Transcript Highlights:

• I also have the privilege of being a member of the.

• It's quite a privilege to say we are the leader in the country on responding to victims of identity theft

Bills: HB3803, HB3804, HB3805, HB3806, HB3833, HB4134, HB4233, HB4238, HB4243

Keywords: money services, regulation, financial services, money transmission, currency exchange, financial compliance, electronic payments, motor vehicles, convenience fee, retail installment contract, fee restrictions, eviction, credit report, tenant rights, property law, housing stability, digital assets, consumer protection, regulatory framework, public retirement systems

Summary: The meeting of the Pensions, Investments and Financial Services Committee involved detailed discussions surrounding several key bills aimed at enhancing regulatory frameworks and consumer protections. Notably, House Bill 4233, presented by Chairman Capriglione, seeks to modernize regulations for digital asset service providers by addressing earlier ambiguities in reporting requirements while enhancing accountability for the businesses involved. The testimonies from industry stakeholders, including representatives from the Texas Blockchain Council, emphasized the need for clarity and streamlined obligations that align with consumer needs. The bill passed favorably without challenges, reflecting strong support from committee members. Moreover, bills such as House Bill 3014 and House Bill 3474 were discussed, with both successfully moving forward to the full House. HB3014 focuses on fraudulent use of gift cards, while HB3474 deals with public retirement systems' investment reporting practices. The meeting noted several supportive public testimonies and demonstrated the committee's commitment to refining legislation that impacts Texas' financial landscape. Overall, the meeting was productive, indicating a collaborative effort toward regulatory updates in important sectors.

Transcript Highlights:

• The honor and privilege of the last 15 years did not come
• It's been my privilege and honor to be among you for the last 15 years. God bless you. Thank you.

Bills: SB3, SB16, SB2, SB5, SB10, HB17, SB54, SB9, SB7, SB17, SB4, HB8, HB25, HB26, HB192

Keywords: real property theft, real property fraud, criminal offenses, restitution, elderly protection, disabled individuals, property tax exemption, title fraud, recording requirements, real property theft, real property fraud, criminal offenses, elderly protection, disability rights, recording requirements, restitution, disaster relief, emergency preparedness, flood management, local government grants

Summary: The meeting featured extensive discussions centered on several legislative bills, particularly focusing on House Bill 8, which aims to reform public school accountability and testing methods in Texas. The bill's sponsor passionately argued for its transformative potential, highlighting the replacement of the STAAR test with shorter, more frequent assessments to better measure student performance. Amendments were proposed to restore social studies testing, emphasizing the importance of history in Texas education. The bill ultimately passed with a vote of 21 ayes and 5 nays, showcasing strong support among the members.

Transcript Highlights:

• The Chair recognizes the Dean of the Senate for a highly privileged

Bills: SJR27, SJR39, SB22, SB33, SB34, SB37, SB209, SB310, SB326, SB505, SB605, SB618, SB732, SB762, SB769, SB783, SB819, SB825, SB870, SB964, SB1030, SB1080, SB1085, SB1099, SB1124, SB1208, SB1233, SB1314, SB1320, SB1333, SB1398, SB1405, SB1541, SB1567, SB1596, SB1598, SB1625, SB1646, SB1662, SB1750, SB1758, SB1791, SB1804, SB1810, SB1818, SB1838, SB1855, SB1869, SB1951, SB2024, SB2077, SB2078, SB2252, SB2253, SB2368, SB2411, SB2420, SB2425, SB2569

Keywords: judicial conduct, state commission, judicial misconduct, commission membership, constitutional amendment, constitutional amendment, veto override, legislature power, governor, Texas Constitution, Texas, moving image industry, incentive program, film production, grant funding, job creation, economic development, higher education, curriculum review, governing board

Summary: The meeting was convened to discuss several legislative measures, including important constitutional amendments such as SJR27, which proposes changes to the membership and authority of the State Commission on Judicial Conduct. The provision aims to enhance public oversight of judicial conduct and eliminate the ability for the commission to issue private sanctions against judges. Following extensive debate, the amendment proposed by Senator Huffman to increase public membership was adopted, leading to the eventual passage of the resolution with a vote count of 27 to 4. Members expressed support for greater transparency within the judicial system.

