of recent natural disasters like the winter storm Uri.

Transcript Highlights:

• Chairman and members.
• Members, questions?
• Chairman and members.
• Members, questions?
• Chairman and members.

Bills: SB1468, SB1612, SB1789, SB2530, SB2571, SB2717, SB2967

Keywords: utility systems, Texas A&M, regents authority, construction, improvement, construction contracts, trust funds, property rights, mechanics lien, contractors, trustee liability, construction contracts, trust funds, mechanic's lien, liability, attorney's fees, windstorm insurance, Texas Windstorm Insurance Association, insurance regulation, administrative penalties

Summary: In this committee meeting, a wide range of topics were addressed, notably the advancement of nuclear energy in Texas. The committee discussed Senate Bill 2967, aimed at exploring innovative energy technologies and the role of nuclear power in ensuring energy security. Several expert testimonies were heard, including insights from former PUC Commissioner Doug Robinson, who emphasized the potential of modular reactors and necessary state support to navigate the financial challenges commonly faced by nuclear energy projects. The committee's focus was on understanding current nuclear technology stages, determining required state incentives, and assessing the overall energy landscape in Texas.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, are there any questions?
• Chairman and members.
• Chairman and members.
• Members, any other questions?
• Members, the committee substitute for...

Keywords: economic development, science park districts, innovation, public safety, retired peace officers, testimony, legislation

Summary: The Senate Economic Development Committee convened to discuss several proposed bills, primarily focusing on enhancing economic growth, infrastructure, and public safety. Key discussions included HB112, which aims to establish Texas Science Park Districts to foster innovation and secure the state's economic future. Senator Parker presented this bill, emphasizing its potential to support local entrepreneurs and technology leaders while safeguarding Texas jobs. There were no witnesses registered for public testimony for this bill, highlighting the requirement for robust stakeholder engagement moving forward. Additionally, HB3686 was addressed, which involves the recognition of retired peace officers' ranks on their credentials, a measure intended to uphold their dignity and address past oversights in the credentialing process.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members.
• Members, I do have a committee substitute.
• Chairman and members.
• Members, are there any questions?
• Faculty members and one professional staff member that has

Bills: SB27, SB226, SB326, SB570, SB605, SB870, SB991, SB1871, SB1872, SB1873, SB1874, SB1924, SB1925

Keywords: residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, antisemitism, student conduct, education, disciplinary actions, Texas Education Code, school marshal, handgun, open carry, school safety, Texas Education Code, mental health, telehealth, public schools, discipline management, student support

Summary: The meeting was centered on reviewing several Senate bills focusing on school safety and discipline, primarily Senate Bills 870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, and 1924. Senator Perry emphasized the urgent need for reform in school discipline policies due to increasing incidents of violence and classroom disruptions. The committee acknowledged testimonies from various educators and public witnesses who supported the proposed bills, highlighting their significance in ensuring a safer learning environment. Key discussions revolved around the ability of teachers to maintain classroom discipline, the implications of disciplinary actions, and the support necessary for students with behavioral issues.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, keep that in mind.
• terms as a rotating member, if you would.
• Chairman and members. HB 1 is the Youth Campus Safety bill.
• Any questions for the sponsor, members?
• Subject to an amendment on the floor, many members.

Keywords: disaster fraud, water management, HB20, HB27, public testimony, groundwater, scientific studies, resource allocation

Summary: The meeting focused on several key pieces of legislation, including HB20, which aims to address disaster fraud in Texas by enhancing protections for victims during emergencies. The committee substitute for the bill was adopted without challenge and moved forward for a favorable recommendation. Public testimony was closed with no registered speakers, indicating strong support or little opposition to the measures being discussed. Additionally, the committee addressed HB27, sparking a significant debate about groundwater management and local regulations, reflecting growing concerns about resource allocation in Texas. Members engaged in discussions surrounding the need for scientific studies before imposing moratoriums on water permits, highlighting the complexities of balancing ecological concerns with community needs.

Transcript Highlights:

• However, any members of the public may submit written comments through the public...
• all the Democrat congressional members.
• Members, would anyone like to make any comments?
• Members, any other thoughts? Okay.
• And I want to thank the committee members for being here.