Transcript Highlights:

• Over the last 10 years, I've had the privilege of caring for children as a pediatric nurse.
• I had the honor and privilege to have the phone call which...
• policy, speech, expression, and association protections to private employees and physicians who have privileges
• marker="2497" data-time="14976"> policy at the Texas Council on Family Violence, where I have the privilege
• I have had the privilege to be an advocate for many years at centers here and in rural communities.

Bills: SB240, SB1183, SB1184, SB1577, SB2043, SB2051, SCR42, SJR68

Keywords: biological sex, gender identity, public facilities, civil penalties, local government, alcohol sales, racing events, mixed beverage permit, temporary sale, Texas legislation, healthcare provider, retaliation, civil remedy, whistleblower protection, equal protection, impeachment, public officers, disqualification, procedural reform, removal from office

Summary: The committee meeting primarily focused on Senate Bill 2043, aiming to provide protections for healthcare professionals against retaliation for reporting unethical practices. Chairman Hughes initiated the discussion, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding medical practitioners' rights. Testimonies from various witnesses highlighted real-life implications of the bill, with some expressing personal experiences of facing significant backlash for whistleblowing on unethical practices within healthcare facilities. Supporters of the bill touted it as a crucial step towards ensuring transparency and accountability in the medical field, particularly concerning the treatment of minors in gender transition procedures.

Transcript Highlights:

• Toth is I consider voting to be a fundamental right, while driving is a privilege.
• data-time="11520"> ...into the Capitol, and I'm grateful for this opportunity and recognize the privilege
• marker="2029" data-time="12168"> I looked to the bottom and can't find it online, but also I have the privilege
• However, not everyone is as lucky and privileged as I am.
• As I have reminded this committee multiple times over multiple sessions, voting is a right, not a privilege

Bills: HB2442, HB3697, HB4288, HB5256, HB5337, HB5362, HJR161

Keywords: ballot application, voting by mail, Election Code, size requirements, font size, elections, public records, administration, confidentiality, force majeure, polling places, elections, voting access, local governance, state representative districts, voter registration, third-party challenge, election integrity, sworn statement, registration qualifications

Summary: The meeting focused primarily on HB5337, which aimed to implement stricter voter identification requirements in Texas. During the session, various stakeholders, including members of the public, expressed their concerns regarding the potential disenfranchisement of eligible voters, particularly among older citizens and tribal populations. Critics of the bill highlighted that many Texan citizens might not possess the necessary documentation to comply with the new requirements, resulting in unintended consequences at the polls. Notably, representatives raised questions about the practicality of enforcing these regulations without negatively impacting voter turnout, especially for vulnerable demographics.

Transcript Highlights:

• Vice Chair Parks, I'm sorry, and members of the...

• Summit NextGen with Galena Park ISD, Bell Textron with Northwest

Keywords: workforce development, economic growth, public testimony, rural small businesses, education, employment opportunities, youth engagement

Summary: The meeting of the committee focused on various bills aimed at workforce development and economic growth, particularly in rural areas. Key discussions revolved around Senate Bill 2448, which aims to support rural small businesses and enhance technical assistance in workforce development. Testimonies from several stakeholders underscored the necessity of aligning education with local workforce needs, showcasing the lack of resources in rural regions. The testimony highlighted how the proposed bills could bridge the gap between education and employment opportunities for Texans, especially focusing on youth who are disconnected from education and the workforce.

Transcript Highlights:

• Nick started his Treat Trike selling ice cream at the neighborhood pool and park two years ago as part
• Moms at the park usually don't have their wallets, but they always have their phones. Imagine that.

Bills: HB245, HB700, HB2783, HB3526, HB3900, HB4061, HB4124, HB4166, HB4395, HB4534, HB4609, HB4641, HB4736, HB4738, HB4739, HB4945, HB5015, HJR175

Keywords: military service, retirement, law enforcement, custodial officer, Employees Retirement System, commercial financing, brokers, registration, disclosures, finance, consumer protection, fees, deferred compensation, automatic participation, county employees, payroll deductions, retirement plans, fiscal transparency, local government, bond issuance

Summary: The meeting exhibited a heated discussion on the implications of House Bills 4124, 4061, and 40. Chairman Darby emphasized the importance of reducing credit card swipe fees that adversely affect small businesses in Texas, presenting HB 4124, which aims to exempt sales tax and gratuities from being subject to these fees. Various witnesses, including representatives from the Texas Retailers Association and the National Restaurant Association, supported HB 4124, arguing that it would alleviate financial burdens on local businesses and promote economic fairness. However, several opposing voices raised concerns regarding potential complications and regulatory hurdles that could complicate the business landscape further.

Transcript Highlights:

• It is designated as a street, alley, parkway, or park, or a railroad property or right-of-way.
• municipalities, counties, state agencies, and non-profit organizations for projects including public parks

Bills: HB937, HB2078, HB2080, HB3322, HB3350, HB4212, HB4630, HB4896, HB4951, HB5348, HB5675, SB565, SB971, SB1662, SB2124

Keywords: special districts, notice requirements, Water Code, government transparency, public meetings, special districts, meeting notice, transparency, Water Code, public engagement, special districts, notice, public meetings, elections, Water Code, groundwater management, water conservation, joint planning, environmental impact, desired future conditions

Summary: The recent committee meeting showcased significant discussions around various groundwater management bills, emphasizing legislative accountability and environmental conservation efforts. Notably, HB4896 was presented, which aims to streamline the designation of brackish groundwater production zones, facilitating better management of Texas' water resources. Testimonies from multiple stakeholders underscored the necessity for transparency in groundwater conservation districts and the importance of adapting to climate impacts. Additionally, House Bill 4212 aimed to enhance interagency communication pertaining to land and water conservation, further stressing a collaborative approach to resource management.

Transcript Highlights:

• confirming that nothing in this chapter alters attorney-client privilege

Keywords: Texas Cyber Command, Senate Committee on Business and Commerce, independent agency, procurement processes, cybersecurity, legislative oversight

Summary: During this meeting of the Senate Committee on Business and Commerce, significant discussions revolved around House Bill 150, which addresses the establishment of the Texas Cyber Command. Senator Parker presented a detailed overview of the bill, emphasizing its independence as a standalone agency that maintains legislative oversight while allowing the flexibility to partner with various state institutions. The members engaged actively, addressing concerns about procurement processes during cybersecurity emergencies and ensuring that local entities retain vendor choices without being forced to adopt particular systems. The committee unanimously supported the bill, moving it favorably to the full Senate.

Transcript Highlights:

• Just before building Uber, I had the privilege of working

• I've had the honor and privilege of retiring from the

• I've had the privilege and honor of serving alongside dedicated military and civilian professionals who

Keywords: Air Force modernization, fighter aircraft, autonomous systems, air superiority, national security, recapitalization

Summary: The meeting primarily focused on military procurement and modernization, with significant discussions surrounding the Air Force's capabilities and strategic needs. Key topics included the urgent need for recapitalization of the Air Force's fighter squadrons, as well as the importance of integrating new technologies like autonomous systems to bolster military effectiveness. Several senators raised concerns about the current resources available to the Air National Guard and the potential loss of skilled service members if recapitalization plans are not swiftly developed. There were also discussions on the importance of maintaining air superiority in light of evolving threats, particularly from adversaries like China.

Transcript Highlights:

• We leave here with a reminder that it's such a special privilege

Bills: SJR27, SB7, SB27, SB57, SB66, SB140, SB293, SB413, SB437, SB467, SB506, SB510, SB512, SB571, SB710, SB785, SB800, SB850, SB863, SB865, SB904, SB905, SB973, SB974, SB1191, SB1281, SB1300, SB1362, SB1494, SB1504, SB1522, SB1567, SB1579, SB1580, SB1723, SB1760, SB1838, SB1923, SB1946, SB1957, SB1964, SB2121, SB2167, SB2221, SB2321, SB2368, SB2373, SB2407, SB2431, SB2477, SB2587, SB2615, SB2807, SB2965, SB2986, SB3039, SB3047, SB3070, SB1, SB8, SB12, SB13, SB15, SB17, SB21, SB30, SB37, SB260, SB268, SB331, SB379, SB441, SB447, SB457, SB509, SB568, SB650, SB763, SB1198, SB1405, SB1506, SB1540, SB1566, SB1610, SB1637, SB1660, SB1833, SB2018, SB2024, SB2155, SB2217, SB2308, SB2337, SB2601, SB2753, SB2778, SB2878, SB2900, SB2972, SB3059, HB4, HB145, HB300, HB493, HB2011, HB2067, HB2516, HB2525, HB2885, HB2974, HB3071, HB3372, HB3556, HB3595, HB5138, HB5246, HB40, HB46, HB119, HB705, HB1545, HB2017, HB2963, HB3642, HB3909, SJR36, SJR50, SJR63, SCR12, SCR39, SB2023, SB62, SB666, SB847, SB284, SB854, SB810, SB1505, SB583, SB507, SB1434, SB1772, SB2016, SB1122, SB731, SB397, SB508, SB1436, SB287, SB1882, SB393, SB1791, SB209, SB2429, SB1085, SB1975, SB2717, SB1262, SB636, SB2056, SB884, SB1200, SB1845, SB2458, SB801, SB3014, SB3013, SB758, SB2797, SB2076, SB2876, SB1640, SB1449, SB1181, SB1234, SB2926, SB2841, SB1528, SB1854, SB317, SB1250, SB2082, SB1237, SB2819, SB629, SB2608, SB1602, SB2009, SB867, SB640, SB1698, SB2680, SB913, SB1071, SB1086, SB1087, SB1483, SB1444, SB1553, SB1556, SB1703, SB2133, SB2297, SB2298, SB2622, SB2955, SB2334, SB1367, SB2044, SB2363, SB2565, SB1888, SB3036, SB3057, SB3043, SB3063, SB3035, SB203, SB2688, SB2522, SB2459, SB2655, SB2251, SB1884, SB2928, SB2566, SB2549, SB2553, SB2919, SB1944, SB1232, SB1798, SB2603, SB2607, SB2683, SB1319, SB3045, SB3071, HB796, HB1523, HB5294, HB748, HB3395, HB180, HB3171, HB146, HB5596, HB5694, HB1135, HB3225, HB186, HB1449, HB3793, HB112, HB104, HB3336, HB3520, HB3320, HB5663, HB2399, HB111, HB3483, HB4580, HB3748, HB632, HB4730, HB5690, HB5689, HB3385, HB4359, HB5381, HB123, HB5606, HB1057, HB3664, HCR141, HCR40, HCR59, SR695, SCR54, HCR153, HCR166, HCR168, SJR27, SB7, SB57, SB66, SB140, SB293, SB413, SB437, SB467, SB506, SB510, SB512, SB571, SB710, SB785, SB800, SB850, SB863, SB865, SB904, SB905, SB973, SB974, SB1191, SB1281, SB1300, SB1362, SB1504, SB1522, SB1567, SB1579, SB1580, SB1723, SB1760, SB1838, SB1923, SB1946, SB1957, SB1964, SB2167, SB2221, SB2321, SB2368, SB2407, SB2477, SB2587, SB2615, SB2807, SB2965, SB2986, SB3039, SB3047, SB3070, HB40, HB119, HB705, HB1545, HB2017, HB2963, HB3642, HB3909, SB17, SB21, SB509, SB1198, SB1506, SB1833, SB2155, SB2601, SB2778, HB300, HB2011

Keywords: judicial conduct, state commission, judicial misconduct, commission membership, constitutional amendment, water infrastructure, financial assistance, Texas Water Development Board, water supply, environmental sustainability, disability, supported decision-making, legal assistance, confidentiality, access to justice, autonomy, civil rights, advocacy, judicial conduct, judges discipline

Summary: The meeting was marked by a significant memorial resolution honoring Betty McCarty, a beloved community figure and staffer, who had recently passed away after battling cancer. Senator Kohlhorst spoke warmly about her contributions and the impact she had on her life and others, emphasizing McCarty's role in supporting constituents and shaping legislative efforts in a compassionate and precise manner. The senators shared heartfelt stories about Betty's dedication, showcasing her as a person who was more than a colleague but truly family. Such discussions brought an emotional depth to the meeting, highlighting the importance of community and personal connections within the legislative body. In addition to the memorial resolution, various bills were discussed, including several resolutions and legislative measures that span a wide range of topics. These discussions are reflective of the ongoing legislative efforts to address pressing issues within the state. The attendance was robust, demonstrating the importance of the issues at hand and the respect for the late Betty McCarty, with members expressing a commitment to honor her legacy through their work.

Transcript Highlights:

• This bill relates to the liability of a water park entity for
• Parking lot where it was a little fender bender.
• The same thing happened on another one in a Walmart parking lot fender bender.