Keywords: congressional redistricting, C2308, testimony, public participation, Voter Rights Act, map

Summary: The special committee on congressional redistricting convened to discuss Congressional Plan C-2308. Initially, the meeting aimed to bring invited witnesses to testify about the potential impacts of the redistricting plan. Unfortunately, most invited witnesses did not attend, nor did they respond to the committee's invitations, leaving the committee without significant testimony on the plan. However, the committee expressed its intent to allow public testimony on the map in a subsequent hearing, emphasizing the importance of citizen engagement in the redistricting process.

Transcript Highlights:

• Chairman and members.
• Are there any other questions, members?
• Chairman and committee members. My name is John Wilkerson.
• Any questions, members? Thank you all for being here.
• Thank you, members.

Bills: SB20, SB1621, SB412, SB441, SB442

Keywords: child protection, sexual offenses, visual material, artificial intelligence, criminal penalties, law enforcement, defense against prosecution, obscenity, child protection, law enforcement, judicial officer, SB20, SB1621, child protection, artificial intelligence, sexual exploitation, legislation, deep fakes, criminal justice

Summary: The meeting of the Senate Committee on Criminal Justice focused on legislative measures aimed at enhancing the protection of minors against the evolving threats posed by artificial intelligence and technology in the realm of child exploitation. Multiple bills, including SB20 and SB1621, were introduced to address child sexual abuse material (CSAM), particularly concerning AI-generated content and deep fakes. During the session, committee members highlighted the importance of these initiatives, emphasizing that the current legal framework must adapt to the rapidly changing technological landscape. The discussions emphasized the commitment of the committee members to protect children and the integrity of these legislative efforts. Public testimony brought forth a sense of urgency from both law enforcement and advocacy groups highlighting widespread concerns about the misuse of technology to exploit children.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, we only have four.

• Thank you, members.

• Good morning, Chair and members of the committee.
• Thank you, members.
• Good morning, Chair and members of the committee.

Bills: SB260, SB263, SB293, SJR18

Keywords: school safety, Foundation School Program, education funding, student allotment, Texas education, judicial conduct, judges discipline, judicial compensation, retirement benefits, judicial transparency, capital gains, taxation, constitutional amendment, state revenue, individual investment, school safety, Senate Bill 260, funding, mental health, legislative session

Summary: The committee meeting centered around discussions on Senate Bill 260, which aims to enhance school safety through increased funding. Senator Huffman highlighted the initiative to double both the per-student and per-campus safety allotments. Testimonies from various stakeholders, including educators and mental health advocates, underscored the importance of addressing both physical safety and mental health needs in schools. The discussions revealed a strong consensus on the necessity of adequate resources for effective school safety measures while acknowledging the financial challenges faced by districts in meeting legislative mandates. The meeting concluded with a positive recommendation for the bill's passage to the full Senate.

Transcript Highlights:

• Okay, members, at this time, we do have a quorum.
• Chairman and members.
• Chairman and members. Thank y'all.
• Members, we will now begin public testimony.
• Members, any other questions?

Keywords: Senate Committee, health care, blood donations, patient safety, genetic privacy, SB125, SB315, autologous donations

Summary: The meeting of the Senate Committee on Health and Human Services focused primarily on several key bills aimed at improving health care regulations and patient rights. Notably, Senator Hall introduced SB125, aiming to allow for direct and autologous blood donations, which sparked passionate debates among committee members and invited witnesses. Concerns were raised regarding the bill's implications for patient safety and the feasibility of the proposed 72-hour notice period for hospitals. Testimonies highlighted personal experiences, including that of the Lehrer family, advocating for the bill based on their children's health needs and the challenges faced due to current regulations. Conversely, several representatives from blood centers expressed opposition, cautioning that the bill could burden the blood donation system and adversely impact the quality of care for patients with special needs. Additionally, SB315 was present to address genetic privacy issues, aiming to grant Texans property rights over their DNA and genetic information. This bill also brought forth discussions about the ethical implications of genetic testing and data privacy in light of technological advancements. As the meeting progressed, representatives underscored the importance of balancing legislative intentions with practical outcomes, initiating further discussions on amendments and committee substitutes that would refine the proposed laws.