Bills: HB4806

Keywords: civil action, damages, health care services, noneconomic damages, negligence, legal standards, Judiciary Committee, HB4806, civil justice reform, public testimony, personal injury legislation

Summary: The Judiciary and Civil Jurisprudence Committee meeting convened early to discuss several critical pieces of legislation, notably HB4806, which aims to reform aspects of civil justice, particularly surrounding personal injury claims. The committee faced strong public testimony both supporting and opposing the bill. Advocates argued that the bill would help mitigate excessive costs in litigation and enhance access to care for injured individuals, while opponents expressed deep concerns that it would drastically limit the ability of victims to receive fair compensation for their suffering. The testimony from families affected by injuries painted a poignant picture of the human impact of the legislation, highlighting the potential devaluation of their pain and trauma in court.

Transcript Highlights:

• Fish and Wildlife, USDA, Texas Parks and Wildlife, and other organizations to save species.

Keywords: animal facilities, trespassing, HB1720, public testimony, HB2593, indecent assault, HB4414, mail theft, elderly protection, disabled individuals

Summary: The committee meeting focused on several critical pieces of legislation, including discussions around HB1720, aimed at enhancing the security of animal housing facilities to prevent unauthorized trespassing. Representative Gerben-Hawkins emphasized the bill's importance in protecting both the animals and the safety of facilities. The discussion highlighted personal accounts, including a notable incident involving a break-in at the Dallas Zoo, underscoring the urgency of implementing stricter penalties for trespassers in these settings. The bill aims to classify such trespassing as a jail felony or even a third-degree felony depending on the circumstances of any harassment towards the animals involved. Additionally, HB2593 was brought up, proposing to increase penalties for indecent assault against the elderly and disabled, reflecting a growing concern for the safety of vulnerable populations. The committee also discussed HB4414, which addresses mail theft related to checks and introduces offenses for the theft of mail keys. The meeting was well-attended, with ample public testimony supporting these legislative measures, indicating a strong concern from the community about animal welfare and protection for vulnerable citizens.

Transcript Highlights:

• Chairman, I have a privileged motion.

Keywords: nominations, labor, health, veterans, Social Security, Elon Musk, transparency, government accountability

Summary: The meeting primarily focused on various executive nominations and their implications on labor and health affairs. Significant discussions surrounded the nomination of Mr. Sonderling as the Deputy Secretary of Labor, with members expressing concerns about workforce cuts affecting veterans and Social Security employees. There was also a debate led by a member regarding the authority and influence of private individuals, specifically citing Elon Musk's involvement in government decisions. Such discussions raised questions about transparency and accountability within governmental agencies, leading to a proposal for Mr. Musk to provide testimony before the committee.

Transcript Highlights:

• It's a privilege to be before you and lay out House Bill 4838. This bill simply adds.
• Members, thank you again for the privilege to lay out House
• 1069" data-time="6408"> it up for some sensitive information to be shared that the public would be privileged
• Well, the public should be privileged to the financial information, and that's the only thing that will

Bills: HB2510, HB3589, HB4611, HB4655, HB4665, HB4666, HB4670, HB4700, HB4730, HB4798, HB4838, HB5136, HB5243, HB5302, HB5539

Keywords: assisted living, healthcare, licensing, criminal offense, personal assistance, group home, licensing, regulation, health and safety, inspections, resident care, criminal background checks, adoption, parental rights, registry, vital statistics, disclosure, counseling, foster care, independent living

Summary: The committee meeting covered a wide range of legislative proposals, with significant focus on addressing child welfare, language access, and transparency in funding for children's advocacy centers. Representative Richardson presented HB5136, aimed at strengthening governance and accountability in child advocacy centers, reflecting concerns over transparency due to recent scandals. The bill was discussed extensively as members expressed the need for better oversight in organizations receiving public funding. Additionally, HB4838 was championed for enhancing language access in emergency services, with witnesses emphasizing its critical importance for non-English speakers during crises. Overall, strong engagement from both representatives and the public was evident, with passionate testimonies highlighting the necessity of these legislative measures.

Transcript Highlights:

• This remapping may not affect me directly, but as an older, privileged woman, Keywords: redistricting, Senate Bill 4, public testimony, Texas legislature, partisan gain, minority representation, Senator King

Summary: The meeting of the Senate Special Committee on Congressional Redistricting focused primarily on Senate Bill 4, which has sparked considerable public debate due to its implications on redistricting following the recent census. Senator King laid out the intent and details of SB4, which aims to make significant adjustments that critics argue will disenfranchise minority populations in Texas. Throughout the meeting, concerned citizens shared their testimonies, voicing opposition to the bill primarily on grounds that it manipulates district lines for partisan gain rather than community representation. The emotional testimonies of witnesses highlighted the serious concerns of many about representation in the Texas legislature going forward.

Transcript Highlights:

• Senate Bill 314 is about those kids who don't have the privilege of choosing what they're going to eat
• It's a right, not a privilege.

Keywords: SB25, SB314, health crisis, nutrition, chronic disease, children's health, food labeling, school meals, legislation, preventive health

Summary: The meeting of the Senate Committee on Health and Human Services centered around two significant bills, SB25 and SB314, aimed at addressing the growing health crisis in Texas, particularly concerning children. The legislators acknowledged the prevalence of diet-related chronic health issues, including obesity and diabetes, and emphasized the need for a legislative response to improve dietary standards in schools. Senator Kocher championed SB25, which promotes measures like nutrition training for physicians, enhanced food labeling, and physical activity in schools as ways to combat the health crisis. Senator Hughes presented SB314, focusing specifically on prohibiting certain harmful chemicals in school meal programs and ensuring that children have access to healthier food options during school hours.

Transcript Highlights:

• No hospital would ever give surgical privileges to a psychiatrist to practice surgery.

• Why does the state of Texas give those privileges to

Bills: HB2814, HB4477, HB5084, HB5108, HB5127, HB5383, HB5611, HB5663, HB5664, SB1563, HB2668, HB3841, HB4114

Keywords: juvenile justice, release documents, children, identification, Texas Juvenile Justice Department, civil service, staffing requirements, local government, positions exemption, Texas legislation, fireworks, Lunar New Year, retail permits, local government, public safety, Texas law, holiday sales, county purchasing, government authority, local government

Summary: The meeting focused on significant legislative proposals primarily centered around public health and criminal justice reforms. Notably, discussions centered on HB3841 and HB5108, which aim to enhance transparency and accountability in death investigations within county jails. Representatives shared compelling testimonies involving the necessity for improved oversight following recent incidents of in-custody deaths, highlighting the emotional impact on affected families. Witnesses from advocacy groups passionately urged the committee to approve the bills to foster trust in the system and uphold public safety standards. Additionally, various members addressed HB5611, which would empower emergency services districts to provide preventative healthcare services, contributing to the prevention of unnecessary 911 calls.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, it has been a privilege to serve as chairman during this 24-25 review cycle.

Bills: SR1, SR2

Keywords: Sunset Commission, Texas Ethics Commission, Trinity River Authority, modifications, recommendations, late filing penalties, public testimony

Summary: The final Sunset Commission meeting of this biennium was marked by a series of votes on modifications and new recommendations affecting multiple agencies, including the Texas Ethics Commission and the Trinity River Authority. Notable discussions included a modification proposed by Senator Middleton, aimed at alleviating concerns regarding the accumulation of late filing penalties, particularly for post-election reports. The modifications addressed public feedback on the need for clearer guidance and support from the Ethics Commission for filers navigating the complexities of compliance. The committee successfully passed all recommended changes without objection.

Transcript Highlights:

• span marker="9" data-time="75">I firmly believe that elected officials should not receive special privileges

Keywords: voting rights, confidentiality, public communications, discrimination, political contributions, Senate Bill 2363, Senate Bill 2044, Senate Bill 2633

Summary: The Committee on State Affairs convened to discuss a variety of bills focused on voting rights, public communications, and societal concerns related to discrimination and political contributions. Notably, Senate Bill 2363, led by Senator Hall, was a significant discussion point concerning the unlawful publishing of ballots. The bill passed without objection, reflecting a bipartisan agreement on the need for confidentiality in voting and ensuring equality in the electoral process. Other key bills such as Senate Bill 2044 and Senate Bill 2633 also moved forward with favorable recommendations, illustrating the committee's focus on clear regulations in public communications and localized alcoholic beverage laws.